Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
DOI 10.1007/s10706-009-9292-x
ORIGINAL PAPER
Received: 11 November 2008 / Accepted: 10 December 2009 / Published online: 25 December 2009
Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009
1 Introduction
The performance of soil nail walls is significantly
affected due to the complex mutual interaction
between its main componentsthe native soil, the
reinforcement (nails) and the facing. Additionally,
various other factors such as the construction
sequence, the installation method of nails, the
connection between the nails and the facing, are also
likely to influence the behaviour of the soil nail
walls. Conventional soil nailing design procedures
(e.g. FHWA 2003) based on limit equilibrium
methods fail to address such issues. Consequently,
in practice, to study the complex soil-structure
interaction and to assess the performance of soil nail
walls, often numerical simulations are performed
using rigorous computational codes based on numerical techniques such as finite element method (e.g.
Smith and Su 1997; Zhang et al. 1999; Fan and Luo
2008), discrete element method (e.g. Kim et al. 1997)
and finite difference method (e.g. Sivakumar Babu
et al. 2002).
It is well established that the accuracy of numerical simulations depends significantly on the constitutive soil model used (e.g. Brinkgreve et al. 2006)
and the selection of the appropriate corresponding
model parameters (e.g. Calvello and Finno 2004).
Mohr-Coulomb model, being the first order soil
model, is most commonly used for numerical simulations in the soil nailing applications (e.g. Kim et al.
1997; Smith and Su 1997; Zhang et al. 1999;
123
300
123
Value
10.0
0.0
0.0
Nailing type
Grouted
Elastic
415.0
200.0
22.0
20.0
100.0
7.0
15.0
Spacing Sh 9 Sv (m 9 m)
1.0 9 1.0
200.0
301
MC
HS
HSsmall
Cohesion c (kN/m2)
10.0
10.0
10.0
27.5
27.5
27.5
0.0
19.0
0.0
19.0
0.0
19.0
30,000
ref
Secant stiffness in standard drained triaxial test E50
(kN/m2)
20,000
20,000
ref
Tangent stiffness for primary oedometer loading Eoed
(kN/m2)
20,000
20,000
ref
Unloading/reloading stiffness Eur
(kN/m2)
60,000
60,000
Gref
0
75,000
(kN/m )
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0001
Poissons ratio m
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
123
302
123
303
123
304
123
305
123
306
123
307
that bending moments and shear forces are concentrated near the face of the wall. This provides an
insight into the facing failure modes of the soil nail
walls. Generally, soil nail are rigidly connected with
the facing and in such cases it is desirable to evaluate
the facing design. Improper design may lead to the
bending and/or shear failures of soil nails at or near
the facing. Ignoring bending stiffness of soil nails
may overlook this practical aspect of the soil nail wall
analysis completely.
Thus, from the above observations it is apparent
that the consideration of bending stiffness of soil nails
provides better insight into the analysis of soil nail
walls using finite element simulations. Since, finite
elements simulations are often performed to investigate the cause of failure or to assess the performance
of soil nail walls, it is desirable that bending stiffness
shall be considered in the simulations, despite the fact
that it is conservatively ignored in the conventional
design procedures.
123
308
Elements per
unit volume
Global factor
of safety FS
Very coarse
0.39
1.610
20.93
0.46
Coarse
0.60
1.598
22.31
0.61
Medium
0.98
1.592
22.86
1.00
Fine
2.08
1.553
24.79
2.24
Very fine
4.14
1.521
28.35
6.18
FS values correspond to the fully constructed wall. If FS is to be determined after each construction stage, calculation time may vary
even more drastically
7 Concluding Remarks
This study provides a comparison of the use of
advanced soil models such as HS-model and HSsmall
model in lieu of the most prevalently used MC-model
in the numerical simulations of soil nail walls.
Implications of the consideration of bending stiffness
of soil nails in the analysis using computational tools
have also been brought out. Results of the finite
element based plane strain simulations of a typical
soil nail wall indicate that the advanced soil models
considered in the present study have nominal influence on the overall soil nail wall stability analysis and
the development of stress elements such as axial
forces, bending moments and shear forces in the soil
nails. However, in agreement with the literature, use
123
References
Benz T (2007) Small-strain stiffness of soils and its numerical
consequences. PhD Thesis, Institut fur Geotechnik, Universitat Stuttgart, Germany
309
Kim JS, Kim JY, Lee SR (1997) Analysis of soil nailed earth
slope by discrete element method. Comput Geotech
20(1):114
Liew SS, Khoo CM (2006) Soil nail stabilisation for a 14.5 m
Deep excavation at uncontrolled fill ground. In: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Piling and
Deep Foundations, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Matsui T, San KC (1992) Finite element slope stability analysis
by shear strength reduction technique. Soils Found
32(1):5970
Ng CWW, Lee GTK (2002) A three-dimensional parametric
study of the use of soil nails for stabilising tunnel faces.
Comput Geotech 29(8):673697
PLAXIS (2006) Plaxis user manual (version 8.6). Delft University of Technology & Plaxis BV, The Netherlands
Schanz T, Vermeer PA, Bonnier PG (1999) The hardening soil
modelformulation and verification. In: Proceedings of
Plaxis Symposium on Beyond 2000 in Computational
Geotechnics, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Balkema, pp 281
296
Schlosser F (1991) Discussionthe multicriteria theory in soil
nailing. Ground Eng, November, pp 3033
Sivakumar Babu GL, Murthy BRS, Srinivas A (2002) Analysis
of construction factors influencing the behavior of soil
nailed earth retaining walls. Ground Improv 6(3):137143
Smith IM, Su N (1997) Three dimensional finite element
analysis of nailed soil wall curved in plan. Int J Numeric
Analytic Meth Geomech 21(9):583597
Zhang M, Song E, Chen Z (1999) Ground movement analysis
of soil nailing construction by three-dimensional (3-D)
finite element modeling (FEM). Comput Geotech 25(4):
191204
123