Ch01 Linear Functions

1
1a
1b
1c
1d
1e
1F
1G
linear
functions
areas oF sTudy
Distance between two points in the Cartesian

plane, coordinates of the midpoint of a
line segment, and gradients of parallel and
perpendicular lines
Use of the notation y = f (x) for describing the
rule of a function and evaluation of f (a), where
a is a real number or a symbolic expression
Solving linear equations and inequations

Rearrangement and substitution
Gradient of a straight line
Sketching linear functions
Simultaneous equations
Finding the equation of a straight line
Distance between two points and
midpoint of a segment
1H Linear modelling
Graphs of polynomial functions to degree 4

Determination of rules of simple functions and
relations from given information, including
polynomial functions to degree 4
Solution and interpretation of simultaneous
equations involving two functions by numerical,
graphical and analytical methods
eBook plus
Digital doc
1a
solving linear equations

and inequations
10 Quick Questions
A linear equation is one that involves a pronumeral raised to the power of 1 only. Recall that
x1 is the same as x, so a linear equation involving x would contain only xs, and not x , x2, x3,
x 1, x 2 and so on.
For example, y = 7x - 3, ax + by = c and 8 x + 1 = 9 are all linear equations.
3
Note that y = 1x is not a linear equation, as the 1x is really x 1. To isolate a particular
pronumeral known as making x (or whatever the pronumeral is) the subject, we focus
on the pronumeral by undoing other terms and operations. Remember to do the same
operation to both sides of an equation, in the reverse order to that originally used to make up
the equation.
Though the focus of this chapter is linear equations, some other types of equation will be
included for skills practice.
When there is only one pronumeral involved in an equation, we may attempt to solve and
find a numerical value by rearranging to make the pronumeral the subject.
1
2
Chapter 1
linear functions
Worked Example 1
Solve the following linear equations.

4x
3x 2
1 = 6
a 7x - 4 = 17 b
+ 5 = 1 c 2
5
4
Think
a
Write
a 7 x 4 = 17
Write the equation.

Add 4 to both sides.
Divide both sides by 7.
Write the equation.
Subtract 5 from both sides.
3x 2
= 4
4
Multiply both sides by 4.
3 x 2 = 16
Write the equation.
7 x = 21
21
x=
7
x=3
b
3x 2
+5=1
4
3 x = 14
x=
14
4x
1 = 6
5
c 2
4x
1= 3
5
4x
4x = 4
5 =4
5
4 x = 20
4 x = 20
20
x = 20
x =4
x = 54
x=5
When an equation has pronumerals on both sides, at some stage they must be gathered
together on the same side of the equation.
Worked Example 2
Solve:
a 4x - 3 = 3(6 - x) b
3 x 9( x + 7)
9 x + 3 13 x + 7
c
=
+ 1.
=
4
10
2
3
Think
Write/display
Method 1: Technology-free
a
Write the equation.
Expand the right-hand side (RHS).
Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS for the Casio ClassPad
a 4
4 xx
33 =
= 33((66
xx ))
44 xx
33 =
= 18
18
33 xx
77 xx
33 =
= 18
18
77 xx =
= 21
21
21
21
xx =
= 7
7
x=3
4 x 3 = 3(6 x )
4 x 3 = 18 3 x
7 x 3 = 18
4 x 7 3x =
(6 x )
= 321
4 x 3 = 18
21 3 x
= 18
7 x 3x =
7
7 xx =
= 321
21
x=
7
x=3
Collect xs on one side, for example, the

side which results in a positive x term, in this case,
the left-hand side (LHS). (That is, add 3x
to both sides.)
Write the equation.
Find the lowest common denominator for both

terms.
Write all terms with the common denominator,

adjusting numerators accordingly (so that numerator
and denominator have been multiplied by the same
amount).
Now that all terms have the same

denominator, the numerators must
be equal. (Multiply each side by 6.)
Expand all brackets.
Collect xs on the LHS and numbers

on the RHS.
Simplify and solve.
Write the equation.
Find the lowest common denominator for all

three terms.
Write all terms with the common denominator,

adjusting numerators accordingly (so that numerator
and denominator have been multiplied by the same
amount).
Now that all terms have the same denominator,

the numerators must be equal. (Multiply each
term by 20.)
5(3 - x) = 18(x + 7) + 20
Expand all brackets.
15 - 5x = 18x + 126 + 20
Collect xs on the RHS and numbers

on the LHS.
15 126 20 = 18 x + 5 x
Simplify and solve.
9 x + 3 13 x + 7
=
2
3
3(9 x + 3) 2(13 x + 7)
=
6
6
3(9 x + 3) = 2(13 x + 7)
27 x + 9 = 26 x + 14
27 x 26 x = 14 9
x=5
3 x 9( x + 7)
=
+1
4
10
5(3 x ) 2 9( x + 7) 20
=
+
20
20
20
131 =
131
23
x=
23 x
=x
131
23
Chapter 1 Linear functions
Method 2: Technology-enabled
a,b, c
To solve each of these equations

using a CAS calculator, type the
equation:
4x 3 = 3(6 x)
Highlight it and tap:
Interactive
Advanced
solve
OK
Repeat the same steps for the
equations:
9 x + 3 13 x + 7
=
2
3
3 x 9( x + 7)
=
+1
4
10
Write the answers.
a Solving 4x - 3 = 3 (6 - x) for x
gives x = 3.
9 x + 3 13 x + 7
for x
=
2
3
gives x = 5.
3 x 9 ( x + 7)
c Solving
=
+ 1 for x
4
10
131
gives x =
.
23
b Solving
There is only one solution to a linear equation. For example, the equation 3x + 2 = 8 has
the solution x = 2. The solution to a linear equation can be represented as a single point on
a number line. If the equals sign is replaced with an inequality sign, the solution is a portion
of a number line. These expressions are referred to as linear inequations (sometimes called
inequalities).
Worked Example 3
Solve the following linear inequations.

a 6x - 7 3x + 5 b -3m + 5 < -7
Think
Write/display
a
Write the inequations.
Combine the pronumeral terms by

subtracting 3x from both sides.
a 6x - 7 3x + 5
3x - 7 5
3x 12
x4
b -3m + 5 < -7
Write the inequations.
Subtract 5 from both sides.
Divide both sides by -3. Reverse the

inequality sign, as you are dividing
by a negative number.
-3m
< -12
m>4
a,b 1
To solve each of these inequations

using a CAS calculator, type the
equation:
6x - 7 3x + 5.
Interactive
Advanced
solve
OK
Repeat the same steps for the
equation, making sure you change
the variable to be solved to m:
-3m + 5 < -7
a Solving 6x - 7 3x + 5 for x,
Write the answers.
gives x 4.
b Solving -3m + 5 < -7 for m,
gives m > 4.
rememBer
1. Linear equations can be solved by rearranging to make the pronumeral the subject.
2. When solving linear inequalities, imagine an equals sign in place of the inequality sign
and solve as if it were a linear equation. Remember to keep writing the original inequality
sign at each step, but reverse the sign if dividing or multiplying by a negative number.
exerCise
1a
eBook plus
solving linear equations and inequations

1
We1
a 3x - 19 = -13
3x 1
d
=5
4
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 030
Equation
solvers
g
2
7x + 4
8 = 9
3
We2
b 4x + 25 = -7
12 3 x
e
=5
3
c 9x + 19 = -2
4x 6
f
7=3
3
3x
h 2 1 = 10
5
i 7 8 = 77
a 2x - 9 = 3(2x - 11)
d 3x - 7 = 3(35 - 2x)
b 7x - 1 = 17(3x - 13)
x+2 x5
e
=
6
3
c x + 11 = 2(x + 12)
x + 11 2( x + 14 x )
f
=
3
9
Chapter 1
linear functions
4 x + 66 13 3 x
=
3
4
2 x + 29 x + 44
j
=
+2
3
8
x + 10 2(7 3 x )
=
9
5
7 x 9 21 x
k
=
18
9
3
6 x + 7 5x + 1
=
+1
5
4
17 x 49 + 2 x
l
=
+5
2
5
i
3 WE3
Solve the following linear inequations.

11 3 x
b
6
a 15 - 6x 2
7
d 16 - 4x < 7(1 - x)
e 3x - 7 2(35 - 2x)
19 x
+ 3 > 1
4
4 x 2( x + 1)
f
3
6
c
1B
When there is more than one pronumeral involved in an equation, we may rearrange the
equation to make a particular pronumeral the subject using the same rules of equation solving
described in the previous section.
Worked Example 4
Rearrange each of the following to make the pronumeral in parentheses the subject.
6x + 8y - 48 = 0 (y) b
s = ut +
Think
a
m
1 2
at k(u) c T = 2
k(k)
k
2
Write/DISPLAY
Write the equation.
2
3

Subtract 6x from both sides.
Cancel if possible. Here, divide the

numerator and denominator by 2.
Other ways of representing the

answer are shown opposite.
Write the equation.
Subtract 2 at 2 from both sides.
Divide both sides by 2t.
Write the equation with the desired

pronumeral on the left.
a 6x + 8y - 48 = 0
6x + 8y = 48
8y = 48 - 6x
48 6 x
y=
8
24
33xx
24
yy =
=
44
24 3
or y = 24 3x
or y = 4 4 x
4 4
3
= 6 x
4
3
=
x+6
4
1
s = ut + at 2
2
1 2
2 = ut
ss 1 at
22 at = ut
2s at 22 = 2ut
2s at = 2ut
2s at 2
2 =u
2s
2tat = u
2t
2s at 2
u=
2s 2tat 2
u=
2t
Write the equation.
Type the equation:
m
k
c T = 2
m
k
Set the calculator to, Assist mode,
highlight it and tap:
Interactive
Advanced
solve
OK
T = 2p
Write the equation in terms of k.
Rearranging t = 2
the subject gives k =
m
to make k
k
4 m 2
where t 0.
t2
Once a pronumeral is isolated, we may substitute values of other pronumerals to calculate

various values of the isolated pronumeral. The following worked example illustrates some
practical applications.
Worked Example 5
a The formula for converting temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (F) (which is the system used in
the USA) to degrees Celsius (C) is C = 5 ( F 32 ) .

9
i Make F the subject.
ii What is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit when the temperature measured in degrees
Celsius is 21C?
b The area (A) of a circle is given by A = pr2, where r is the radius. Calculate the value of r correct
to 2 decimal places when A=20cm2.
Think
a
Write
Write the equation.
Write the equation with F first.

Sometimes it may be appropriate to
use a common denominator.
5( F
32))
F
32
32)
C
= 55(( F
C
C=
=
99
9
99C
= 55(( F
32
)
9C
C=
= 5( F
F
32
32))
99C
9C
C=
=F
F
32
32
55 = F 32
5
99C
9C
C+
+ 32
32 =
=F
F
55 + 32 = F
5
9C
C + 3322
F
= 99C
F
F=
= 55 +
+ 32
5
99C
C+
+ 160
160
9C
+
160
or
F=
or
or F
F=
=
55
5
ii
Replace C with 21. Note that 9C means

9 C.
Evaluate F.
Write the equation.
Solve for r (make r the subject) as follows.
Divide both sides by p.
Take the square root of both sides, and

write r first. As r is the radius, we take
the positive root only.
Substitute A = 20 into the new formula.
Evaluate r.
ii
9 21
+ 32
5
189
F=
= 189 +
+ 32
F
32
55
F=
= 37
+ 32
F
37..88 +
32
F
=
69
.
8
F = 69.8
C = 69.8 F
so
21
so 21 C = 69.8 F
A = pr2
F=
A = r2
2 2r 2
A =A=
=r
r
A A 2 2
= r= r
r = A
A A
rIf=Ar =
=20,
,
=,2020
If AIf=A20
r=
20 20
r =rr =
=2.52
cm
2.52
correct to 2 decimal places
r =r2=.52
cm,cm
Worked Example 6
Note: In this example, m is short for metres, m/s is short for metres per second (velocity), and m/s2 is
short for metres per second per second (acceleration).
The final velocity v m/s of an object that begins with velocity u m/s and accelerates at
am/s2 over a distance of s m is given by the equation v2 = u2 + 2 as.
a Find the value of v when u = 16, a = 2 and s = 36.
b Rearrange the given equation to make s the subject.
c Find the distance travelled by an object which begins with a velocity of 10m/s, and has a final
velocity of 4m/s while accelerating at -1 m/s2.
Think
a
Write
Write the given equation and then make v the

subject by finding the square root of both sides.
Substitute u = 15, a = 2 and s = 36.
Simplify and evaluate v.
Begin with the given equation.
Subtract u2 from both sides.
Divide both sides by 2a.
a v 22 = u 2 +
2 2as
as
= uu2 +
+ 22as
vv 2 =
v = u 22 + 2as
as
=
uu2 +
+ 22as
vv =
= 1622 + 2 2 36
162 +
36
=
16
+ 22
22
36
=
= 256 + 144
256 +
144
=
256
+ 144
=
= 400
4000
=
40
=
= 20
=
20
20
=
Final velocity is 20 m/s.
2 + 2as
b vv22 == uvu22 ++
= 22uas
as
2 = 2as
2u2as
vv22 uuv22 ==
as
vv22 uuv22 u 2
== ss = s
22aa 2a
vv22 uuv22 u 2
ss == s =
22aa 2a
v 2 u 2 = 2as
Reverse so that s is given on the left.
Match the pronumerals with the given

information.
Write the formula that has s as the subject

(see part b above).
Substitute the values given in step 1.
Simplify and evaluate.
Explain the answer in words.
v 2 u2
=s
2a
v 2 u2
s=
2a
c u = 10
uu =
= 10
10
vv =
4
=
v = 44
aa =
1
a=
= 112
vv 22
uu 222
ss =
v u
s=
= 22aa
2a 2
44 222
10
10 22
=
4
10
1
=
= 22
1
2
1
16
100
100
= 16
16
100
=
2
=
2
84 2
= 84
84
=
= 22
= 422
=
= 4422
The object travels 42 m in its initial

direction.
REMEMBER
Equations may be rearranged by applying the same rules as those used to solve equations.
Exercise
1B

1 WE4
Each of the following is a real equation used in business, mathematics, physics or
another area of science. Make the pronumeral shown in parentheses the subject in each case.
a A = L + P
(P)
b A = lw
(l)
d
c v =
(t)
(r)
d C = 2pr
t
kQq

(r)
f F =
e E = aq + bq2
(b)
r2
1
1
(v)
g Fd = mv 2 mu 2
h v = rT
()
2
2
(H)
j S = 2pr2 + 2prH
i S = 2w(l + h) + 2lh
(w)
2 WE5 Calculate the value of the subject (the first mentioned pronumeral), given the values of
the other pronumerals.
k
a I =

k = 60, d = 15
d2
b E = K + mgh
K = 250, m = 2, g = 10, h = 5
1
c D = ( n 2 )
n = 3, l = 2.8
d E = hf0 - W
h = 6.62, f0 = 5000, W = 20000
e v = r 2 y 2
w = 2, r = 1.6, y = 1
Make the pronumeral in parentheses the subject, and find its value using the given
information.
a A = l2
(l)
A = 60
4
r3
3
(r)
V = 1000
c v = u + at
(a)
v = 25, u = 0, t = 6
l

g
(l)
T = 4, g = 9.8
c 2

1
(c)
K = 6.9, a = 0.05
b V =
d T = 2
e K =
4 WE6 The perimeter, P, of a rectangle of length l and width w may be found using the
equation P = 2(l + w).
a Find the perimeter of a rectangle of length 16cm and width 5cm.
b Rearrange the equation to make w the subject.
c Find the width of a rectangle that has perimeter 560mm and length 240mm.
a + b
h , where
5 The area of a trapezium (figure A) is given by A =
a
2
a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides, and h is the height.
Area
h
a Find the area of the trapezium shown in figure B.
A

b Using figure A, find an equation for determining side a in
b
terms of the area A and side b.
Figure
A
c Find a in figure C.
9m
50 cm
16 m
62 cm
Area = 2000 cm2
21 m
Figure C
Figure B
6 The size of a 2-year investment account with a particular bank is given by

2
A = D 1 +
, where A is the amount ($) in the account after two years, D is the initial
100
deposit ($) and r is the interest rate (%).
a Find the amount in such an account after two years if the initial deposit was $1000 and
the interest rate was 6%.
b Make r the subject of the equation.
c Find the rate required for an initial deposit of $1000 to grow to $2000 after 2 years.
7 The object and image positions for a lens of focal length f are related by the formula
1 1 1
+ = , where u is the distance of the object from the lens
u v f
and v is the distance of the image from the lens.
a Make f the subject of the equation.
4
b Make u the subject of the equation.
2 3
c How far from the lens is the image when an object is
30cm in front of a lens of focal length 25cm?
8 The length of a side of a right-angled triangle can be found using
Pythagoras theorem: c2 = a2 + b2, where c is the length of the
10
longest side, and a and b are the lengths of the two shorter sides. Find the value of b in the
triangle at the bottom of the previous page.
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Rick Morris
vigneron
1C
9 The volume of a cone is given by the rule V = 3 p r2h, where r is the radius
of the widest part of the cone and h is the vertical height of the cone. Given
that the volume of a cone is 100 cm3 and its radius at the widest point is
12 cm, find the height of the cone, expressing your answer in terms of p.
r
h
cone
The gradient of a line describes its slope or steepness.

y
Negative
gradient
Positive
gradient
y
(x2, y2)
Rise
(x1, y1) Run
x
y
Zero
gradient
Infinite
gradient
The gradient may be calculated using the formula:

rise
y y
m=
or m = 2 1
run
run
x2 x1
These terms are illustrated at left.
Here are two examples of where gradient can affect our
everyday lives. Can you think of others?
A cliff face with

a steeper
gradient
provides a
greater
challenge for
climbers.
Scientists calculate the required gradient of solar panels so that

the maximum amount of energy is absorbed.
Chapter 1
linear functions
11
Worked Example 7
Calculate the gradient of this linear graph using the intercepts shown.
Think
1
Write
14
Identify the rise and run.

rise = 14, run = 2.
14
2
=7
Calculate m = rise .
run
m=
Worked Example 8
Calculate the gradient of the line passing through the points (3, -6) and (-1, 8).
Think
Write
y2 y1
.
x2 x1
m=
Use the formula m =
Match up the terms in the formula with the values

given.
(x1, y1) (x2, y2)
(3, -6) (-1, 8).
Substitute the given values.
Simplify.
y2 y1
x2 x1
8 6
1 3
14
14
=
= 4
4
m=
7
= 7
= 2
2
Cancel if possible.
If the angle a line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis is known, the gradient may
be found using trigonometry applied to the triangle shown below.
y
rise
run
tan ( ) = opposite = rise = m

adjacent run
Worked Example 9
a Calculate the gradient (accurate to 3 decimal places) of a line making an angle of 40 to the
positive x-axis.
b Calculate the gradient of the line shown. Express your answer to 2 decimal places.
12
Think
a Since the angle the line makes with the
a m = tan (q)
60
= tan (40)
= 0.839, correct to
3 decimal places
positive x-axis is given, the formula

m = tan (q) can be used.
b
WriTe
The angle given is not the one

between the graph and the positive
direction of the x-axis. Calculate the
required angle q.
b q = 180 - 60
= 120
60
Use m = tan (q) to calculate m to

2 decimal places.
m = tan (q)
= tan (120)
= -1.73
rememBer
The gradient (m) of a straight line may be calculated using the following formulas.
m = rise
run
y
rise
run
m=
y2 y1
, where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are points on the line
x2 x1
m = tan (q), where q is the angle the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis
exerCise
1C

1
We7
shown.
a
Calculate the gradient of each of the following linear graphs using the intercepts
b
y
6
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 046
Gradient of a
straight line
We8
eBook plus
Without drawing a graph, calculate the gradient of the line passing through:
a (2, 4) and (10, 20)

c (10, 4) and (3, 32)
b (4, 4) and (6, 14)

d (5, 31) and (-7, 25)
Chapter 1
linear functions
13
3 WE9a Calculate the gradient (accurate to 3 decimal places) of a line making the angle
given with the positive x-axis.
a 50
b 72
c 10
d -30
e 150
f 0
g 45
h 89
4 WE9b Calculate the gradient of each line below. Give answers to 2 decimal places.
y
43
69
x
15
28
5 Which of these lines has:

a a non-zero positive gradient?
b a negative gradient?
c a zero gradient?
d an undefined gradient?
5
4
3
2
1
C
x
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
6 MC
a Which of the following lines has a
gradient of -2?
y
5
4
3
2
1
b Which of the following lines has a
gradient of 3?
D
E
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
y
5
4
3
2
1
B C
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
E
7 Burghar plots the coordinates of a proposed driveway on a plan which is shown at the top of
the facing page. What is the gradient of the proposed driveway?
14
Garage
way
Drive
2m
17 m
8 An assembly line is pictured below. What is the gradient of the sloping section? (Give your
answer as a fraction.)
BOFFO
Made in
Austra
lia
BOFFO
Made in
Austra
lia
BOFFO
Made in
Austra
lia
0.85 m
eBook plus
Digital doc
SkillSHEET 1.1
Using a
gradient to find
the value of a
parameter
15 m
9 Determine the value of a in each case so the gradient joining the points is equal to the value
given.
a (3, 0) and (5, a) gradient: 2
b (2, 1) and (8, a) gradient: 5
c (0, 4) and (a, -11) gradient: 3
d (a, 5) and (5, 1) gradient: -2
10 For safety considerations, wheelchair ramps are constructed under regulated specifications.
One regulation requires that the maximum gradient of a ramp exceeding 1200 mm in
length is 1 .
14
a Does a ramp 25 cm high with a horizontal length of 210 cm meet the requirements?
b Does a ramp with gradient 1 meet the specifications?
18
c A 16 cm high ramp needs to be built. Find the horizontal length of the ramp required to
meet the specifications.
equations and functions and the Cas calculator

In previous years you studied the graphs of equations such as y = 2x + 1. This equation describes
the relationship between x and y. In other words, the y-values can be determined from the
x-values. This means that y is a function of x, which is abbreviated to y = f (x). So the rule
y = 2x + 1 can also be written as f (x) = 2x + 1.
Chapter 1
linear functions
15
If x = -3, then y = f (-3) = 2 -3 + 1

= -5
If x = 4, then y = f (4) = 2 4 + 1
=9
Note: When using the ClassPad CAS
calculator to draw graphs, notice that the
equation is:
y1 = 2x + 1
y1 simply refers to function number 1.
You may wish to draw the graph of
more than one function, and these would
then be called y2, y3 and so on.
You will learn a lot more about
functions in Chapter 4.
1d
sketching linear functions

The general form for linear equations is y = mx + c, where m is the gradient of the line and c is
the y-intercept.
y
ie
ad
Gr
y = mx + c
Gradient
m
nt
y-intercept
x
y-intercept
x-intercept
These lines have identical
gradients (equal m values).
eBook plus
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 1.1
To sketch a graph from an equation expressed in general form, follow these steps.
Step 1 Plot the y-intercept on a set of axes.
Step 2 Find and plot a second point on the line. Do this by substituting any value of x into the
equation and finding the corresponding y-value.
Step 3 Join the two points.
Alternatively, you can use a CAS calculator or other graphing technology.
To find the equation of a line given the gradient and y-intercept, simply substitute the values
of m and c into y = mx + c.
sketching linear graphs using intercepts

To draw a graph, only two points are needed. A line may then
be drawn through the two points, and will include all other
points that follow the given rule. The two points can be chosen
at random; however, it is often easier to sketch a graph using the
points where the graph crosses the axes. These points are called
x- and y-intercepts. The x-intercept occurs when y = 0, while the
y-intercept occurs when x = 0.
16
maths Quest 11 mathematical methods Cas for the Casio Classpad
Worked Example 10
Sketch the graph of y = -x + 6, showing x- and y-intercepts.

Think
1 Find the y-intercept (when x = 0).
Substitute x = 0 into the equation.
2
Find the x-intercept (when y = 0).

Substitute y = 0 into the equation.
Mark the intercepts on a set of axes.
Join the intercepts with a straight line.
Write/Draw/DISPLAY
y = -1 0 + 6
y = 6 (0, 6)
If x = 0

If y = 0
0 = x + 6
x=6
(6, 0)
y
(0, 6)
(6, 0)
1
On the Graph & Tab screen, complete the
function entry line as:
y1 = -x + 6
Tick the y1 box and tap:
!
To find the y-intercept, tap:
Analysis
G-Solve
y-Intercept
The y-intercept will be displayed.
To find the x-intercept, tap:

Analysis
G-Solve
Root
The x-intercept will be displayed.
17
Worked example 11
Sketch the graph of 3x - 2y = 12.

Think
1
WriTe/draW
Find the y-intercept (when x = 0).

Substitute x = 0 into the equation.
If x = 0
3 0 - 2y = 12
-2y = 12
12
y=
2
y = -6
Find the x-intercept (when y = 0).

Substitute y = 0 into the equation.
Mark the intercepts on a set of axes.
Join the intercepts with a straight

line.
If y = 0
3x - 2 0 = 12
3x = 12
x=4
The graphs of some equations do not have two intercepts, as they pass through the origin
(0, 0). Such equations are of the form y = k x or a x + by = 0.
To sketch graphs of such equations, we use (0, 0) and any other point, for example, the point
where x = 1. (We could choose any other non-zero value.)
Worked example 12
eBook plus
Sketch the graph for the equation 4 x - 3y = 0.

Think
1
Try substituting x = 0 to find the

y-intercept.
Note that the graph passes through

(0, 0). There is no point substituting
y = 0, as we know well
get x = 0.
Substitute another x-value. In this

example we use x = 1.
Tutorial
int-0272
WriTe/draW
Worked example 12
If x = 0
4 0 - 3y = 0
-3y = 0
y=0
If x = 1
4 1 - 3y = 0
4 - 3y = 0
4 = 3y
y=
18
4
3
Plot the points (0, 0) and (1, 43 ) on a

set of axes. Note that 4 is 11 , which is
3
3
a little less than 11 .
2
y
2
(1, 43 )
1
(0, 0)
rememBer
1. The general equation for a straight line of gradient m and y-intercept c is

y = mx + c.
2. Lines with the same gradient (m) are parallel.
3. To sketch a linear graph:
(a) Let x = 0 and find the y-intercept.
(b) Let y = 0 and find the x-intercept.
(c) If (0, 0) is an intercept, find another point on the line by substituting x = 1
(or any other convenient non-zero value).
(d) Mark and join the intercepts or the intercept at the origin and the second point with
a straight line.
exerCise
1d
sketching linear functions

1 Use a CAS calculator or other method to sketch graphs of the following equations on the same
set of axes.
a y=x
b y = 2x
c y = 3x
d y = -x
e y = -2x
2 What is the effect on the graph of the number in front of the x (the x-coefficient or
gradient)?
eBook plus
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 067
Linear graphs
set of axes.
a y=x+1
b y=x+2
c y=x+3
d y=x-4
set of axes.
a y = 2x + 1
b y = 2x - 7
c y = -3x + 6
d y = 3x - 5
5 What is the effect on the graph of the number at the end of the equation (the y-intercept)?
6
Write the equation of a line having the following properties (where m = gradient and
c = y-intercept).
a m = 2, c = 7
b m = -3, c = 1
c m = 5, c = -2
1
3
2
1
d m= ,c=
f y-intercept 12, gradient -2
e m= ,c=
3
Rearrange the following equations and state the gradient and y-intercept for each.
a 2y = 8x + 10
b 3y = 12x - 24
c -y = 3x - 1
d 16 - 4y = 8x
e 21x + 3y = 27
f -10x + 5y = 25
g 11y - 2x = 66
h 8x + 3y - 2 = 0
i 15 - 6y + x = 0
j 2y + 7 + 5x = 0
Chapter 1
linear functions
19
8 State the equation for each of the following graphs.

a
1
2
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
5
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
3x
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
x
3
1 10
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9 WE10
Sketch graphs of the following linear equations, showing x- and
y-intercepts.
a y = 6x + 18
b y = 3x - 21
c y = -2x - 3
d y = 10 - 5x
e y = -9x + 30
f y = 2(x - 8)
10 WE11
Sketch graphs for each of the following equations.
a 2x + 3y = 6
b 4x + 5y = 20
c 6x - 3y = -18
d 7x - 5y = 35
11 Sketch the graph for each equation.
a 6x + 7y + 42 = 0
b 5x - 2y + 20 = 0
c -3x + 4y - 16 = 0
d y - 3x + 6 = 0
12 WE12 Sketch the graph for each equation.
a x + y = 0
b x - y = 0
c 2x + y = 0
20
13 MC Which of the following is in the form ax + by = c? (One or more answers.)

a 2x - 3y - 1 = 0
b 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
d 2x + 3y = 1
c 2x + 3y = x
e y = 2 x - 1
3
14 MC The x- and y-intercepts for the equation 2y = -3x + 12 are (respectively):

a 2 and 3
b -3 and 12
c 4 and 6
d -4 and -6
e 4 and 6
15 MC Which of the following has a y-intercept of -3?
a y = -3x - 3
b y = -3x + 3
c x + 3y = 9
d x - 3y + 9 = 0
e 3x + y + 9 = 0
1e
Simultaneous equations are groups of equations
containing two or more pronumerals. In this section,
we look at pairs of linear equations involving the
pronumerals x and y. Each equation, as we have learned
in previous sections, may be represented by a linear
graph that is true for many x- and y-values. If the graphs
intersect (when wouldnt they?), the values of x and y at
the intersection are those that make both equations true.
y
Both graphs have
the same x- and
x y-values here.
Graphical solution
The following example shows how a CAS calculator may be used to solve simultaneous
equations graphically. Hand-drawn sketch graphs may be used if CAS or graphics calculators
are not available.
Worked Example 13
Use a CAS calculator to solve the following simultaneous equations graphically.

y = -3x + 5 4x - 7y + 8 = 0
Think
1
Write/display
Make y the subject of the second equation.

On the Main screen, type the equation:
4x - 7y + 8 = 0
Interactive
Advanced
solve
OK
21
On the Graph & Tab screen, complete the

entry line as:
y1 = -3x + 5
4( x + 2)
y2 =
7
Tick the y1 and y2 boxes and tap:
!
To find the point of intersection, tap:
Analysis
G-Solve
Intersect
Write the answer.
Solving y = -3x + 5 and 4x - 7y + 8 = 0 simultaneously

produces the solution (1.08, 1.76).
Algebraic solution
It is possible to solve simultaneous equations without graphs, that is, algebraically. The methods
of substitution and elimination taught in earlier years may be used.
Worked Example 14
Use the substitution method to solve the following simultaneous equations.

y = 2x + 5
-x + 3y = 25
Write
Think
1
Substitute [1] into [2] and label the

resulting equation [3].
Solve [3] for x and label the solution as [4].
22
Write down and label the equations.
Use the solution to solve for y and label

the solution as [5].
-x
-x
y = 2x + 5
+ 3y = 25
+ 3(2x + 5) = 25
-x
[1]
[2]
[3]
+ 6x + 15 = 25
5x + 15 = 25
5x = 10
x = 2
[4]
Substitute [4] into [1].

y = 2(2) + 5
y=4+5
y = 9
[5]
State the complete answer.
Solution: (2, 9)
Optional check: substitute [4] and [5] into [2] to

check that these values for x and y make [2] true.
Check in [2].
LHS = -x + 3y
LHS = -2 + 3(9)
LHS = 25
LHS = RHS
Worked Example 15
Use the elimination method to solve these simultaneous equations.

2x + 9y = -5
5x - 2y - 12 = 0
Think
Write
2x + 9y = -5
5x - 2y - 12 = 0
[1]
[2]
5x - 2y = 12
2x + 9y = -5
[3]
[1]
Write down and label the equations.
Rearrange [2] so it is in a similar form to [1].

Call this [3]. Write down [1] again.
Obtain 10x in both [1] and [3].
2 [3] 10x - 4y = 24

5 [1] 10x + 45y = -25
Eliminate x as shown.
[5] - [4]:
Solve for y.
Substitute [6] into [1] to find x.
[4]
[5]
49y = -49
49
y=
49
y = -1[6]

2x + 9 (-1) = -5
2x - 9 = -5
2x = -5 + 9
2x = 4
x = 2
[7]
-1)
State the solution.
Solution: (2,
Again, [6] and [7] may be checked in [2] if desired.
Check: In [2],
LHS = 5x - 2y - 12
LHS = 5(2) - 2(-1) - 12
LHS = 10 + 2 - 12
LHS = 0
LHS = RHS 3
Worked Example 16
Two shoppers buy the following at a fruit shop, paying the amounts given. What was the cost of each
apple and each banana?
Shopper 1: 4 apples and 3 bananas for $2.59
Shopper 2: 6 apples and 5 bananas for $4.11
Think
Write
Decide on pronumeral names for the unknown

quantities.
Let a = cost of an apple (in cents).

Let b = cost of a banana (in cents).
Write equations involving these pronumerals.

Work in terms of cents.
Choose a pronumeral to eliminate. In this case b.
5 [1]: 20a + 15b = 1295

3 [2]: 18a + 15b = 1233
[3]
[4]
Find [3] - [4] and solve for a.
[3] - [4]: 2a = 62

a = 31
[5]
4a + 3b = 259
6a + 5b = 411
[1]
[2]
23
Solve for b.

4 31 + 3b = 259
124 + 3b = 259
3b = 135
b = 45
State the answer using [5] and [6] as a guide.
[6]
The cost of an apple is 31 cents, and

the cost of a banana is 45 cents.
rememBer
The solution to simultaneous equations can be found graphically or algebraically:

1. with a CAS calculator.
2. if equations are in the form y = ax + b, y = cx + d
consider using substitution.
3. if equations are in the form ax + by = c, dx + ey = f consider using elimination.
exerCise
1e
simultaneous equations
1
We 13 Use a CAS calculator to solve the following simultaneous equations, and sketch the
screen from which the solution was obtained.
a y = -2x, y = -4x - 6
b y = 3x - 5, y = 20
eBook plus
c y = 3x + 5, y = 7x - 4
e y = 10x + 1, 2x + y = -6
Use the method of substitution to solve

the following simultaneously.
a y = 3x + 1, y = 2x + 2
b y = 5x + 5, y = -x - 19
We 14
c y = x + 2, 3x - 4y = -1
e
3
-4x
We 15
- 3y = 2, y = -6x + 7
Digital docs
Spreadsheet 122
Simultaneous linear
equations
graphical method
d y = -2x + 3, -5x + 2y = 1
f y = 10 - x, 2x + 7y = 5
Use the elimination method to solve these simultaneous equations.
a 9x + 10y = 153, 3x - y = 12
c 6x - 2y = 10, 2x + 5y = -8
e 7y - x = 11, x + y = 10
4
d -3x + y = -4, y = 6x + 5
f 9x + y = 17, x + y = 14
b 7x - 11y = -13, x + y = 11
d -3x + y = 8, 4x + 2y = 21
f x - 11y = -15, y + 6x = 9
We 16 At the conclusion of a tour of Wonky Willys confectionery factory, Nutrina buys

10 choc balls and 8 fizz wizzers for $4.30, and her friend purchases 6 choc balls and 9 fizz
wizzers for $4.05. Determine the cost of each type of lolly.
5 The sum of two whole numbers, x and y, is 41. The difference between them is 3. Write two
equations involving x and y and solve them to find the numbers.
6 A farmer counts emus and sheep in a paddock, and notes there are 57 animals and 196 feet.
Assuming no animal amputees, how many of each animal are there?
7 A sports store supplies 24 basketballs and 16 cricket balls to one school for $275.60, and
delivers 12 basketballs and 32 cricket balls to another school for $211. If delivery is free, how
much did the supplier charge for each type of ball?
24
8 A businessperson hires a stretch limousine for 2 days and a sedan for 3 days while on an
interstate trip. If the total car hire cost of the trip was $675, and the limousine cost triple the
price of the sedan, find the cost per day of the limousine.
9 MC A manufacturing plant produces fixed size square and circular metal panels. If the mass
of a square panel is 13kg and that of a circular panel is 22kg, how many of each panel are
there in a truck loaded with 65 panels of total mass 1205kg?
The equations to solve are:
A 13s + 22c = 1205, s + c = 65
B 22s + 13c = 1205, s + c = 65
C 13s + 22c = 65, s + c = 1205
D 22s + 13c = 65, s + c = 1205
E 13s + 22c = 1205, s + c = 35
10 MC Which of the following is a solution of 11x + 2y = -121 and 10x + 12y = -222?
A (11, 2)
B (-121, -222)
C (10, 12)
D (-9, -11)
E (6, 10)
1F

y
Consider a general linear graph containing the particular points

(x1, y1), (x2, y2) and the general point (x, y) (which could be any point).
Using the first two of these points in the formula for gradient, we
have
y y1

[1]
m= 2
x2 x1
Using the first and last point in the same formula yields
y y1

m=
x x1
Putting [2] = [1] gives

(x2, y2)
(x, y)
(x1, y1)
x
[2]
y y1 y2 y1
=
which may be rearranged to
x x1 x2 x1
y y1
y y1 = 2
( x x1 )

x2 x1
[3]
y2 y1
Since m =
, equation [3] may be written
x2 x1
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
[4]
This last formula may be used to find the equation of a straight line when two points are given
or when the gradient and only one point are given. When two points are given, the gradient
y y1
, and substituted into the formula y - y1 = m(x - x1)
m may first be found using m = 2
x2 x1
along with one of the points.
Worked Example 17
Find the equation of the line having gradient 3 , that passes through (7, 11).
4
Express your answer in the form i ax + by + c = 0 and i i y = mx + c.
Think
Write
As one point and the gradient are known, use the

formula y - y1 = m(x - x1).
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
List the given information.
m=

3
4
(x1, y1)
(7, 11)
25
Substitute for all pronumerals except x and y.
Simplify, expressing in the form

ax + by + c = 0.
3
4
(x - 7)
4y - 44 = 3(x - 7)
4y - 44 = 3x - 21
3x - 4y + 23 = 0
ii
3 x ++ 23 = 4y
4y
3x
3
23
y= x+
4
4
Express your answer in the form

y = mx + c.
y - 11 =
Worked Example 18
Find the equation of the straight line containing the points (2, -5) and (-3, 1).
Express your answer in the form i ax + by + c = 0 and i i y = mx + c.
Write
Think
1
Write down the points so they match the

pronumerals in the formula.
As two points are known, first use the

y y1
formula m = 2
to find m.
x2 x1
(x1, y1) (x2, y2)

(2, -5) (-3, 1)
y y1
m= 2
x2 x1
1 5
3 2
6
=
5
=
=
3
Write the formula y - y1 = m(x - x1).
Substitute the calculated gradient m = 5 and

the first point (x1, y1) = (2, -5). Leave x and y as
they are.
Simplify and express in the two forms required.
6
5
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
y 5 =
y+5=
6
( x 2)
5
6
5
( x 2)
-5y
- 25 = 6(x - 2)
- 25 = 6x - 12
-5y = 6x + 13
i So 6x + 5y + 13 = 0, or
6
13
y
=
x
ii
5
5
-5y
Perpendicular lines
Perpendicular lines are lines that meet at right angles. The gradients of two perpendicular lines,
when multiplied together, equal -1. Stated mathematically:
m1 m2 = -1
26
1
. This type of relationship is known
m2
2
as a negative reciprocal. For example, the negative reciprocal of 3 is 3 . So, two lines are
2
perpendicular if their gradients are negative reciprocals.
Another way to write this relationship is m1 =
rememBer
1. If two graphs have negative reciprocal gradients, (m1 m2 = -1), they are
perpendicular; if they are perpendicular, then they have negative reciprocal gradients.
2. If given a point and the gradient, use y - y1 = m(x - x1).
3. If given two points, use
y y1
y y1 = 2
( x x1 )
x2 x1
or first find m using m =
exerCise
1a
1F
eBook plus
y y1
, then use y - y1 = m(x - x1).
x x1

1 Copy and complete the table below.
Digital doc
Equation 1
f 1(x)
SkillSHEET 1.2
Reciprocals
and negative
reciprocals
Gradient of
Equation 1
(m1)
y = 2x + 1
y=
y = 3x - 4
y=
y = 4x + 6
d
e
1
x
2
1
x+
3
y = -4x - 9
y = 5x - 3
y=
y=
y=
m1 m2
9
7
Gradient of
Equation 2
(m2)
Equation 2
f 2(x)
5
x+4
2
7
x+1
9
2 Sketch f 1(x) and f 2(x) for part a above using a calculator or using graph paper with identical
scales on each axis to produce accurate graphs. What do you notice about the graphs?
3 Repeat question 2 for graphs b to e . Do you notice anything special about each pair of graphs?
4 Find the gradient of a line perpendicular to another line which has a gradient of:
1
7
d 8
a 4
b -9
f 1
c
e
7
5 Find the gradient of a line which is perpendicular to the line with equation:
a y = -5x + 2
d y=
6
7
6
x2
2
3
x+1
b y=x-1
y=
e 2x + y = 5
3x - 4y = 7
We17 Find the equation of a straight line having the gradient given and
passing through the point listed. Express your answer in the form
i ax + by + c = 0 and i i y = mx + c.
a (1, 2)
gradient 3
b (4, 1)
gradient 5
gradient 1
d (-3, 2)
gradient -1
c (3, -2)
2
Chapter 1
eBook plus
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 029
Equation of a
straight line
linear functions
27
We 18 Find the equation of the line containing each pair of points. Express your answers in
the form i ax + by + c = 0 and i i y = mx + c.
a (5, 2)
(3, 1)
b (1, 1)
(5, 5)
(0, 1)
c (6, 3)
(8, 2)
d (2, -2)
8 Find the equation of the line passing through (3, -3) that makes an angle of 45 with the
positive x-axis.
9 Find the equation of the line containing (7, -2) that makes an angle of 71.565 with the
positive x-axis.
10 Find the equation of the line (in y = mx + c form) that:
a is perpendicular to the line with equation y = 3x + 1, passing through (-3, 6)
2
b is parallel to the line with equation y = 5 x - 9, passing through (4, -7)
c is parallel to the line with equation 3x + 6y = 8, passing through (2, 2)
d is perpendicular to the line with equation -6x + 7y - 2 = 0, passing through (4, 0)
e has gradient 2, passing through the intersection of the lines with equations y = 3x -5 and
y = -2x + 5
f has gradient 43 , passing through the intersection of the lines with equations x + 4y = -14
and -5x + 2y = 4.
11 Find the equation of the line which passes through the point of intersection of the lines whose
equations are 7x - 3y - 19 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 5 = 0, given that the required line is parallel to
the line with equation -5x - 2y = 3.
12 Find the equation of a line containing the intersection of the lines with equations y = -3x + 4
and 5x - 3y + 40 = 0 which:
a has a gradient of
6
7
c passes through the point (-1, 9)
b is perpendicular to the line with gradient
2
3
d is parallel with the line joining (-8, 5) and (0, 4).
13 A line passes through the points (-8, -5), (4, -3) and (a, 12). Find the value of a.
14 The points (2, 7) and (6, 9) lie on the same straight line. Does the point (4, 8) also lie on
this line?
15 The height of a particular young pine tree is found to increase in a linear manner each month
in the first year after planting. Find an equation connecting height with time in months after
planting, using the information supplied in the diagram below.
eBook plus
Digital doc
52 cm
WorkSHEET 1.2
34 cm
After 2 months
28
After 5 months
1G
distance between two points

and midpoint of a segment
eBook plus
Interactivity
int-0260
Distance between
The distance between two points on the Cartesian plane may be found
two points and
midpoint of
using Pythagoras theorem applied to a right-angled triangle as shown below.
a segment
Using Pythagoras theorem: c2 = a2 + b2 or
c = a 2 + b 2 and replacing c with d, a with

(x2 - x1) and b with (y2 - y1), we have
y
y2
(x2, y2)
d = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2 .
y1
(x1, y1)
(y2 y1)
(x2 x1)
x1
x2 x
Worked example 19
eBook plus
Find the distance between the points
(-3,
7) and (5,
-2)
correct to 3 decimal places.
Think
Tutorial
int-0273
WriTe
Worked example 19
Match up (-3, 7) and (5, -2) with (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
(x1, y1)
(-3, 7)
Substitute into the formula for d and simplify.
d = d = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
(x2, y2)
(5, -2)
= (5 3)2 + ( 2 7)2
= (8)2 + ( 9)2
= 64 + 81
= 145
= 12.042, correct to 3 decimal places
The middle or midpoint M (xm, ym) of a segment joining two general points A (x1, y1) and B
(x2, y2) is shown on the Cartesian plane below.
y
B(x2, y2)
y2 ym
M(xm, ym)
A(x1, y1)
ym y1
x2 xm
xm x1
x
Chapter 1
linear functions
29
Since the horizontal and vertical sides of the two triangles must be equal, we have:
xm - x1 = x2 - xm
and
ym - y1 = y2 - ym
Simplifying these,
2xm = x2 + x1
2ym = y2 + y1
xm =
x2 x1
2
ym =
y2 + y1
2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
So the point M has coordinates
.
2
2
Worked example 20
Find the midpoint of the segment joining (5, 9) and (-3, 11).
Think
WriTe
Match (5, 9) and (-3, 11) with (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
(x1, y1)
(5, 9)
Substitute values into the formula for M and simplify.
x + x2 y1 + y2
M= 1
,
2
2
(x2, y2)
(-3, 11)
5 + 3 9 + 11
=
,
2
2
2 20
= ,
2 2
= (1, 10)
rememBer
1. The distance d between two points having coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
d = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
2. The midpoint M of a segment joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
x +x y +y
M= 1 2 , 1 2
2
2
exerCise
1G
1a
distance between two points

and midpoint of a segment
1
Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points.

a (4, 5) and (1, 1)
b (7, 14) and (15, 8)
c (2, 4) and (2, 3)
d (12, 8) and (10, 8)
We19
2 Calculate the distance between the pairs of points below, accurate to

3 decimal places.
b (6, -7) and (13, 6)
a (-14, 10) and (-8, 14)
c ( 11, 1) and (2, 2)
30
eBook plus
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 021
Distance between
two points
3 Find the distance between the following pairs of points in terms of the given pronumeral(s).
a (a, 1), (2, 3)
b (5, b), (0, 6)
c (c, 2), (4, c)
d (d, 2d), (1, 5)
4 A hiker is about to hike from A to B (shown on the map below). How far is it from A to B as
the crow flies, that is, in a straight line?
N
50 m
100 m
200 m
100 m
200 m
B (E7, N4)
300 m
Lake Phillios
A (W12, S5)
Grid spacing : 1 km
5 Using the coordinates shown on the aerial photo of the golf course, calculate (to the nearest
metre):
a the horizontal distance travelled by the golf ball for the shot down the fairway
b the horizontal distance that needs to be covered in the next shot to reach the point
labelled A in the bunker.
y (in metres)
(225, 96)
A (320, 148)
x (in metres)
(80, 64)
31
We20 Find the midpoint of the segment joining each of the following pairs of points.
a (1, 3) and (3, 5)
b (6, 4) and (4, -2)
c (2, 3) and (12, 1)
d (6, 3) and (10, 15)
eBook plus
7 Find the midpoint of the segment joining each of the following

pairs of points.
b (0, 22) and (-6, -29)
a (7, -2) and (-4, 13)
c ( 15, 8) and ( 4, 11)
d (-3, 40) and (0, -27)
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 075
Midpoint of a
segment
8 Find the coordinates of the midpoint of each of the following pairs of points, in
terms of a pronumeral or pronumerals where appropriate.
a (2a, a) and (6a, 5a)
b (5, 3c) and (11, 3c)
c (3f, 5) and (g, -1)
9 Find the value of a in each question below so that the point M is the midpoint of the segment
joining points A and B.
3
a A(-2, a), B(-6, 5), M(-4, 5)
b A(a, 0), B(7, 3), M(8, 2 )
10 A fun-run course is drawn (not to scale) at
right. If drink stations D1, D2 and D3 are
to be placed at the middle of each straight
section, give the map coordinates of each
drink station.
1h
D1
D2
Official tent
(1.5, 2)
11 Find the equation of a line that has a gradient

of 5, and passes through the midpoint of the
segment joining (-1, -7) and (3, 3).
12 Find the equation of a line parallel to the
line with equation 9x - 3y = 5 that passes
through the midpoint of the segment
connecting (0, -4) and (-2, 10).
(1.5, 3.5)
(4.5, 5)
START/
FINISH
Coordinates
are in kilometres.
(3, 7)
D3
(13, 8)
linear modelling
Many real life applications such as fees charged for services, cost of manufacturing or running
a business, patterns in nature, sporting records and so on follow linear relationships. These
relationships may take the form of a linear equation, for example, F = 50 + 30t may be used by a
tradesperson to calculate her fee (in dollars) for t hours of work.
Here, F is the fee in dollars, and t the time in hours. The 50 represents an initial fee for simply
turning up, while the 30t is the amount charged for the time spent on the job.
For example, if t = 2 hours, 30t = 60, so the total charge for the work would be
$(50 + 60) = $110.
Equations like F = 50 + 30t are sometimes referred to as linear models, a common form of
which is:
Total cost = Fixed cost + Cost per unit Number of units.
This is, of course, equivalent to y = mx + c.
y = c + mx.
Worked example 21
A generator company charges a $200 delivery fee, and a rental fee of $1500 per day.
a Find an expression relating total charge to the number of days for which the generator is hired.
b Sketch a graph of the relationship.
c What would be the charge for 4 weeks of rental?
32
Think
a
WriTe
Define convenient pronumerals.
The fixed cost is $200, and the cost per unit is

$1500. (c = 200, m = 1500)
Find the vertical intercept (when n = 0).
The total cost rises $1500 each day, so the

graph must show this.
a Let T = Total charge (in dollars) and
n = number of days the generator is hired.

T = 200 + 1500n
b If n = 0, T = 200
T ($)
3200
1700
200
1
After 4 weeks, n = 28. Substitute this

in the equation from part a .
2 n (Days)
c If n = 28
Write the answer in words.
= 200 + 1500 28
= 200 + 42 000
= 42 200
After 4 weeks, the total cost is $42 200.
Worked example 22
eBook plus
Rent-a-Chef provides food cooked and served by a qualified chef

at parties. The company charges $120 as a booking fee, and an additional
$30 per hour. Another company, Greased lightning, provides fast food served
by two students at a cost of $65 per hour, with no booking fee. Under what
conditions would it be cheapest to hire Greased lightning?
Think
Tutorial
int-0275
Worked example 22
WriTe
Define convenient pronumerals.
Let C = Cost (total) in dollars and t = time in hours.
Write an equation for the cost of hiring both

organisations.
Rent-a-Chef
Greased lightning
Use simultaneous equations to find when the

cost is the same with each group.
Put [1] = [2]

120 + 30t = 65t
120 = 35t
120
t=
35
= 3.4 hours
At 3.4 hours, the cost is the same. Since

Greased lightning has the higher per hour cost,
after 3.4 hours, they would be more expensive.
It is cheaper to hire Greased lightning for food

preparation and service of less than 3.4 hours
(3 hours and 26 minutes) duration.
C = 120 + 30t
C = 65t
[1]
[2]
Notes
1. 0.4 hours = 0.4 60 minutes = 24 minutes.
2. An alternative approach would be to use a CAS calculator, and find the point at which the two
graphs crossed.
Chapter 1
linear functions
33
rememBer
Though not all modelling questions involve costs, it is helpful to remember:

Total cost = Fixed cost + Cost per unit Number of units.
y = c + mx
exerCise
1h
1a
eBook plus
linear modelling
1
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 121
Simultaneous
linear equations
We21 The cost of hiring a

floodlit tennis court consists of a
booking fee and an hourly rate.
a Use the photo to write an
equation for the total hire
cost in terms of the hourly
rate.
b Sketch a graph of the
relationship.
c What would be the charge for
3 hours?
2 A singing telegram service

charges a $60 appearance fee,
and $8 per minute sung.
a Write an equation for the
total cost of a singing
telegram in terms of the
number of minutes sung.
b Sketch a graph of the
relationship.
c What would be the charge for
a 5 minute singing telegram?
3 Colleen delivers junk mail and is paid $32 to traverse a particular route, and a further 10 cents
per leaflet delivered.
a Write an equation for the total payment she receives.
b Sketch a graph of the relationship expressed in a .
c What would be Colleens pay if she delivers 1650 leaets along the route?
4 A pay-TV salesperson receives $300 per week plus $20 for every household he signs up to
have pay-TV connected. How much does the salesperson receive for a week in which he signs
up 33 households?
5
We22 A computer firm, SuperComputers Inc., offers a back-up plan covering the ongoing
service and troubleshooting of its systems after sale. The cost of signing up for the service
plan is $215, and there is an hourly rate of $65 for the servicepersons time. Purchasers
not signing up for the plan are charged a flat rate of $150 per hour for service. Would it be
advisable to sign up for the service plan if you expected to need 3 hours of service assistance
during the life of a computer purchased from SuperComputers Inc?
6 Two amusement parks show the following information for school-age tourists in a
promotional brochure.
34
Aqua World
$8.00 entry
$2.50 per ride
$12 entry
$1.50 per ride
After how many rides does an

excursion to Fun World become the
cheaper option for the same number
of rides?
7 A telephone company, Opus, offers calls to Biddelonia for a connection fee of $14, and
thereafter $1 per minute. Its rival, Elstra, offers calls for $2 per minute (no connection fee) to
the same country.
a Compare the cost of a 10 minute call to Biddelonia using each company.
b At what point would it be cheaper to use Opus?
8 It costs you $6 to get into a taxi (the flagfall), and $1.50 per kilometre if you use PinkCabs,
while NoTop taxis charge $8 flagfall, and $1.20 per kilometre.
a How much would it cost with each company to travel 15 km in one of its cabs?
b When would it cost the same to use both companies?
9 Medirank, a health insurance company, charges $860 per year (for a single person), and
requires customers to pay the first $100 of any hospital visit. HAB, on the other hand, charges
an annual fee of $560 and requires its members to pay the first $150 of any hospital visit.
Determine the number of hospital visits in a year for which the cost of health services is the
same whichever company insures you.
10 Nifty is a car hire firm that charges insurance of $135, and $50 per day car hire. A competitor,
Savus, simply charges $65 per day and offers free insurance. You are planning a holiday, and
would prefer to use Savus. Under what conditions (days hired) could you justify this choice?
35
Summary
Do the same to both sides and remember inverse operations + and -, and , and 2.
Aim to get a single pronumeral by itself.
Solve inequations the same way as equations, keeping the original inequality sign at each step, unless
multiplying or dividing by a negative number.
Do the same to both sides and remember inverse operations including + and -, and , and 2.
Make x the subject means manipulate into the form x = .
Substitute means to replace a pronumeral with a value.
y2 y1
m = x x
2
1
m = tan (q )
The general equation for a straight line of gradient m and y-intercept c is y = mx + c.

Lines with the same gradient (m) are parallel.
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0, and find y.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0, and find x.
If y = 0 when x = 0, substitute another x-value (for example, x = 1) to find another point
on the line.
Join two points and/or intercepts with a straight line.

Simultaneous equations can be solved with a CAS calculator.

Equations of the form y = ax + b, y = cx + d consider using substitution
Equations of the form ax + by = c, dx + ey = f consider using elimination
Perpendicular lines
m1 m2 = -1
Formulas for finding the equation of a straight line
y y
y = (mx + c) y y1 = 2 1 ( x x1 ) y - y1 = m(x - x1)
x2 x1
Distance between two points
d = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
Midpoint of a segment
x +x y +y
M = 1 2 , 1 2
2
2
Linear modelling
Total cost = Fixed cost + Cost per unit Number of units

y = c + mx
36
chapter review
c
Short answer
1 Solve the equation
1 grid
square = 1 unit
3(5 x 4) 6(4 x + 3)
.
=
7
5
7x + 8
2 Find the value of x where 3
= 4 x 9.
10
3( x
+ 4) 1 x
.
4
2
4 The following formula may be used to study
planetary motion.
GmM m4 2 R
=
R2
T2
Make T the subject of the equation.
3 Solve the inequality
5 Using Pythagoras theorem, find the length of the

hypotenuse of the triangle shown. Express your
answer:
y
x
(12, 3)
(4, 10)
7 Find the gradient of the line joining (-7, 15) and

(2, -6).
8 Find the gradient of the line shown.
y
77
a in surd form
b to three decimal places.
9 State the gradient of the line below.

y
6 Calculate the gradient of each of the following

lines.
y
a
6
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1 0
1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6x
10 State the gradient and y-intercept (in that order) for

each of the following.
a y = 3x - 7
b 5x + 3y = 30
c 2x - 4y - 8 = 0
11 Find the equation for a linear graph having
gradient 2 and y-intercept -3.
5
37
12 Sketch graphs of the following showing intercepts.

a y = -3x + 24
b -x + 8y = 40
c 9x - 7y - 63 = 0
d y + 6x = 0
-2x
13 Solve graphically y = 3x + 10 and y =

- 15.
a Sketch the solution on a set of axes.
b State the solution (point of intersection).
14 Solve y = -3x, y = 6x - 15 using substitution.
15 Use the method of elimination to solve
4x - 7y = 21, -2x + y = 6.
16 A piggybank contains 67 coins. If there are only
one and two dollar coins in the piggybank,
and there are 25 more one dollar coins than two
dollar coins, how many of each type are there?
17 Find the gradient of a line perpendicular to
3x - 9y = 7.
x + 25
=5
6
5x
= 45
E
9
D 2(x + 3) = 10
3 The solution to
x + 14
2( x + 2) is:
3
B x
A x 10
C x
E x
2
5
6
D x
2
5
2
5
4 When c2 = a2 + b2 is rearranged to make a the

subject, the equation becomes:
18 Find the equation of the line containing (-4, 8)

and (3, 1).
A c = a 2 + b 2
B a2 = b2 + c2
19 Find the equation of the line having gradient

6
that passes through (1, 4).
7
C a 2 = c 2 b 2
Da = c 2 b 2
20 Find the equation of the line perpendicular to

y = 14 x - 5, passing through (-8, 6).
21 The distance between (2, -7) and (a, -2) is 41

units. Find the value of a if it is positive.
22 Show that the triangle with vertices (3, 7), (3, 3)
and (6, 3) is a right-angled triangle.
23 The midpoint of the line joining (k, 2h) and
(9k, 6h + 2) is (20, -11). Find k and h.
24 The washing machine repair company Washed
out charges $75 to come to your house, as well as
an hourly charge of $65, calculated to the nearest
half hour.
a Write an equation that may be used to calculate
the cost of any service call if the
time taken by the repairer is known.
b Sketch a graph of the relationship between
repair cost and time taken to do a repair.
c How much would it cost to have a repair done
1
that takes 3 2 hours?
Multiple choice
1 The first step in solving
E a = b + c
5 Which values, when substituted into K = 1 mv 2
2
give a value for K of 4?
A m = 2, v = 4
B m = 4, v = 2
1
2
D m = 8, v = 1
C m = 8, v =
E m = 1, v = 16
6 Using the equation P = m1 v1 + m2 v2, if P = 10,
m1 = 2, m2 = 6 and v1 = 4, v2 would equal:
A
7 x 23
= 99 would be to:
3
1
3
C 1
1
2
D 2
E 3
7 The line shown has a
gradient of:
A -6
B -3
C -2
D 2
E
A add 23 to both sides

B divide both sides by 3
C divide both sides by 7
D multiply both sides by 3
E multiply both sides by 7
38
2 x = -5 is a solution to the equation:

A 3x + 7 = -8
B 2x - 7 = -5
y
6
6
3
8 The gradient of the line

shown below is 3. The value
of a must be:
A -2
B -1
C 5
D 7
E 11
(6, a)
x
(2, 5)
9 The gradient of the line joining (-1, 0) and (4, -10)

is:
B -2
A -4
C 2
14 Which of the following could be the graph of

y = 2x + c?
y
D 4
E 5
x
6
10 Which of the graphs below has a gradient of 7 ?

y
7
6
C y
7
7 x
E y
6
7
6
6
7
D 6
E 7
12 The y-intercept of the line with equation
2
y = 12 x + 3 is:
A
2
3
C 2
3
2
D 3
E 12
13 The gradient and y-intercept (in that order) of the
line with equation 2x - 3y = 7 are:
B 2 and 7
A 2 and -3
C
2
3
and 7
E 3 and
7
2
E y
c
11 The gradient of the line with equation y = 6 x 1

7
is:
A -1
D 3 and
7
3
15 The equation of this line is:

A 2x - 5y = 1
x
2
B 2x - y = 4
C 15x + 6y = -30
D 10y - x = -2
5
x y
E = 1
2 5
16 To solve the equations 2x + y = 5 and 3x - 6y = 12
graphically on a CAS calculator, you would
enter the following in the function entry line as:
A f1(x) = 2x + y and f2(x) = 3x - 6y
B f1(x) = 5
and f2(x) = 12
c f1(x) = 5 - 2x and f2(x) = 12 + 6y
d f1(x) = 2x + 5 and f2(x) = 3x + 12
x
E f1(x) = -2x + 5 and f2(x) = 2 - 2
17 Which of the following would be an effective way
to solve the following equations simultaneously?
y = 2x - 13 [1]
y = 7x + 2 [2]
A Multiply [1] by 2 and [2] by 13 and add the
newly formed equations.
B Multiply [1] by 7, and put it equal to [2].
C Multiply [2] by 2 and put it equal to [1].
D Multiply [1] by 2 and [2] by 7 and subtract the
newly formed equations.
E Put [1] equal to [2].
39
18 The gradient of a line perpendicular to a line with

a gradient of 7 is:
(4 2 + 32 ) ( 22 12 )
A 1
B -7
(4 + 2)2 + (3 1)2
D 7
(2 4)2 (1 3)2
7
7
1
7
1
19 The gradient of a line perpendicular to y =

is:
A
C
E
7
16
7
7
16
B
D
7x + 5
16
1
7
5
16
20 The equation of the line containing (1, -2) and

(2, -3) could be expressed as:
A y - 2 = x - 1
B y + 2 = 1 - x
C y + 3 = x - 1
D x - 2y = -3
E 3x - 5y = 1
21 A line with equation y - 7 = 5(x - 1) has:
A gradient 5 and contains the point (7, 1)
B gradient -7 and contains the point (-1, -7)
C gradient 5 and contains the point (1, 7)
D gradient -5 and contains the point (1, -7)
E gradient -1 and contains the point (5, 7)
22 The distance between (4, 3) and (-2, 1) is equal to:
A (-2 - 4)2 + (1 - 3)2
B
23 The midpoint of the segment joining (11, -3) and

(-5, 17) is:
1
A ( 5 2 , 1 2 )
B (3, 7)
C (6, 14)
D ( 2 2 , 8 2 )
E (4, 6)
24 Bote lives 5 kilometres from the nearest post
office. At noon one day he begins cycling (from
home) at 20 kilometres per hour in a constant
direction away from the post office. t hours after
he begins cycling, the distance D km Bote is from
the post office is given by:
A D = 5t
B D = 20t
C D = 5t + 20
D D = 20t + 5
E D = 20t - 5
25 The linear function f : D R, f ( x ) = 6 2 x has
range [-4, 12]. The domain D is:
A [-3, 5]
B [-5, 3]
C R
D [-14, 18]
E [-18, 14]
(4 3)2 + ( 2 1)2
EXtended response
y
1 The following is a rough sketch of three points on a section of sheet
metal that are to be drilled by a programmed robotic drilling arm. Any
deviation from a straight path, no matter how slight, means the arm must 16
be programmed for more than one direction. The coordinates marked are
correct. Will the robotic arm be able to move in one direction only to drill 12
all three holes?
2 Points A, B and C have the coordinates (1, 6), (0, 0) and (-2, 2). Find
3 possible coordinates for a point D so that the four points form a
parallelogram. (Exclude the case where all points lie in a straight line.)
C
B
A
14
20
3 Consider the points (-4, -2), (6, 2), (4, -1) and (0, -7).
a Find the coordinates of the midpoints of each side of the quadrilateral formed by the points.
b Show that the shape formed by the midpoints is a parallelogram.
c Repeat parts a and b for a different set of starting points.
d What can you conjecture based on your answers?
4 The cost of a parachuting course consists of a charge of $250 which covers equipment hire and tuition,
and a further expense of $55 per jump.
a Express the total cost, C, as a function of j, the number of jumps.
b How many jumps could a person doing the course afford if she was prepared to spend up to $1000?
40
5 A physics student conducts an experiment to find out how much a spring stretches when various weights are
hung from it. Her results are shown in the table below.
Length of spring (cm)
Force applied (N)
10
12
20
16.5
30
20.5
40
25
50
a What is the natural or unstretched length of the spring?

b Plot a graph of the students results.
c Draw a straight line through the points that best describes the data.
d Select two points on the line and use them to fit a linear equation to the line.
A second student conducts the same experiment on a similar spring. His results are shown below.
Length of spring (cm)
Force applied (N)
10
10
16
20
21
30
24
40
28
50
e On the same set of axes you used in part b , plot the

results of the second experiment and join the points
with a line of best fit.
f Write an equation that describes the relationship
between the force applied and the length of the
second spring.
The gradients of graphs such as the ones you have
drawn give an indication of the stiffness of a spring.
The greater the gradient, the harder it is to stretch the
spring. The lower the gradient, the easier it is to stretch
the spring.
g Comment on the stiffness of the two springs
investigated by the students.
h Is it likely that these two springs will ever be the
same length at a given force, that is, is it likely that
the intersection of the two graphs could ever really
happen? Explain your answer.
eBook plus
Digital doc
Test Yourself
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
linear functions
41
eBook plus
aCTiviTies
chapter opener
Digital doc
10 Quick Questions: Warm up with ten quick

questions on linear functions (page 1)
1a
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 030: Use trial and error to balance an

equation and hence solve for the unknown variable
(page 5)
1b
Digital doc
Career profile: Learn how a vigneron uses

substitution and other areas of mathematics in his
work (page 11)
1c
Digital docs
Spreadsheet 046: Calculate the gradient between

two given points (page 13)
SkillSHEET 1.1: Practise using the gradient to find
the value of a parameter (page 15)
1d
Digital docs
distance between two points and

Interactivity int-0260
Distance between two points and midpoint of a

segment: Consolidate your understanding of how to
calculate the distance between two points and the
midpoint of a segment (page 29)
Tutorial
We 19 int-0273: Watch how to calculate the

distance between two points on a Cartesian plane
(page 29)
Digital docs
WorkSHEET 1.1: Solve linear equations, use

substitution and calculate gradients of straight line
graphs (page 16)
Spreadsheet 067: Investigate the effect of changing
the gradient and y-intercept for a linear graph
(page 19)
Spreadsheet 021: Investigate the distance between

two points (page 30)
Spreadsheet 075: Investigate the midpoint between
two points (page 32)
Tutorial
Digital doc
We 12 int-0272: Watch a tutorial on how to sketch

a linear graph by hand (page 18)
1e
Digital doc
Spreadsheet 122: Use the graphical method to solve

simultaneous linear equations (page 24)
1F
Digital docs
SkillSHEET 1.2: Practise writing positive and

negative reciprocals of rational numbers (page 27)
Spreadsheet 029: Investigate the equations of
straight lines (page 27)
WorkSHEET 1.2: Sketch linear graphs, determine
equations of linear graphs and application problems
(page 28)
42
1G
1H
Linear modelling
Spreadsheet 121: Investigate simultaneous linear

equations (page 34)
Tutorial
We 22 int-0275: Watch how to apply linear algebra

skills to determine the conditions for which it
would be cheapest to hire a catering company
(page 33)
chapter review
Digital doc
Test Yourself: Take the end-of-chapter test to test

your progress (page 41)
To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to
www.jacplus.com.au

Ch01 Linear Functions

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Ch01 Linear Functions

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1

Distance between two points in the Cartesian

Solving linear equations and inequations

Graphs of polynomial functions to degree 4

solving linear equations

Solve the following linear equations.

Write the equation.

Divide both sides by 7.

Write the equation.

Subtract 5 from both sides.

Multiply both sides by 4.

Add 2 to both sides.

Divide both sides by 3.

Write the equation.

Divide both sides by 2.

Add 1 to both sides.

Multiply both sides by 5.

Divide both sides by 4.

Write the equation.

Expand the right-hand side (RHS).

Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS for the Casio ClassPad

Collect xs on one side, for example, the

Add 3 to both sides.

Divide both sides by 7.

Write the equation.

Find the lowest common denominator for both

Write all terms with the common denominator,

Now that all terms have the same

Expand all brackets.

Collect xs on the LHS and numbers

Simplify and solve.

Write the equation.

Find the lowest common denominator for all

Write all terms with the common denominator,

Now that all terms have the same denominator,

Expand all brackets.

Collect xs on the RHS and numbers

Simplify and solve.

Chapter 1 Linear functions

To solve each of these equations

Write the answers.

Solve the following linear inequations.

Write the inequations.

Combine the pronumeral terms by

Add 7 to both sides.

Divide both sides by 3.

Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods CAS for the Casio ClassPad

Write the inequations.

Subtract 5 from both sides.

Divide both sides by -3. Reverse the

To solve each of these inequations

Write the answers.

b Solving -3m + 5 < -7 for m,

solving linear equations and inequations

Solve the following linear equations.

Solve the following linear equations.

Solve the following linear inequations.

Rearrangement and substitution

Write the equation.

Add 48 to both sides.

Divide both sides by 8.

Cancel if possible. Here, divide the

Other ways of representing the

Write the equation.

b Which of the following lines has a