cfrf/ ;+lxtf 2060

Code of Ethics-2060
g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf
;b:oxsf nflu

-o; g]kfnL cg"jfbdf s"g} b"ljwf eP c+u|]hL ;+:s/)fnfO{

cflwsfl/s dfGg" kb{%_

-nfu' ePsf] ldlt 2060 df# 1_

;jf{lwsf/ ;"/lIft
k|sflzt ldlt M

2061

k|sfzs

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yf

aa/dxn, kf]=a= g+= 5289

sf&df*F}+, g]kfn

d"b|s

nIdL k|;
] , Go"Knfhf
k"tnL;*s, sf&df*F}+

d'No

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yf

2061
1

k|fSsyg

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfaf^ 2060 df# 1 ut] b]lv

clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug"{ kg]{ u/L hf/L ul/Psf] "Code of
Ethics-2002" sf] g]kfnL ;+:s/)F k|sflzt u/L ;b:oxsf]
k|of]usf] nflu ;dlk{t ug{ kfpg" d]/f] nflu clt v"zLsf] s"/f
xf] .

a"emL ;"wf/sf] nflu ;"emfj k&fpg cg"/f]w ub{%" . k|:t"t g]kfnL

;+:s/)f tof/ kfg{ kl/ifbsf] Joj;foLs dfu{bz{g ;ldltsf
;Dk')F{ ;b:ox k|lt d cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG%" . ;fy} o;
g]kfnL ;+:s/)Fsf] tof/Ldf ;+:yfsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L
k"?iff]Qd nfn >]i& tyf e'tk'j{ kfif{b >L s[i)F k|;fb Gof}kfg]n]
lbg"ePsf] ;xof]usf] nflu d wGojfb lbg rfxG%" .

k"ik nfn >]i&

cWoIF
2061 d+l;/ 1

n]vfJoj;fo :jo+ lgodg ePsf] (Self Regulated) k]zf

xf] . of] cGo k]zf eGbf ljlzi^ % . xfd|f] Joj;fon] xfdLnfO{
cg"zfl;t aGg afWo kfb{% . tfklg s"g} s"g} ;dodf xfdL
b"ljwfdf kg{ ;Sb%f}+ / To; a]nf cfrf/ ;DaGwL lg)f{o lbg
;Ifd kfg]{ x]t"n] of] ;+lxtf agfpg" k/]sf] ;a} n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
ljlbt} % .
cGt/f{li^o n]vfJoj;foL ;+:yf (IFAC) sf] ;b:osf] gftfn]
g]kfndf n]vfJoj;fo ljsf; tyf n]vfJoj;foLxsf] lgodg ug{
cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] cfjZostf ePsf]n] of] 2060 ;fndf c+u|]hLdf
hf/L ePsf] xf] . of] ;+lxtf IFAC af^ hf/L lgb]{lzsf leq
/x]/ agfpg" kg]{ / ljb]zL n]vfJoj;foLn] klg o;df rf;f]
/fVg] ePsf]n] k|sfzgsf] k|fyldstf c+u|]hLnfO{ lbO{Psf] lyof] .
z"?d} g]kfnLdf k|sfzg ug{ klg g;f]lrPsf] xf]Og t/
n]vfJoj;fo ;DaGwL sltko g]kfnL zAb e)*f/df gePsf,
gf}nf gf}nf zAb klg k|of]u ug"{ kg]{ ePsf]n] zAbfy{ ljjfbf:kb
x"g ;Sg] / cs}{ cy{ nfUg ;Sg] ;+efjgfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
c+u|]hL efiffd} k|sfzg ug]{ lg)f{o ePsf] lyof] . ljut Ps
jif{sf] bf}/fgdf o; ljifodf / o; ljifo;+u ;DaGwLt zAbx
n]vfJoj;foLx kl/lrt eO{;s]sf]n] / cj b"ljwf gxf]nf eGg]
cfzon] of] g]kfnL ;+:s/)F k|sflzt ul/Psf] % . s"g} k|sf/n]
cem zflAbs b"ljwf ePdf c+u|]hL ;+:s/)faf^ cflwsfl/s ?kdf
lg?k)F ug"{ x"g klg d cg"/f]w ug{ rfxG%" .
k|:t"t k":tsdf ;"wf/ ug"{kg]{ cem k|;:t &fp+x %g\
eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] % . lj! n]vfJoj;foLxn] o;nfO{ k(L
3

tf]sL o; ;+lxtfsf]
u/]sf] % .

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^; ;+:yfsf

;b:oxsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf]
e'ldsf

1=

;+:yfsf]

kl/ifbn]

cGt//fli^o n]vfJoj;foL dxf;+# (International

Federation of Accountants, IFAC) sf] ;+efljt
;b:osf]
gftfn]
g]kfn
rf^{*{
PsfpG^]G^;
;+:yf
ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;";+ut dfg;+u cfj$ ljZjJofkL ?kdf
;fd~h:o k')F{ n]vf Joj;fonfO{ ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{
(IFAC sf]) j[xt p@]Zo k|lt k|ltj$ % . o; p@]Zo
kl/k'lt{sf nflu cGt//fli^o n]vf Joj;foL dxf;+#n]
n]vfJoj;foLsf] cfr/)f ;DaGwL lgb{]lzsfx hf/L u/]sf]
% . o; k|sf/sf] lgb{]lzsf hf/L ugf{n] n]vfJoj;fodf
ljZjJofkL Ps?ktf cfpg] s"/fdf dxf;+# ljZjf;
/fVb% .

2=

;b:osf] gftfn] dxf;+#n] hf/L u/]sf ;j} k|sf/sf gLlt

lgb{]zgx cfkm\gf ;b:oxdf hfgsf/L u/fO{ tL gLlt
lgb{]zgx ;Dej eP ;Dd kfngf u/L u/fO{ dxf;+#sf
sfd sf/jflxnfO{ ;dy{g ug{" g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\;
;+:yfsf] st{Jo x"g]% .

3=

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfn] g]kfn clw/fHodf

sfo{/t n]vfJoj;foLxn] kfngf ug"{ kg{] of] cfrf/
;+lxtf tof/ ug{ dxf;+#af^ hf/L ePsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf
;DaGwL
lgb{]lzsf
-Guidelines
on
Code
of
Ethics) nfO{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng] lg)f{o u/]sf] % .
;fy} kl/ifbn] of] ;+lxtf agfp+bf dxf;+#af^ hf/L ePsf]
lgb{]lzsf / g]kfnsf] sfg'g jf k|rng ljr ;f/e't
?kdf k/]sf] leGgtf / tL leGgtfnfO{ ldnfg ug{
ckgfO{Psf] tl/sf / ;+lxtf nfu' x"g]
ldlt ;d]t
5

k|fSsyg

klg

tof/

ca pk|fGt dxf;+#af^ hf/L lgb{]lzsfsf] cfwf/df

kl/ifbn] s"g} gof+ ;+lxtf yk ug{] kl/ifbn] lg)f{o u/]df
k|To]s yk a"+bfsf] JofVofTds k|fSsyg klg tof/
ul/g]% . kl/ifbn] dxf;+#n] hf/L gu/]sf t/ g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df cfjZos b]lvPsf ljifoa:t"df yk ;+lxtf tof/
ug{ ;Sg]% .

cfrf/ ;+lxtf ;DaGwL kl/ifbsf] gLlt M

of]
e'ldsf
g]kfn
rF^{*{
PsfpG^]G^;
k|sfzgsf] nflu :jLs[t u/]sf] % .

JofVofTds

4=

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfn] hf/L u/]sf] of] cfrf/

;+lxtf ;Dk')f{ ;b:oxn] cIf/zM kfngf ug{] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] % . s"g} ;b:on] o; ;+lxtf ljkl/t sfo{ u/]
u/fPdf g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf] cg"zf;g
;ldltn] %fgljg ug{ ;Sg]% .

5=

n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] bf}/fgdf ;fdgf ug"{

kg]{ k|To]s cj:yf / kl/l:yltsf] lx;fj u/L cfrf/
;+lxtf tof/ ug{ Jofjxfl/s x"b}g . t;y{ k|:t"t
;+lxtfnfO{ cfkm\gf] Joj;fo ;~rfngdf kfngf ug{" kg{]
;}$flGts cfwf/sf] ?kdf dfq lng" k%{ .

6=

;b:oxn] of] cfrf/ ;+lxtf kfngf ug{"

JofVofTds k|fSsygdf pNn]v ul/Psf] % .

kg{]

ldlt

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf

;b:oxsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf

JofVofTds k|fSsyg

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf] kl/ifbn] b]xfosf

adf]lhdsf k|fSsyg ;lxt of] cfrf/ ;+lxtf c+uLsf/ ug{] lg)f{o
u/]sf] % . of] cfrf/ ;+lxtf g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf
;j} ;b:oxn] 2060 df# 1 ut] tb\g;
" f/ hgj/L 16, 2004
b]lv g]kfn clw/fHodf cfkm\gf] ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kn]
kfngf ug{" kg{] % .
v)* 8

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ;b:o

jfx]ssf JolQmn] n]vf Joj;fodf s"g} k|sf/sf]
lx:;]bf/ x"g g;lsg] lg)f{o u/]sf]% . ctM
dxf;+#af^ hf/L lgb{]lzsfsf] v)* 8=11 nfO{ ;f]xL
adf]lhd ldnfO{Psf] % .

v)* 14

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfn] n]vfJoj;foLnfO{

cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] lj!fkg ug{ cg"dlt glbg] lg)f{o
u/]sf]% . ctM dxf;+#af^ hf/L lgb{]lzsfsf] v)*
14 nfO{ ;f]lx adf]lhd ldnfO{Psf] % .

ljifo;"rL
cg"R%]b
kl/efiff
kl/ro
;fj{hlgs lxt
p@]Zo
cfwf/e't l;$fGt
;+lxtf
v)* -s_ ;j} n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ nfu' x"g]
1 OdfGbf/Ltf Pj+ j:t"lgi&tf
2 cfrf/ ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg?k)F
3 k]zfut ;Ifdtf
4 uf]klgotf
5 s/ ;DaGwL Jofj;flos s[ofsnfk
6 ;Ldfkf/ ;]jf
7 k|rf/ k|;f/
v)* -v_ k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ nfu' x"g]
8 :jtGqtf
9 Jofj;flos ;Ifdtf / u}/Joj;foL
k|of]u ;DaGwdf lhDd]jf/L
10 z"Ns tyf sdLzg
11 ;fj{hlgs n]vfJoj;fo;+u c;+ut
s[ofsnfk
12 u|fxssf] /sd
13 k]zfut n]vf Joj;fodf ;+nUg cGo
n]vfJoj;foL ;+usf] ;+jGw
14 lj!fkg tyf cfu|x
v)* -u_ ;]jf/t n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ nfu" x"g]
15 lgi&Fsf] ljjfb
16 Jofj;flos ;xsf/LnfO{ ;xof]u
17 Jofj;flos ;Ifdtf
18 ;'rgfsf] k|:t"lts/)f
8

15
69
10
1112
1314
1=11=3
2=12=5
3=13=2
4=14=9
5=15=8
6=16=3
7=1

8=18=14
9=19=6
10=110=13
11=111=3
12=112=10
13=113=26
14=114=2
15=115=4
16=1
17=1
18=118=2

kl/efiff M
k]zfut n]vf Jofj;oLsf nflu tof/ ePsf] o; cfrf/
;+lxtfdf b]xfosf zAbx jf zAb ;d'xx k|yd k^s k|of]u
x"+bf ljlzi^ cfsf/df %flkPsf] % / ltgLxnfO{ b]xfosf]
cy{df ;+emg" kb{% .

axfnjfnf
n]vf
Joj;foL

tTsfn n]vfk/LIf)f ;Ddsf] sfo{df lgo"lQm

kfO/x]sf] jf u|fxssf nflu n]vf, s/,
k/fdz{ jf o:t} k]zfut ;]jf k"ofO{/x]sf]
k]zfut n]vf Joj;foL .

OGe]:^L

k]zfut
Joj;fo
k|fKt
ug{]
p@]Zon]
k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLf/f
k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf / bIftf;+u ;DalGwt
hfgsf/L hg;fwf/)f ;Dd ;+rf/ u/fpg] .

nufgLstf{sf]
dxTjk')f{
k|efjsf]
/x]sf] ;+:yf jf ;xfos ;+:yf .

nufgLstf{

OGe]i^L pk/ dxTjk')f{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg]

Ifdtf ePsf] dft[;+:yf, ;fdfGo ;fem]bf/
jf k|fs[lts JolQm jf ;+:yfg .

u|fxs lx;fj

u|fxssf] /sd hDdf ug{sf

vf]lnPsf] h"g ;"s} a}+svftf .

j:t"lgi&tf

lgikIftf, jf}l$s OdfGbfl/tf Pj+ :jfy{

;DaGwL ljjfbaf^ d"Qmtfsf] ;+of]hg .

u|fxssf]
/sd

gub, gubdf kl/)ft ug{ ;lsg] gubhGo

sfuhft -pbfx/)fsf nflu ljn ckm
PS:r]~h, k|ld;/L gf]^, gubdf kl/)ft
ug{ ;lsg] gubhGo sfuhft h:t} j]o//
j)* ;d]t u|fxsaf^ jf lghsf] gfddf
k|fKt x"g] / u|fxss} lgb{]zg adf]lhd
hDdf ul/g] / e"QmfgL ul/g] u/L k]zfut
Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vf Joj;foLn] k|fKt
u/]sf] h"g ;"s} /sd .

Joj;fo

hg;fwf/)fdf k]zfut ;]jf pknAw u/fpg

n]vfJoj;foL PSn}
jf n]vfJoj;foLxsf]
;fem]bf/Ldf ;+rflnt Joj;fo .

n]vfJoj;foL

Joj;fo
;+rfng
ug{],
-PSn}
jf
;fem]bf/Ldf_ lghLIf]q, ;fj{hlgs If]q jf
z}lIfs jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf ;]jf/t
g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf] ;b:o
ePsf] JolQm .

Joj;fodf
;+nUg
k]zfut
n]vf
Joj;foL

sfo{ut juL{s/)f -h:t} n]vfk/LIf)f

s/
jf k/fdz{_ h] ePklg u|fxsnfO{ k]zfut
;]jf
k"ofO/x]sf]
k|To]s
;fem]bf/
jf
;fem]bf/ ;/xsf] kbdf /x]sf] JolQm /
Joj;fodf sfo{/t sd{rf/L Joj:yfksLo
lhDd]jf/L
;DxfNg]
k]zfut
n]vf
Joj;foLx . oL zAbfjnLn] Joj;fodf
;+nUg k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLxsf] kmd{nfO{
;d]t hgfp% .

lj!fkg

nflu

dfq

sDkgL

gfkmfsf] p@]Zo /fvL jf g/fvL sDkgL

P]g, 2053 sf] kl/efiff leq kg{] u/L
u&g ePsf] d"Vo sDkgL / ;j} ;xfos
sDkgLx ;d]t .

;]jf/t n]vf
Joj;foL

lghLIf]q, ;fj{hlgs If]q jf z}lIfs jf

u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfdf
sd{rf/Lsf]
?kdf
;]jf/t n]vfJoj;foL .

10

cwLg

k]zfut ;]jf

n]vf, n]vfk/LIf)f s/, Joj:yfkg k/fdz{

tyf
ljQLo
Joj:yfkg
;]jf
h:tf]
n]vfkfns jf o; ;DaGwL bIftf cfjZos
kg{], n]vfJoj;foLf/f k|bfg ul/g] h"g;"s}
;]jf .

k|rf/k|;f/

n]vfJoj;foLsf] k|jw{g ug{] p@]Zo g/fvL

tof/ ul/Psf n]vfJoj;foL jf/]sf tYox
hg;fwf/)fdf ;+rf/ u/fpg] .

ltLo
n]vfJoj;foL

jxfn
jfnf
n]vfJoj;foL
jf
lghsf]
u|fxsn] n]vfk/LIf)f, n]vf, s/, k/fdz{
;]jf jf To:t} lsl;dsf] sfd ;"Dk]sf] jf
u|fxssf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ k/fdz{
ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf
k]zfut n]vf
Joj;foL .

k|ltj]bg lbg"
kg{] sfd

cfu|x
(Solicitio
n)

ljQLo ;'rgf pk/ k]zfut Joj;fodf

;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLf/f /fo JoQm ul/g"kg{]
sfd .

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^; ;+:yfsf

;b:oxsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf

kl/ro
1=

g]kfn
rf^{*{
PsfpG^]G^\;
;+:yfn]
n]vfJoj;fosf]
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ Joj;fonfO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{,
k|of;sf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{, Pj+ ;";+ultnfO{
k|jw{g ug]{ cfkm\gf] e'ldsfnfO{ dgg u/]/ n]vfJoj;foLn]
clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug"{ kg]{ u/L hf/L u/L ;lsPsf
g}lts cfjZostf -cfrf/;+lxtf, lj:t[t lgod, dfu{bz{g,
cfr/)f ;DaGwL dfg cflb_ sf cfwf/df n]vf
Joj;foLxsf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu' ug{
cfjZos &fg]sf] % .

2=

ljz]if ?kdf tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s o;sf ;j}

p@]Zo / cfwf/e't l;$fGtx lghL, ;fj{hlgs jf
z}lIfs
jf
u}/;/sf/L
h"g;"s}
If]qdf
sfo{/t
n]vfJoj;foLxnfO{ nfu' x"g] cfwf/df tof/ u/L hf/L
ul/Psf] % .

3=

b]xfosf nIf)fn] Joj;fo ljlzi^ % .

k]zfut ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p@]Zon]

;+efljt u|fxs;+u ;+ks{ ug{] sfd .

4=

11

lzIff / k|lzIf)fsf] dfWodaf^ ljlzi^ af}l$s zLk

xfl;n ug{" kg{] .

k|zf;g
ug{]
;+:yfsf]
?kdf
g]kfn
rf^{*{
PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfaf^ #f]lift cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] d'No
/ dfGotfnfO{ ;b}j lz/f]wfo{ ug{" kg{,] /

;dli^ut ;dfh k|lt cfkm\gf] st{Jo lgjf{x ug{" kg{]

-ljz]if u/L] of]Uotf k|bfg ug{ jf kbgfdsf] lgif]lwt
k|of]usf] bfloTj ;Gbe{df_ .

;b:oxsf] ;dfh / Joj;fok|ltsf] st{Jo;+u} cfkm\gf]

/f]huf/bftfk|ltsf] st{Jo jf cfkm\gf] JolQmut :jfy{
slxn]sfxL ljjfbdf cfpg ;S% .
12

5=

o;} k[i&e'ldnfO{ b[li^ut u/L k]zf Joj;fosf] sfo{

;Dkfbgsf] pRr u")f:t/ ;"lglZrt ug{ / k]zfk|lt
hg;fwf/)fsf]
ljZjf;
sfod
/fVg
g]kfn
rf^{*{
PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfn] ;b:oxn] kfngf ug{" kg{] cfr/)f
tf]Sg" kg{] cfjZostf dx;'; u/]sf] % .

;"b[( cfGtl/s
lbnfp+% .

;fj{hlgs lxt
6=

7=

hg;fwf/)fk|lt cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{" n]vfJoj;fosf]

ljlzi^tfsf] k|lts xf] . n]vfJoj;fosf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
hg;fwf/)f eGgfn] jfl)fHo Joj;fosf] Jojl:yt ;+rfng
sfod
/fVg
k]zfut
;b:osf]
OdfGbfl/tf
/
j:t"lgi&tfdf ljZjf; ug]{ ;d"bfo, u|fxs, C)fbftf,
;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf, sd{rf/Lx, nufgLstf{ Jofj;flos
Pj+ ljQLo ;d"bfo ;d]t ;j}nfO{ hgfp+% . o;} cf:yfn]
n]vfJoj;fonfO{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{
jfWo u/fp% . ;fj{hlgs lxt eGgfn] n]vfJoj;foLn]
;]jf k|bfg ug{] lgsfo / hg;d"bfosf] ;fd"lxs
enfO{nfO{ hgfpg] u/L kl/eflift ul/Psf]]% .
k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLsf] st{Jo cfkm\gf] u|fxs jf
/f]huf/bftfsf] cfjZostf k"/f
ug{" dfq
xf]O{g .
;fj{hlgs lxtsf] s"/fn] n]vfJoj;fosf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
:t/ lgwf{/)fdf &"nf] k|efj kfb{% . pbfx/)fsf] nflu M

k+'+lh k|fKt ug{ c+lzof/x / C)f k|fKt ug{ s]xL

xb;Dd k"i^L ug{ ljQLo ;+:yfxdf k]z u/Lg]
ljQLo ljj/)fxsf] sfo{bIftf / OdfGbf/Ltf sfod
/fVg :jtGq n]vfk/LIfsn] d@t ub{% .

ljQLo sfo{sf/Lx ;+u&gsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf

ljleGg x}l;otdf sfo{/t /xG%g\ / ;+u&gsf] >f]t
;fwgsf] s"zn Pj+ k|efjsf/L k|of]udf of]ubfg
ub{%g\ .

cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfsn] /f]huf/bftf nfO{ k|fKt x"g]

jfXo ljQLo ;'rgfxsf] ljZj;lgotf clej[l$ ug{]
13

lgo+q)f

k|)ffnLsf]

jf/]df

ljZjf;

s/ ljz]if!n] s/ k|)ffnLsf] lgikIf k|of]udf e/f];f

/ k|)ffnLsf]
sfo{ bIftf Pj+ ljZj;gLotf :yflkt
ug{ d@t ub{% .

;fj{hlgs lxtsf] lgldQ :jR% Joj:yfksLo lg)f{o

k|lqmofsf] cfjfh a"nGb ug]{ lhDd]jf/L Aoj:yfkg
k/fdz{bftfsf] x"G% .

8=

;dfhdf k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLxsf]] e'ldsf dxTjk')F{

x"G% . s/ Pj+ Joj;fo ;DaGwL ljljw s"/fdf ;Ifd
;Nnfx, k|efjsf/L cfly{s Joj:yfkg, ;xL (+usf]
n]vfkfng / k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L cflb sfo{df hg;fwf/)f,
;/sf/, nufgLstf{, C)fk|bfosx, /f]huf/bftfx /
Jofj;flos ;d"bfon] k]zfut n]vfJoj;foL pk/ ljZjf;
ub{%g\ . o:tf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{] k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLsf]
Jojxf/ / ;f]rfO{n] klg /fi^ / ;dfhsf] cfly{s
;d"Ggltdf k|efj kfb{% .

9=

k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn] hg;fwf/)fsf] ljZjf; cfh{g ug{

;kmn x"g] vfnsf cfkm\gf ljlzi^ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO o; cxd\ :yfgdf cfkm\gf] jr{:j
sfod /fVg ;Sg" kb{% . n]vfJoj;fosf] ljZjJofkL
lxtsf b[li^sf])fn] klg n]vfJoj;foLn] cfr/)f ;DaGwL
l;$fGtsf] k')f{ cjnDag u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf]
;"lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ / pRr :t/df
sfo{ ;Dkfbg
u/L Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug{] s"/f o; Joj;fosf
k|of]ustf{nfO{ cjut u/fpg" kb{% .

p@]Zo
10=

o; ;+lxtfn] Jofj;flostfsf] pRr:t/df sfd ug]{,

pRr:t/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{, Pj+ ;fdGotM dfly
pNn]lvt
;fj{hlgs
lxtsf
cfjZostf
k'lt{
ug]{
n]vfJoj;foLsf p@]ZonfO{ c+uLsf/ ub{% . oL p@]Zox?
14

k"/f ug{ b]xfosf rf/ cfwf/e't cfjZostfx k"/f ug{"

kg{]% .

ljZj;lgotf
;'rgf / ;'rgf k|)ffnLsf] ljZj;gLotf ;d"Rr ;dfhnfO{
cfjZos % .

Joj;flostf
/f]huf/bftf, u|fxs jf cGo ;/f]sf/ /fVg]n] n]vf
Joj;fo If]qdf k]z]j/ JolQm eg]/ :ki^ ?kdf klxrfg
ug{ ;Sg] JolQmx x"g" h?/L % .

;]jfsf] u")f:t/
k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLaf^ k|fKt ul/g] ;j} k|sf/sf
;]jfx sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf pRr u")f:t/sf] x"g] ljZjf;
lbnfpg" h?/L % .

cfZj:ttf
k|bfg ul/g]] ;]jfsf] ;LdfnfO{ lgoq+)f ug]{ Ps lglZrt
cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] ;+/rgf cGtu{t /xL n]vfJoj;foLn]
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ s"/fsf] cfZj:ttf ;]jf k|fksxnfO{
u/fpg" kb{% .

cfwf/e't l;$fGt

n]vf Joj;foL lgikIF x"g" kb{% / j:t" lgi&tfnfO{

cf#ft k"Ug] u/L k'jf{u|x jf kIfkft jf :jfy{ jf
s;}sf] bjfjnfO{ :yfg lbg" x"b}g .

k]zfut ;Ifdtf / plrt ;ts{tf

n]vfJoj;foLn] plrt ;ts{tf, ;Ifdtf / d]xgtsf ;fy
Joj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug"{ kb{% Pj+ u|fxs jf
/f]huf/bftfn]
k|ljlw,
lgod
sfg'g
/
Joj;fodf
;d;fdlos ?kdf ePsf] ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df ;Ifd
k]zfut ;]jfsf] nfe p&fpg ;Sg] s"/f ;"lglZrt ug{
cfjZos kg]{ !fg / ;Lksf] :t/ lg/Gt/ sfod /fVg"
lghsf] st{Jo x"g]% .

uf]klgotf
n]vfJoj;foLn] Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug{] qmddf k|fKt
;'rgf Pj+ hfgsf/Lsf] uf]klgotfnfO{ k')f{ ;Ddfg ug{"
kg{]% . sfg'g jf Jofj;flos sf/)fn] clgjfo{ v"nf;f
ug{" kg{] clwsf/ jf st{Jo leq k/]sf] jf s"g} ;'rgf
k|jfx ug{] ljz]if clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf]df jfx]s To:tf
s"g} ;'rgf jf hfgsf/Lsf] pkof]u ug"{ jf ;fj{hlgs
ug{" x"+b}g .

Jofj;flos cfr/)f

11

n]vfJoj;fodf
lglxt
p@]Zo
xfl;n
n]vfJoj;foLxn]
s]lx
k'jf{jZostf
l;$fGtsf] kfngf ug{" kb{% .

12

cfwf/e't l;$fGtx b]xfo adf]lhdsf %g\ M

ug{sf]
nflu
jf
cfwf/e't

ubf{

15

n]vfJoj;foL

OdfGbf/

n]vfJoj;foLn] Joj;fosf] pRr k|lti&f cg"s'n cfr/)f

/ Jojxf/ ug{" kg{%
] / k]zf Joj;fonfO{ g} abgfd x"g]
s"g} klg s[ofsnfkaf^ cnu /xg" kb{% .

k|fljlws dfg

OdfGbfl/tf
k]zfut ;]jf k|bfg
:ki^jfbL x"g" kb{% .

j:t"lgi&tf

Pj+

n]vfJoj;foLn] ;fGble{s Jofj;flos / k|fljlws dfgx

adf]lhd Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug{" kb{% . k]zfk|lt
st{Jolgi&tf,
O{dfGbfl/tf
/
ljz]if
u/L
k]zfut
Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLsf] xsdf :jtGqtfsf
16

l;$fGt;+u d]n vfg] xb ;Dd /f]huf/ bftf jf u|fxsn]

df+u u/] adf]lhd jf lgb{]zg lbP adf]lhd ;]jf k|bfg
ug{" n]vfJoj;foLsf] st{Jo x"g]% .
;fy}, b]xfosf lgsfoaf^ hf/L ePsf k|fljlws
Jofj;flos dfgxsf] klg k')f{ kfngf ug{" kg{%
] M

n]vfk/LIf)fdfg af]*{,
n]vfdfg af]*{,
g]kfn
rf^{*{
PsfpG^]G^;
;+:yf
jf
lgodgsf/L lgsfo, /
;fGble{s lgod sfg'gdf ePsf Joj:yf .

OdfGbfl/tf (Integrity) Pj+ lj:t"lgi&tf (Objectivity)

1=1

OdfGbfl/tfn] OdfGbfl/tf (Honesty) dfq geO{ lgikIf

Jojxf/ tyf ;Totf (Truthfulness) nfO{ klg
hgfp+% .
lj:t"lgi&tfsf]
l;$fGtn]
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
lgikIf, jf}l$s?kn] OdfGbf/ tyf :jfy{ut lajfbaf^
d"Qm /xg jfWo u/fp+% .

1=2

n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm\gf] ;]jf ljleGg x}l;otdf

k|bfg
ub{%g\ / o:tf] ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ ljljw cj:yfdf
j:t"lgi&tf
k|bz{g
ug"{
kb{% .
n]vfJoj;fonfO{
Jofj;flos k]zfsf] ?kdf c+ufNg] n]vfJoj;foLn] ljQLo
ljj/)F pk/ /fo k|s^ ug]{ / s/ tyf Joj:yfksLo
k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ub{%g\ eg] cGo n]vf Joj;foLn]
lghL If]q, ;fj{hlgs If]q jf z}lIfs jf u}/;/sf/L
;+u&gdf ;xfossf] x}l;otn] ljQLo ljj/)f tof/ ug]{,
cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf)f ul/lbg] / ljQLo Joj:yfkg
;DjGwL ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ub{%g\ . o; k]zf leq k|j]z
ug{ rfxg] JolQmnfO{ tflnd Pj+ lzIff k|bfg ug{] z}lIfs
sfo{ klg ub{%g\ . k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf jf x}l;ot h] h:tf]
eP klg k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm'n] k|bfg ug]{
k]zfut ;]jfdf OdfGbfl/tfsf] /Iff ug"{ kb{% / cfkm\gf]
lg)f{odf a:t"lgi&tf sfod /fVg" kb{% .

1=3

j:t"lgi&tf ;DaGwL cj:yf / k|rngnfO{ cfr/)fn]

lgwf{l/t u/] adf]lhd ljz]if ?kdf kfngf ug{ cj:yf /
k|rng rog ubf{ b]xfosf s"/fnfO{ kof{Kt ?kdf dgg
ug"{ kb{% .

cGo

13

o; ;+lxtfdf jl)f{t p@]Zo / cfwf/e't l;$fGtx

;fdfGo k|s[ltsf %g\ / o;nfO{ cfr/)f ;DaGwL s"g}
Pp^f ljz]if d"@fnfO{ ;"Nemfpg] lx;fjn] tof/ ul/Psf]
x}g . tfklg o; ;+lxtfn] n]vfJoj;fosf] bf}/fgdf cfpg
;Sg] ;d;fdlos :yLlt Pj+ o; ;+lxtfsf p@]Zo /
cfwf/e't l;$fGtxsf] k|of]u ljlwsf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo
dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{% .

14=

k|:t"t cfrf/ ;+lxtf tLg efudf af+l*Psf] % .

tf]lsPsf]
cj:yfdf
jfx]s
efu
n]vfJoj;foLx pk/ nfu' x"g]% .

efu 2 ;+:yfaf^ k]zfut k|df)fkq xfl;n u/L

k]zfut Joj;fodf nfu]sf n]vfJoj;foLxnfO{ nfu'
x"g]% .

efu
3
k'/f
;do
/f]huf/Ldf
nfu]sf
n]vfJoj;foLxnfO{
nfu'
x"g]%
/
kl/l:yltjz
;fGble{s ePdf k]zfut k|df)fkq xfl;n u/L
k]zfut Joj;fodf nfu]sf n]vfJoj;foLxnfO{ ;d]t
nfu' x"g]% .
17

v)* 1

;+lxtf

efu 1
;a} n]vfJoj;foLsf nflu nfu' x"g]

;j}

18

-s_

n]vfJoj;foLxn]
bjfasf]
;Defjgf
ePsf
cj:yf;+u ;fdgf ug{" k/]sf] x"G% . o:tf bjfjn]
j:t"lgi&tfsf] l;$fGtnfO{ cf#ft k"ofp+% .

-v_

;Defljt ;j} cj:yfxsf] Ps Ps u/L JofVof

ug{ / pkfo ;"emfpg Jojxfl/s x"+b}g . k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foLn] j:t"lgi&tfnfO{ cf#ft k"ofpg ;Sg]
jf To:tf] ;Defjgf b]lvg] cj:yfnfO{ klxrfg ug{
dfg k|of]u ubf{ pko"Qmtf (Reasonableness)
sfod /x]sf] x"g" kb{% .

-u_

j:t"lgi&tfnfO{ cf#ft k"ofpg] vfnsf

(Prejudice), kIfkft (Bias) /
(influence)
af^ aRg" kb{% .

-#_

Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug{] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lxn]

klg j:t"lgi&tfsf] l;$fGt kfngf ug]{ s"/f
;"lglZrt u/fpg] bfloTj n]vf Joj;foLdf /x]sf]
% .

-_

n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm\gf] k]zfut lg)f{odf jf cfkm\gf]

sfd;+u ;DjlGwt JolQmxdf cgk]lIft / cg"lrt
k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] s"/f ljZjf; ug{" kg{] vfnsf
s"g} k|sf/sf] pkxf/ :jLsfg{ jf dgf]/~hgdf efu
lng jf To:tf JolQmxnfO{ To:tf] pkxf/ k|bfg
ug{
jf
dgf]/~hgdf
lgDTofpg
x"+b}g .
n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm\gf] k]zfut c*fgnfO{ jbgfd
ug]{ kl/l:yltjf^ cnu /xg" kb{% .

k'jf{u|x
b"ik|efj

v)* 2

hfn;fhL jf o:t} vfn] cj}wflgs s[ofsnfk ;d]t

x"g;S% . o:tf ljjfb ;[hgf x"g ;Sg]
;Defljt
kl/:yLltsf] Jofks ;'rL tof/ u/L /fVg" ;Dej %}g .
n]vfJoj;foLx lajfb ;[hgf ug{] jf :jfy{ut ljjfb
Nofpg] sf/s tTj b]lv lg/Gt/ ;fjwfg / ;hu /xg"
kb{% . n]vfJoj;foL / cGo kIf ljr lgtfGt j}rfl/s
cGt/ x"g" cfrf/ ;DaGwL
ljjfbsf] dfdnf xf]O{g .
oBlk
;DalGwt kIff/f k|To]s dfdnfsf] tYo /
j:t"l:yltsf] cg";Gwfg ul/g" h?/L % .
2=2

n]vfJoj;foLsf] st{Jo lj?$ ljleGg cfGtl/s jf jfx\o

bjfjn] ljjfb pTkGg u/fO{ /xg ;Sb% . pbfx/)fsf
nflu,

dflyNnf txsf ;"kl/j]Ifs, Joj:yfks, lgb]{zs jf

;fe]mbf/af^ bjfj cfpg ;Sb%, cyjf kfl/jfl/s
jf JolQmut ;DaGwsf sf/)fn] klg bafjsf] vt/f
a(\g] ;Defjgf /xG% .
-kl/R%]b 8=6 x]g{"xf];_ .
jf:tjdf, n]vfJoj;foLsf] OdfGbf/Ltfdf gsf/fTds
k|efj kfg{] jf cf+r k"ofpg] jf ;+s^df kfg{;Sg]
kfl/jfl/s
jf
JolQmut
;DaGw
jf
:jfy{nfO{
lg?T;flxt t"Nofpg" kb{% .

n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
k|fljlws
jf
Jofj;flos
dfg
(Technical
and
Professional
Standards) k|lts'n sfo{ ul/lbg] cg"/f]w cfpg
;Sb% .

n]vfJoj;foLsf] cfkm\gf] xflsdsf] lxt / Jofj;flos

dfgsf] kfngf jLr ljeflht lgi&fsf] k|Zg v*f x"g
;Sb% .

unt ;'rgfsf] k|sfzgaf^ n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ s"g}

kmfO{bf x"g] jf gx"g] ePklg
n]vfJoj;foLsf u|fxs
jf /f]huf/bftfsf] lxt x"g] cj:yf ePdf To;n]
cfrf/ ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] l;h{gf x"g ;Qm% .

cfrf/ ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg?k)f

2=1

n]vfJoj;foLn] Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x+bf jf/+jf/ :jfy{ut

ljjfbsf] cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{" kg]{ x"g cfp% . o:tf
ljjfbsf] >[hgf cg]sf}+ kl/:yLltaf^ x"g ;S%g\ /
o;sf] ljifo ;fdfGo lljwf b]lv lnP/ &"n&"nf
19

20

2=3

cfr/)f ;DaGwL :yflkt dfg (Standards of

Ethical Conduct) kfngf ubf{ n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
k|lts"n cfrf/ v"^\ofpg jf To;sf] lg/fs/)fsf pkfo
klxrfg ug{ ;d:of kg{ ;Sb% . o:tf] s"g} ;d:ofsf]
l;h{gf x"gf;fy n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm' sfo{/t lgsfosf
:yflkt gLlt Pj+ k|s[of cg":ff/ ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg"
kb{% . o;f] ubf{ klg ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ePg eg]
b]xfodf pNn]v eP adf]lhd ug{" kb{% M
cfkm'eGbf dflysf] ;"kl/j]Ifs;+u ljjflbt ;d:ofsf]
k"g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ug{" kb{% . o;f] ubf{ klg ljjfb
;dfwfg ePg eg] n]vfJoj;foLn] ;f] eGbf dflyNnf]
Joj:yfksLo clwsf/Laf^ lg)f{o u/fpg] / ;f] sf]
hfgsf/L cfkm\gf ;"kl/jIfsnfO{ lbg" kb{% . cfkm\gf]
;"kl/j]Ifs g} To; ljjflbt ;d:ofdf ;+nUg ePdf
klxn]g}
n]vfJoj;foLn]
;f]
eGbf
pRr
csf{]
kbflwsf/L ;dIf ;f] ljifo /fVg" kb{% . ;"kl/j]Ifs}
k|d"v sfo{sf/L clwsf/L ePsf sfo{sf/L ;ldlt
(Executive
Committe),
lgb]{zs
;ldlt
(Board of Directors), u}/sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsx
(Non-Executive
Directors),
Gof;wf/L
(Trustee)
;fe]mbf/sf]
Joj:yfkg
;ldlt
(Partner's
Management
Committee)
jf
c+lzof/x
(Shareholders)
;dIf
ljjflbt
dfdnfdf /fVg ;lsG% .
g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfaf^ uf]Ko tj/n]
;Defljt sfdsf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG% .
oL ;j} cfGtl/s ;dfwfgsf pkfo ckgfp+bf klg
hfn;fhL e|i^frf/ h:tf u+eL/ ljifodf lajfb
;dfwfg x"g g;s]df n]vfJoj;foLn] clGtd pkfosf]
?kdf /flhgfdf lbg" kb{% / ;f] sf] hfgsf/L
;+:yfsf] pko"Qm kbflwsf/L jf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g
cg";f/ :yflkt ;DalGwt jfx\o lgsfodf lbg"
kb{% .
21

2=4

pRr kbdf sfo{/t n]vfJoj;foLn] o:tf ljjfbx

lg?k)f ug]{ gLltx cfkm' sfo{/t ;+:yfdf :yflkt
ePsf] ;"lglZrt u/fpg] k|of; ug{" kb{% .
v)* 3

k]zfut ;Ifdtf
3=1

n]vfJoj;foLn] cfk"mdf gePsf] bIftf / cg"ej cfkm'df

ePsf] h:tf] b]vfpg" x"+b}g .

3=2

k]zfut ;IfdtfnfO{ b"O{ r/)fdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG% M

-s_

k]zfut ;Ifdtf k|flKtM

k]zfut ;Ifdtf k|flKtsf nflu k|f/Dedf lgwf{l/t
dfg adf]lhdsf] lzIff, To;kl% g]kfn rf^{*{
PsfpG^]G^\;
;+:yf$f/f
tf]lsPsf]
k]zf;+u
;DalGwt lzIff / Jofj;flos tfnLd xfl;n
u/]sf] / Jofj;flos k/LIff pQL)f{ u/]sf] jf
tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sfof{g"ej xfl;n u/]sf] jf
g]kfn
rf^{*
PsfpG^]G^\;
;+:yfsf]
;b:o
x"gsfnflu tf]lsPsf Go'gtd zt{ k"/f u/]sf]
x"g"kb{% .

-v_

k]zfut ;Ifdtfsf] lg/Gt/tf M

-c_

k]zfut ;IfdtfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf]

nflu n]vf, n]vfk/LIf)f Pj+ ;DalGwt
P]g
sfg'gxsf]
Joj:yf
nufot
;dli^ut ?kdf n]vfJoj;fosf] ljsf;
ljifodf lg/Gt/ hfgsf/L /fVg" cfjZos
% .

-cf_

n]vfJoj;foLn] Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg

ubf{ sfdsf] u")f:t/ ;"lglZrt ug{
/fli^o n]vfk/LIf)fdfg;+u d]n vfg] u/L
sfo{qmdsf]] cjnDag ug{"kb{% .
22

v)* 4

uf]kgLotf
4=1

4=2

4=3

4=4

4=5

Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ qmddf /f]huf/bftf jf

u|fxssf] sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf
k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{
uf]Ko /fVg" n]vfJoj;foLsf] st{Jo x"g]% . uf]Kotf
;DaGwL of] st{Jo n]vfJoj;foL / u|fxs jLrsf]
;DaGwsf] ;dflKt kl% klg sfod /xg" kb{% .
sfg'gf/f s"g} ;'rgf k|jflxt ug{ ljz]if clwsf/ k|fKt
ePsf]
jf
Jofj;flos
;]jf
k|bfg
ubf{
v"nf;f
(Disclosure) ug"{kg]{ sfg'gL jf Jofj;flos jfWotf
ePsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s cGo cj:yfdf n]vfJoj;foLn]
uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg" kb{% .

4=6

;'rgfsf] uf]klgotf d"n"ssf] k|rlnt sfg"gs} Pp^f kIf

xf] ctM o; ;+jGwL
cfrf/)fsf] cGo lj:t[t
Joj:yfx ;DalGwt sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g}
x"g]% .

4=7 uf]Ko ;'rgf v"nf;f ug{" x"g] gx"g] lg)f{o ubf{ dgg ug{"
kg{] j"+bfsf pbfx/)f b]xfodf pNn]v % M
-s_

clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;'rgf v"n:t ug{

x"G% . /f]huf/bftf jf u|fxsn] ;'rgf v"n:t
ug{ :jLs[lt lbPsf] eP klg To:tf] v"nf;fn]
t]>f] kIfsf] lxtnfO{ ;d]t kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf]
dgg u/L dfq ;'rgf v"nf;f ug"{ kb{% .

-v_

sfg'gn] v"nf;f ug{ kg]{ Joj:yf u/]df ;'rgf

k|jfx ug{ ldN% . uf]Ko ;'rgf v"nf;f ug{
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ sfg"gn] jfWo jgfpg] cj:yfsf
s]xL pbfx/)f b]xfodf pNn]v % M

;Nnfx / ;xof]u lnPsf cGo JolQm jf sd{rf/Ljf^

klg
v"nf;f
gug{]
s"/f
;"lglZrt
ug{]
bfloTj
n]vfJoj;foLsf] x"G% .
;'rgf v"nf;f ug{] jf gug{]df dfq uf]klgotf ;Lldt
x"b}g . k]zfut sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf k|fKt ;'rgfx
n]vfJoj;foLn] JolQmut jf t]>f] kIfsf] nfesf nlfu
k|of]u gug"{ gu/fpg" klg uf]kgLotf sfod ug"{ xf] .
u|fxs /f]huf/bftfsf sf/f]jf/sf] ;DjGwdf ;fdfGotM
;fj{hlgs gul/Psf uf]Ko ;'rgf jf hfgsf/L pk/ klg
n]vfJoj;foLxsf]
kx+"r
k"Ub% .
To;sf/)f,
n]vfJoj;foLn] o; s"/fnfO{ dgg u/L k|fKt hfgsf/Lx
cGo JolQmnfO{ cglws[t hfgsf/L u/fpg" x"+b}g . t/,
o; s"/fn] Jofj;flos dfg cg"?k
Jofj;flos st{Jo
lgjf{xsf s|ddf cfjZostfg";f/ ;'rgf v"nf;f ug{
jfWff kg{] %}g .

23

-u_

-c_

sfg'gL sf/jfxLsf] qmddf k|df)f

ug{ jf sfuhft k|:t"t ug{,

k]z

-cf_

sfg'g ljkl/t u/]sf] sf/jfxL hfgsf/Ldf

cfPkl% pko'Qm clwsf/LnfO{ ;f] s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg .

s"g}
;'rgf
;fj{hlgs
ug{"
n]vfJoj;foLsf]
Jofj;flos st{Jo jf clwsf/ leq k/]df, h:t}
-c_

k|fljlws dfg jf cfrf/ ;+lxtf kfngug{]

qmddf ;'rgf ;fj{hlgs ubf{ uf]klgotf
e u/]sf] dflgg] %}g .

-cf_

sfg'gL
sf/jfxL
x"+bf
n]vfJoj;foLsf]
k]zfut lxt ;+/If)f ubf{,

24

4=8

4=9

-O_

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfn] ug]{

u")f:t/ -;dsIfL_ k"g/fjnf]sg sfo{qmddf
;xof]u ubf{,

-O{_

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yf jf cGo

lgodgsf/L lgsfoaf^ ePsf ;f]wgL jf
%fglagsf] qmddf hjfkm lb+bf .

n]vfJoj;foLn] uf]Ko ;'rgf k|jfx ug{ lgwf] ug"{ cl#

b]xfosf j"+bfnfO{ klg dgg ug{" kb{% M

5=2

n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm\gf u|fxs jf /f]huf/bftfnfO{ cfk'mn]

tof/ u/L lbPsf] s/ laj/)f / s/ ;DaGwL ;Nnfx
r"gf}lt /lxt ePsf] ljZjf; lbnfpg" x"{b}g . a? k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm\gf u|fxs jf /f]huf/ bftfnfO{
pknAw u/fPsf] s/ k/fdz{ / ;]jfsf] ;Ldfsf
;DaGwdf ;hu /x]sf] / tYosf] b[(f]lQm h:t} /fo JoQm
u/]sf] &fgL unt cy{ gnufpg] s"/f ;"lglZrt ug{"
kb{% .

;fGble{s tYojf/] Jojxfl/s eP ;Ddsf] hfgsf/L

k|fKt jf k"i^L ePsf] % %}g dgg ug"{ kb{{%, k"i^L
gePsf tYo jf /fo ePdf cfkm\gf] Joj;flos
ljj]s k|of]u u/L v"n:t ug{" kg{] uf]Ko ;'rgfx
olsg ug{" kb{% .

s:tf] ;'rgf jf hfgsf/Lsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] xf] /

hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{] JolQm pko"Qm, cflwsfl/s /
k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df sf/jflx ug{]
bfloTj
ePsf]
xf] xf]Og eGg] s"/fdf n]vfJoj;foL ;Gt"i^
x"g" kb{% .

5=3

s/ ljj/)f tof/ u/L lbg] jf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug{]

n]vf Joj;foLn] u|fxs jf /f]huf/ bftfnfO{ s/
ljj/)fdf pNn]v ePsf s"/fxsf] lhDd]jf/L d"Vo?kdf
u|fxs jf /f]huf/bftf
s} x"g] s"/fsf] hfgsf/L
/f]huf/bftf jf u|fxsnfO{ u/fpg" kb{% .

;'rgf k|jfxaf^ tTsfn jf ;f] sf] sf/)fn] kl%

cfk"mnfO{ s"g} sfg'gL bfloTj kg]{ gkg]{ ljifodf ;d]t
n]vfJoj;foLn] dgg ug"{ kb{% .

5=4

s/ ;DaGwL ;Nnfx jf
u|fxs jf /f]huf/bftfnfO{
lng ;lsg] u/L kq
clen]vg u/L /fVg" kb{%

5=5

b]xfosf] cj:yf ePsf] ljZjf; ug{] cfwf/ ePdf

n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxs jf /f]huf/bftfsf] s/ ljj/)f jf
;f];+u ;DalGwt kqfrf/;+u ;Da$ /xg" x"+b}g M

cfkm' :ki^ gePsf cj:yfdf n]vfJoj;foLn] sfg'gL

k/fdz{bftf //jf g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yf;+u
k/fdz{ lng" cfjZos % %}g dgg ug{"kb{% .

v)* 5

s/ ;DaGwL Jofj;flos ;]jf

5=1

eg] k')f{ ?kdf u|fxs jf /f]huf/bftfsf] kIfdf ;]jf

k|bfg ug{" kb{% . s"g} klg xfntdf OdfGbf/Ltf /
j:t"lgi&tfdf cf+r cfpg lbg" x"b}g Pj+ k|bfg ug{
nfu]sf] ;]jf k]zfut Joj;foLsf] /fodf sfg'g ;Ddt
x"g"kb{% . dgfl;j cfwf/ ePdf ljjfbsf ljifodf u|fxs
jf /f]huf/bftfsf] kIf lng" kb{% .

n]vfJoj;foLn] s/ ;DaGwL ;]jf k|bfg ubf{, cfkm\gf]

Jofj;flos ;Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] xf]
25

;f/e't k|efj kg{ ;Sg] /fo

pknAw u/fp+bf kl% ;Gbe{
jf d]df]sf] ?kdf kmfondf
.

-s_

e"m&f jf jbgLotk')f{ laj/)f k]z u/]sf],

-v_

pknAw u/fPsf] ljj/)f jf ;'rgfsf] ;To

c;To olsg gu/]sf] jf nfk/jfxL t/Lsfn]
;'rgf pknAw u/fPsf]],
26

-u_

5=6

5=7

/fh:j clwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug{ cfjZos kg]{

;"rgf %"^fPsf] jf c:ki^ kf/]sf] / To:tf %"^
/ c:ki^tfn] /fh:j clwsf/LnfO{ e|ddf kfg{]
nfu]df,

oyfy{ cf+s*f k|fKt ug{ cJojxfl/s x"g] cj:yfdf

n]vfJoj;foLn]
;fdfGotof
:jLsf/of]Uo
cg"dfgsf
cfwf/df cg"dfgsf cfwf/df s/ laj/)f tof/ ug{
;Sg]% . cg"dfgsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf s/ laj/)f
oyfy{ eGbf /fd|f] ePsf] unt wf/)ff gaGg] u/L k|:t"t
ug{"kb{% .
cg"dflgt
ljj/)f
tof/
ug{
lnOPsf
cfwf/x
tTsflng
cj:yfdf
;lx
lyP
eGg]df
n]vfJoj;foL ;Gt"i^ x"g" kb{% .
s/ ljj/)f tof/ ubf{ dgfl;j b]lvP;Dd ;fdfGotM
u|fxs jf /f]huf/bftfn] pknJw u/fPsf ;'rgfdf
ljZjf; ug{"kb{% . ;fdfGotof ;'rgfsf] ;TotfnfO{ k"i^L
ug{] k|df)f jf sfuhftsf] hf+r jf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
cfjZos gePklg n]vfJoj;foLn] pko"Qmtf x]/L k"i^\ofO{
ug{] cf+s*f pknAw u/fpg k|f]T;flxt ug{"kb{% . o;sf
cltl/Qm n]vfJoj;foLn]

27

To:tf] uDeL/ q"^L jf %"^ ePsf] s"/f /fh:j

clwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug{ cfkm\gf] u|fxs jf
/f]huf/bftfnfO{ tTsfn} k/fdz{ lbg" kb{% . s/
clwsf/LxnfO{
To:tf]
hfgsf/L
lbg"
n]vfJoj;foLsf] bfloTj xf]O{g .

-v_

n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm' /
jLr eljiodf k]zfut
ljrf/ ePdf eljiodf
laj/)fxdf To:tf] q"^L
;a} sbd rflnPsf] s"/f

u|fxs jf /f]huf/bftf
;DaGw sfod /fVg]
bflvnf ul/g] s/
gbf]xf]l/g] u/L pko"Qm
;"lglZrt ug{" kb{% .

v)* 6

;Ldfkf/ (Cross Border) lqmofsnfk

6=1

;Ldfkf/ s[ofsnfkdf cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu' ug{] u/fpg]

cgluGtL kl/l:ylt cfO{kg{ ;S%g\ . n]vfJoj;foL g]kfn
rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf] dfq ;b:o ePsf] jf lgh
;f] ;b:osf] cltl/Qm ;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf] d"n"ssf]
n]vfJoj;foL ;+:yfsf] klg ;b:o ePsf] sf/)fn] dfq
cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu' ug{] l:yltdf ;f/e't ?kn] c;/ kg"{
x"+b}g .

6=2

g]kfnsf] s"g} n]vfJoj;foL k]Zffut ;]jf k|bfg ug{ csf]{

d"n"sdf a;f]jf; ug{ ;Sb% jf c:yfoL ?kdf uO{ ;]jf
k|bfg ug{ klg ;Sb% . ;j} kl/l:yltdf n]vfJoj;foLn]
k|fljlws dfg Pj+ cfrf/ ;+lxtf adf]lhd Jofj;flos
;]jf k|bfg ug"{ kb{% .

6=3

n]vfJoj;foLn] g]kfn jfx]s cGo b]zdf Jofj;flos ;]jf

k|bfg ug{] qmddf b"O{ d"n"ssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf vf;
a+"bfdf leGgtf ePdf b]xfosf Joj:yfx cjnDag ug"{
kb{% .

-s_

5=8

;+ej
eP;Dd
lat]sf
aif{xdf
u|fxsn]
k]zu/]sf s/ laj/)fsf] ;Gbe{ lng" kb{% .
-v_
pknAw ;'rgf cw"/f] jf j]l&s nfu]df dgfl;j
dflkmssf] ;f]wk"% ug{" cfjZos % .
-u_
x"g] ;Dd Joj;fo ;+rfng ubf{ k|of]u ePsf
vftfkftf
Pj+
sfuhftsf]
;Gbe{
v"nfpg
pT;flxt x"g" kb{% .
cl#Nnf aif{df bflvnf ug{"kg{] s/ ljj/)f g} bflvnf
gu/]sf] jf bflvnf u/]sf] s/ laj/)fdf ;f/e't q"^L
ePsf] jf
;f/e't s"/f %"^g uPsf] -;f] ;dodf
k]zfut n]vfJoj;foL ;+nUg eP klg, geP klg_ kQf
nfu]df
b]xfosf s"/f ug{" n]vf Joj;foLsf] lhDd]jf/L
x"G%M

-s_

28

-s_

-v_

-u_

;]jf k|bfg ug]{ d"n"sdf k|rlnt cfrf/ ;+lxtf

g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf
eGbf g/d ePdf g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\;
;+:yfsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu" x"g]% .
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ d"n"ssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf g]kfn
rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf] cfr/)f ;+lxtf eGbf
s*f ePdf ;f]xL d"n"ssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu"
x"g]% .
g]kfndf nfu" /x]sf] crf/ ;+lxtfsf Joj:yf
dWo] g]kfn eGbf aflx/ sfd ubf{ ;d]t
afWofTds x"g] pNn]v ePsf]df dflysf cg"R%]b
-s_ / -v_ sf k|fjwfgx hlt;"s} s*f eP
klg g]kfns} k|fjwfgx nfu' x"g]%g\ -;Ldfkf/
lj!fkg Pj+ ;Dks{ ;DaGwdf v)* 14 klg
x]g{"xf];\_ .

efu 2
k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ nfu' x"g]
v)* 8

:jtGqtf (Independence)
8=1

k]zfut Joj;fo ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLxn] n]vfk/LIf)f

/fo lbg" kg{] Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ jf:tljs c;/h:tf]
ePklg OdfGbfl/tf, j:t"lgi&ftf / :jtGqtfsf] k|lts"n
cj:yf l;h{gf x"g] vfnsf s"g}klg :jfy{af^ ^f(f /xg"
/ /x]sf] b]lvg" kb{% .

8=2

oyfy{ jf k|ToIf ?kdf :jtGqtfsf] cefjn] cfd

ko{j]Ifssf]
b[li^df
k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLn] :jtGqtfsf] l;$fGt kfngf gu/]sf] z+sf
ug]{ cfwf/ aGg] s]xL cj:yf b]xfosf cg"R%]bxn]
;+s]t ub{%g\ .

u|fxs;+u ljQLo ;+nUgtf jf sf/f]jf/df ;xeflutf

v)* 7

8=3

k|rf/ k|;f/
7=1

n]vfJoj;foLn] cfk"m / cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] ahf/ lj:tf/

ljsf; Pj+ k|j${gsf] qmddf M
-s_

k]zfsf] k|lti&fdf cf#ft k"ofpg]

dfWodsf] k|of]u ug"{ x"{b}g .

s"g}

klg

-v_

cfkm'n] lbg ;Sg] ;]jf, cfkm'df ePsf] of]Uotf

jf k|fKt u/]sf] cg"ejsf] a(fO r(fO{ bfjL ug{"
x"+b}g .

-u_

c?
n]vfJoj;foLxsf]
ckdflgt ug"{ x"+b}g .

29

sfd

sf/jflxnfO{

u|fxs;+usf] ljQLo ;+nUgtfn] Jofj;flos :jtGqtfdf

c;/ kfb{% / o;n] cfd ko{j]IfsxnfO{
:jtGqtf
cf+r cfPsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg lt/ *f]ofp+% . o:tf]
;+nUgtf w]/} lsl;daf^ x"g ;Sb% . h:t} M
-s_

u|fxs;+u k|ToIf ljQLo :jfy{ uf+;]/ .

-v_

u|fxs;+u ck|ToIf (+un] ;f/e't ljQLo :jfy{

uf+;]/ . h:t} M u|fxs sDkgL;+u ljQLo :jfy{
ePsf] s"g} ^i^ jf ^i^L jf To:tf] lgsfosf]
xtf{stf{ jf k|zf;s aGg" .

-u_

u|fxs jf u|fxs sDklgsf] sd{rf/L, lgb]{zs jf

k|d"v c+lzof/nfO{ C)f lbP/ jf plgx;+u
C)f lnP/ .

30

-#_

u|fxs jf u|fxssf s"g} sd{rf/L;+u ljQLo :jfy{

;lxt ;+o"Qm pkqmd (Joint Venture) df
efu lnP/ .

tL z]o/k'lhnfO{ lg;u{ ug"{ kb{%

n]vfJoj;foLn] To;kl% sDkgLsf] /fo
pk/_ ug]{ sfd c:jLsf/ ug"{ kb{% .

-_

u|fxs sDklgdf nufgLstf{ ePsf] jf u|fxsn]

nufgL u/]sf] s"g} u}/u|fxs;+u ljQLo :jfy{
sfod u/]/ .

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUG n]vfJoj;foL jf lghsf] klt klTg jf

cfl>t %f]/f%f]/Ln] u|fxsnfO{ C)f lbg jf lghn] lng] C)Fsf]
hdfgt lbg jf u|fxsaf^ C)f lng jf lghsf] hdfgtdf C)f
lng" x"+b}g . t/ a}+s, ljQLo lgsfo jf lalN*+u ;f];fO{^LnfO{
C)F lbg jf k|rlnt ;fdfGo k|lqmof adf]lhd #/ hUuf lwtf]
/fvL C)f lng rlNt jf jrt vftfdf /sd hDdf ug]{
sfo{nfO{ o; cfrf/;lx+tfn] jfwf kfg{] %}g .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof
k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vf Joj;foLn] :jtGq Joj;flos
;]jf k|bfg ug"{kg]{ sDkgLdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;f/e't
ljQLo :jfy{ ePsf] jf k|fKt ug{ k|lta$ ePsf] cj:yfdf
lghsf] :jtGqtfdf cf+r cfp+% . k|ToIf ljQLo :jfy{ eGgfn]
k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLsf]] klt jf kTgL /
lgh;+u cfl>t %f]/f%f]/Lxn] k|fKt u/]sf] ljQLo :jfy{ ;d]t
;Demg" kb{% / s]lx d"n"sxdf glhssf gft]bf/xnfO{ ;d]t
;dfj]z ul/Psf] x"G% .
k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm'n] n]vfk/LIf)f
u/L /x]sf] u|fxssf] z]o/df t]>f]kIfnfO{ nufgL ug{ ;Nnfx
lbG% jf p;sf] tkm{af^ cfkm'n] nufgL u%{ eg] gLhsf]
:jtGqtf hf]lvddf kb{% . o;af^ t]>f] kIfsf] bfloTj;+u
lghsf] u|fxssf] bfloTj ljjflbt x"G% .

cyjf lgh k]zfut

AoQm -ljQLo ljj/)f

u|fxs nufgLstf{n] nufgL u/]sf] u}/u|fxs;+u u|fxssf] &"nf]

nufgL % / k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLsf]
u}/u|fxs;+u k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ljQLo lxt uf+l;Psf] /x]% eg]
lghsf] u|fxssf] ;DaGwdf k]zfut :jtGqtfdf cf+r cfPsf]
&x%{ . To;}u/L u|fxsdf u}/u|fxsn] &"nf] nufgL u/]sf] % /
u}/u|fxs;+u k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLsf] k|ToIf jf
ck|ToIf ljQLo lxt uf+l;Psf] /x]% eg] lghsf] u|fxssf]
;DaGwdf k]zfut :jtGqtfdf cf+r cfPsf] &x%{ .

^i^L ;]o/xf]lN*df k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foL jf

lghsf] k]zfut ;fem]bf/ jf kTgL jf lgh Joj;foLdf cfl>t
jfnjflnsf jf ;fem]bf/ g} ^i^sf] ^i^L eO{ sDkgLsf] hf/L
k'l+h jf ;DklQsf] ;f/e't lx:;f cf]u^]sf] % eg] /fo ljQLo
ljj/)fdf JoQm ug]{ vfnsf] sfd lng" x"b}g . of] lgod s"g}
klg ;DklQ (estate) sf sfo{sf/L / k|zf;s eO{ sfd
ug]{nfO{ klg nfu' x"G% .

u|fxs
/
u}/u|fxs
ljrsf]
;+o"Qm
pks|d
h:tf
cGo
;DaGwxn] klg :jtGqtfsf] :j?kdf c;/ kfb{% . t/ ;+o"Qm
pks|ddf /x]sf] u}/u|fxs;+u n]vfJoj;foLsf] gu)o ljQLo :jfy{
dfq % / u}/u|fxs nufgLstf{sf] s[ofsnfkdf k]zfut
Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] pNn]Vo k|efj kfg{ ;Sb}g eg]
u|fxs nufgLstf{sf]] ;DaGwdf k]Zffut
Joj;fodf ;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLsf] :jtGqtfdf cf+r cfp+b}g . ;+o"Qm pkqmdsf]
;DaGw jf ljQLo :jfy{sf] jf/]df k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
hfgsf/L gePsf] dgfl;j To:tf] hfgsf/Lsf]
ck]IFf klg
gul/Psf] cj:yfdf k]zfut :jtGqtfdf cf+r cfPsf] dflgb}g .

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ u|fxs sDklgsf]

z]o/ ;f] sDkgLsf c+lzof/;+u lajfx eO{ jf k"Vof}{nL ;DklQ
jf s"g} t/Lsfn] Aoj;fo k|flKt (Takeover) sf] cj:yfdf
ljgf k|of; k|fKt x"g ;Sb% . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;s];Dd rf+*} g}

;du|df,
u|fxs,
lghsf]
d'n
lgsfo
(Parent
Organization),
;xfos
lgsfo
(Subsidiary)
Pj+
;DaGwg
k|fKt
lgsfo
(Affiliates)
xaf^
k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foL :jtGq /xg" kb{% .

31

32

sDkgLxdf lgo"QmL
8=4

k"g/fjnf]sg u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf jf tTsfn} k"/f u/]sf]

sfo{df k]zfut n]vfJoj;foL -s_ jf]*{ ;b:o, s"g}
sDklgsf] sd{rf/L jf kbflwsf/L, -v_ ;fem]bf/ jf
af]*{sf] s"g} ;b:o jf clws[t jf sd{rf/L h:tf
/f]huf/Ldf lgo"lQm ePdf ljQLo :jfy{ ePsf] &xg]{ x"gfn]
To; sDkgLsf] /fo -ljQLo ljj/)f pk/_ lbg] ;]jf
k|bfg ubf{ lghsf] :jtGqtf sfod /x+b}g .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof
To:tf] cj:yfdf k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
sDklgsf] n]vfk/LIfs lgo"Qm ug{ aGb]h nufpg] ;fdfGo k|rng
% . To;} u/L k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn] o:tf sDkgLsf] /fo
JoQm ug"{ kg]{ cGo ;]jfx :jLsf/ gug"{ :ki^ ?kdf jf~%gLo
x"G% . dfly pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf k]zfut n]vfk/LIfsxn]
sDtLdf 2 aif{ jf ;DalGwt sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] cjlw JotLt
geO{ cGo ;]jfx :jLs[t gug{" plrt x"g]% .

n]vfk/LIf)fsf u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg ug{] cGo ;]jfx

8=5

n]vfk/LIf)f jf /fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg lbg] bfloTj

lnPsf
k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLn]
u|fxsnfO{ c? ;]jf klg k|bfg ug]{ xf] eg] lghn]
;+rfns ;ldlt Pj+ Joj:yfksn] ug]{] Joj:yfksLo sfd
st{Jo jf lg)f{o ug]{ sfo{ gug{ ;hu /xg" kb{% .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof
u|fxssf] Joj;fo;+u ;"kl/lrt eO{ klxn]g} cg"ej xfl;n u/L
;s]sf]n] k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ cGo ljQLo
Pj+ Joj:yfksLo k/fdz{ jf ;Nnfx lbg bIftf / kl/>dsf]
cfwf/df ldtJooL x"G% . vf; u/L ;fgf sDklgxnfO{ cfkm\gf
n]vfk/LIfsaf^ o; k|sf/sf] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/af^ j+lrt
ubf{ ltgLxnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kb{% . k]zfut ;]jf k|bfg
ug{] qmddf n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkm\gf] u|fxsnfO{ cGo ;Nnfx klg
33

lbg ;Sb%g\ . pbfx/)fsf nflu ;fgf Joj;foxdf n]vfsf]

k/LIf)f / s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu lbOg] k/fdz{ Ps cfk;df
cnu ug{ g;lsg] u/L cfj$ x"G%g\ . o; eGbf klg
n]vfk/LIf)fsf] Pp^f k|d"v kIf cfGtl/s lgoGq)f k|)ffnLsf]
k/LIF)F / ;"wf/sf] nflu ;Nnfx lbg" xf] . o;}n] k]zfut
Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] lbg ;Sg] ;Nnfxsf ;LdfnfO{
tf]Sg sl&g kb{% .
k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn] k|bfg ug{] Joj:yfksLo k/fdz{ / ug{]
s/ ;DaGwL sfo{ ;Nnfxsf/L ;]jf x"g\ . t/ o:tf ;]jfaf^
u|fxs jf sDkgLsf Joj:yfksLo sfo{xdf x:tIf]k x"g" x"+b}g .
Joj:yfksLo lg)f{odf ;+nUg gePsf] / lg)f{osf] bfloTj axg
gu/]sf] cj:yf ;Dd ;Nnfxsf/ ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] sf/)fn] dfq
k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLsf] :jtGqtfdf cf+r
cfpb}g .
cGo
;]jf k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf dfq
k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foLn] l;$fGttM :jtGqtf sfod /fv] g/fv]sf] lgwf{/)f
ug{] s;L aGg ;Q}mg . k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn] ;Nnfxsf/sf]
e'ldsf gf#L Joj:yfksLo j[Q leq s'g} xfntdf klg hfg"
gx"g] s"/fdf ;b}j ;r]t /xg" kb{% . s"g} lgsfodf df}Hbft
n]vf+sg ug{] k|)ffnL :yfkgf ug{] sfo{df ;Nnfx lbPsf] % eg]
lgh
n]vfJoj;foLn] :yflkt k|)fnLsf] ;~rfngsf] klg ;fdfGo
n]vfk/LIf)f ug"{ kb{% . o:tf] k|)ffnLsf] ;fdfGo k/LIf)fsf r/)f
k"/f gul/Pdf k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLsf] ;Ifdtf / :jtGqtfdf
k|lts"n k|efj kb{% .
vf;
u/L
;fgf
Joj;foLxn]
sf/f]jf/
;fgf]]
ePsfn]
cfGtl/s?kdf n]vf /fVg kof{Kt
sd{rf/Lx /fVg g;Sg]
x"gfn] n]vf ;DaGwL clen]v tof/ ul/lbg] ;]jfsf nflu k]zfut
Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLxnfO{ jf/Djf/ cg"/f]w ug{]
ub{%g\ . c;fdfGo kl/l:yltdf jfx]s &'nf u|fxsn] klg o:tf]
;]jfsf] dfu ug{" cg"ko"Qm xf] . k]zfut :jtGqtf sf] cfjZos
kg{] ;a} cj:yfdf k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn]
u|fxssf nflu n]vfsf clen]v tof/ u/L lbg" kg{] ePdf
b]xfosf cfjZostf k"/f ug{"kb{% .
34

-s_

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLsf] O{dfGbf/Ltf /

:jtGqtfdf cf+r cfpg] lsl;dsf s"g} :jfy{ut ljjfb
jf u|fxs;+usf] ;daGw jf ;DaGwsf] ;+of]hg x"g"
x"b}g .

-v_

u|fxsn] laj/)fxsf] lhDd]jf/L :jLsf/ ug{" kb{% .

-u_

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] sfd ubf{

n]vfsf clen]v tof/ ug{] jf Joj:yfkssf] x}l;otdf
cfkm'nfO{ &fGg" x"b}g .

-#_

>]:tfkfngdf nufO{Psf sd{rf/Lxn]

ug]{ sfo{df ;xefuL x"g" x+"b}g .
;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] s]lx clen]v
k|zf]wg ul/lbPsf] sf/)fn] dfq
kof{Kt k|lqmofsf] cfjZostfnfO{ %'^

;f]xL >]:tf k/LIf)f

k]zfut Joj;fodf
tof/ ul/lbPsf] jf
n]vfk/LIf)f hf+rsf
lbg ldNb}g .

JolQmut tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw

8=6

JolQmut tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwn] :jtGqtfnfO{ k|efljt

ub{% . JolQmut tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwsf] sf/)fn]
k]zfut sfd :jtGqtfk'j{s ;DkGg ug{ hf]lvd k}bf
gug{] s"/fnfO{ ;"lglZrt ug{" lgtfGt h?/L % .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof
k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foL / u|fxs jf u|fxssf]
lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L -lgb]{zs, sfo{sf/L k|d"v, ljQLo clws[t
jf o:t} kbflwsf/L_ lar cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug]{ ;Gbe{df
%"^ lbg ;lsg] hfoh JolQmut ;DaGwsf] ;Ldf lj:t[t ?kdf
tf]Sg] k|of; cJojxfl/s x"g] s"/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf] % .
pbfx/)fsf nflu k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLsf]
u|fxssf] sd{rf/L jf clws[t;+u} kf/:kl/s Jofj;flos :jfy{
ePsf] cj:yfdf jf u|fxs;+usf] ;+o"Qm pkqmddf ;f/e't :jfy{
ePsf] v)*df o:tf -cfr/)f ;DaGwL_ k|Zg p&\g ;Sb%g\ .

35

Psn n]vf Joj;foL jf n]vf Joj;fodf nfu]sf] ;fem]bf/ jf

u|fxs;+u ;DjlGwt sfddf ;+nUg sd{rf/L n]vfJoj;foLsf] klt,
kTgL, Joj;foL;+u cfl>t %f]/f %f]/L, cfdf afa" jf afh]aHo}
jf Psf#/df j:g] gft]bf/ ePsf] cfj:yfdf
kfl/jfl/s
;DaGwsf] sf/)fn] :jtGqtfdf c:jLsf/} ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf]
hf]lvd ;j{bf v*F x"G% .

z"Ns
8=7

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxs jf

;d'xdf cfj$ u|fxsxaf^ k|fKt ePsf] n]vfk/LIf)f
z"Ns lghsf] s"n cfosf] &"n} lx:;f x"g uPdf To:tf]
u|fxs jf ;d'xdf cfj$ u|fxsx;+u lghsf] lge{/tf
ckl/xfo{?kdf %fglag ug{" kg{] x"G% / :jtfGqtf pk/
cfz+sf pTkGg u/fp+% .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof
u|fxs jf ;d'xdf cfj$ u|fxsxaf^ k|fKt ug{] :jLsf/ of]Uo
z"Nssf] c+z olt g} x"g" kb{% eg]/ lglZrt ?kdf tf]Sg
;Dej x"b}g . oBlk To:tf z"Nsx s"n cfo jf s"n cfosf]
dxTjk')F{ cy{ ePdf k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn]
cfkm\gf] :jtGqtfdf cf+r cfP gcfPsf] ;DaGwdf dgg ug{"
kb{% . To:t} lghn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jf jfkt kfpg] z"Ns nfdf]
cjlw leq klg e'QmfgL gePsf] jf ljut jif{sf] k|ltj]bg lbg"
cl# kfl/>ldssf] &"nf] lx:;f e'QmfgL gePsf] cj:yfdf klg :jtGqtfsf]_ k|Zg v*f x"g ;Sb% . e/v/} ;"? u/]sf
Joj;foLx jf ;+rfng aGb ug{ nfu]sf Joj;foLnfO{ %'^ lbg]
af^F] /fVg"kb{% . ;d"xdf cfj$ u|fxsx jf Ps}u|fxsdf lge{/
zfvf sfof{noxsf nflu %'^ lbg" kb{% . pbfx/)fsf nflu
zfvf sfof{non] ;du| ?kdf Joj;fod} /x]sf] u|fxssf] ljQLo
ljj/)fsf] n]vf k/LIf)f ub{% / ;f] u|fxs g} zfvfsf]
;du|?kdf Joj;fod} /x]sf] Joj;fosf] k|d"v lx:;f ePsf] h:tf
s"/fx x"g ;Sb%g\ . o:tf] cjZyfdf To:tf] u|fxs jf ;d"xdf
cfj$
u|fxsnfO{
k|bfg
u/]sf]
;]jfsf]
csf{]
sfof{nosf]
;fem]bf/jf^ k"g/fjnf]sg u/fpg" kb{% .
36

8=8 cfl>t z"Ns

u/L/x]sf] eP klg cfkm'n] gof+ sfd ug]{ u/L ;f]xL

u|fxsjf^ lgo"QmL :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb% . o:tf] cj:yfdf
:jtGqtfdf cf+r cfpb}g .

tf]lsPsf] lgisif{ jf glthf k|fKt gePdf z"Ns glng]

lsl;dn] u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ jf To;/L ;]jf k|bfg
ug{] k|:tfj ug{ x"+b}g cyjf z"NsnfO{ ;]jfjf^ k|fKt x"g]
glthf jf lgisif{df cfl>t u/fpg x"b}g .

-s_

k'j{ ;fe]mbf/nfO{ Joj;fodf /x+bfsf] lghsf] lxt

jfkt / ltg{ jf+sL lglxt cjsf; ;"ljwf jfkt
lbg" kg]{ /sdsf nflu ldlt / /sdsf]
k"j{lgwf{l/t tflnsf adf]lhd e'QmfgL u/]sf]
x"g"kb{% . o; cltl/Qm Joj;fosf] :jfldTjdf
/x]sf] /sdn] Joj;fosf] ;+rfng lg/Gt/tf
(Going Concern) sfod /xg ;Sg] s"/fdf
u+eL/ lrGtf pTkGg ug{] vfnsf] x"g"x"b}g .

-v_

k'j{
;fe]mbf/n]
cfkm'n]
%f]*]sf]
k]zfut
n]vfJoj;fo ;DaGwL s[ofsnfkdf kfl/>lds
lnO{
jf
glnO{
;+nUg
/xg"
x"+b}g .
n]vfJoj;foLn] k'j{ ;fem]bf/nfO{ ;+jlGwt clkm;
sf]&f / ;"ljwf
k|of]u ug{ lbg"n] Joj;fodf
lgh ;xefuL /x]sf] ;+s]t ub{% .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof
cbfnt jf cGo ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Laf^ tf]lsPsf]df
To:tf] z"NsnfO{ cfl>t z"Ns dflgg" x"b}g . k|ltzt jf cGo
o:t} cfwf/df to ul/Psf] z"NsnfO{ cfl>t z"Ns dfGg"kb{% .

j:t" jf ;]jf
8=9

n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxsaf^ k|fKt j:t" jf ;]jfsf] :jLsf/n]

:jtGqtfdf hf]lvd cfpg ;Sb% .
cg"lrt cfltYosf]
:jLsf/n] klg To:t} hf]lvdsf] rSs/df kfb{% .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof
k]zfut n]vfJoj;foL, ltgsf klt,kTgL jf
%f]/f%f]/Lxn] Joj;flos sf/f]jf/df ;fdfGo ?kdf
k|fKtx"g] eGbf j(L ;"ljwfdf j:t" jf ;]jf :jLsf/ ug"{
;fdflhs
hLjgsf]
;fdfGo
lzi^tf;+u
cg"s'n
kl/df)fdf cfltYo / pkxf/ :jLsf/ ug{" x"b}g .

cfl>t
c?nfO{
x"+b}g .
gdflgg]

lgsfosf] :jfldTj
8=10

n]vfJoj;fosf] k'+lh ;Dk')f{ ?kdf k]zfut

;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLsf] :jfldTjdf x"g"kb{% .

Joj;fodf

k'j{ lx:;]bf/x
8=11

Joj;fodf /x]sf] s"g}

;fe]mbf/ /flhgfdf u/L, cjlw
;dfKt eO{, cjsfz kfO{ jf Joj;fo g} a]rljvg u/L
Joj;fo %f]*\g ;Sb% . To:tf] ;fe]mbf/n] klxn]sf]
;fem]bf/L Joj;fon] /fo lbg] jf cGo ;]jf k|bfg
37

jf:tljs jf cfz+lst sfg'gL sf/jfxL -cleof]u_

8=12

u|fxs Pj+ k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLsf jLrsf] sfg'gL

sf/afxLn] u|fxs;+usf] ;fdfGo ;DaGwdf cf+r cfP
hlts} dfqfdf k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLsf] :jtGqtf Pj+
j:t"lgi&tfdf klg cf+r cfpg ;Sg] rf;f] pTkGg
u/fpg ;S% .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof
u|fxs jf c?n] k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLsf] lj?$df sfg'gL
sf/jflx z"? u/]df k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxs jf u|fxssf]
sd{rf/Ln] %n sk^ u/]df jf k]zfut Joj;foLn] u|fxs jf
u|fxssf] sd{rf/Ln] %n sk^ u/]sf] jf wf]sf lbPsf] jf
u|fxssf] n]vfkfnn]
u|fxssf] lgDg :t/sf] n]vf k/LIf)f u/]sf]
hgfO{ u|fxssf] lj?$df sfg'gL sf/afxL ;"? u/]df :jtGqtfdf
cf+r cfPsf] dflgG% . o;/L sDklgsf] ljQLo ljj/)f pk/
38

:jR% / lg:kIf ?kn] /fo lbg] k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg

n]vfJoj;foLsf] ;fdYo{nfO{
Go'lgs/)f u%{ . ;fy ;fy} o:tf]
sf/afxLsf] ljBdfgtf -jf sf/jfxLsf] hf]lvd_ n] sDkgLsf]
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
;fGble{s
;'rgf
v"nf;f
ug{]
tTk/tfdf
gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;S% .
o:tf] cj:yfdf k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn]]
k|ltj]bg lbg] sfd cg"lrt x"g] ljGb" ;"Id ?kdf ls^Fg ug{
;Dej x"b}g oBlk k]zfut Joj;foLsf] :jtGqtfdf gsf/fTds
c;/ kfg{] lsl;dn] hg;fwf/)ff/f sfg'gL sf/afxLsf] cg"e'tL
ug{]
cj:yf
tkm{
k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg
/x]sf]
n]vfJofj;foLn] Wofg lbg"kb{% .

u|fxs;+u al/i& sd{rf/Lxsf] bL#{ ;DaGw

8=13

al/i&
sd{rf/LnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd
Ps} u|fxssf]
n]vfk/LIf)f sfo{df ;+nUg u/fO/x+bf :jtGqtf hf]lvddf
kg{]
;Defjgf
x"G% .
k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foLn]
n]vfk/LIf)fdf j:t"lgi&tf / :jtGqtf sfod /x]sf]
;"lglZrt ug{ sbd rfNg" kb{% .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof

k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foLn]
n]vfk/LIf)f
sfo{df
;+nUg
jl/i&
sd{rf/LxnfO{
lgoldt ?kdf cfnf]kfnf] u/fO{ sfd u/fpg]
sbd rfNg" kb{% . cfnf]kfnf] ug{ cJojxfl/s ePdf ;f] p@]Zo
xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] u/L k"g/fjnf]sg sfo{ljlw to ul/g" kb{% .
n]vfk/LIf)f sfo{df sd{rf/L vf; u/L ;fem]bf/sf] cfnf]kfnf]sf]
;dofjlw / k|sf/ cg]sf}+ Jofjxfl/s b[li^sf])fdf lge{/ ub{% .
oBlk o:tf] cfnf]kfnf] ubf{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ sd{rf/L / cg"ejL
sd{rf/Lsf] Jojl:yt ;+of]hgsf ;fy} ;?jf ubf{ klg o:t}
Joj:yf ldnfpg" kb{% . ;fgf sfof{no jf n]vfk/LIf)f sfo{;+u
;DjlGwt ljz]if!tfsf] cfjZostf kg]{ cj:yfdf o:tf] cfnf]kfnf]
ug{ cJojxfl/s x"g ;S% . o:tf] cj:yf kg{ uPdf pko"Qm
afXo cg"ejL csf]{ n]vfJoj;foL jf o; p@]Zosf nflu ;]jf
k|bfg ug{ g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^; ;+:yfaf^ pknAw u/fpg]
;]jf h:tf :yfoL lsl;dsf] j}slNks ;"/IffTds Joj:yf k|of]udf
Nofpg" kb{% .
v)* 9

Jofj;flos ;Ifdtf / u}/n]vfJoj;foLsf]

k|of]u ;DaGwdf lhDd]jf/L
9=1

k]zfut ;DjGwsf] ljsf; ug{ ;do nfUb% t/ Ps k^s

ljsf; eP kl% o;n] pRr bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf tkm{
*f]]ofp+% . n]vfk/LIf)fsf] sfddf jl/i& sd{rf/Lxsf] lg/Gt/
;+nUgtfnfO{ u|fxs tyf k]zfut n]vfJoj;foL b"j}sf] b[li^sf])fn]
;fdfGotM k|f]T;flxt g} ul/g"kb{% .
dfly 8=6 df pNn]v eP h:t} AolQmut / kfl/jfl/s ;+jGwsf
sf/)fn] nfdf] ;do ;Dd Ps} JolQmnfO{ Ps} u|fxssf]
n]vfk/LIf)fdf ;+nUg u/fpgfn] #lgi^ ;DaGw :yflkt x"g ;Sg]
cfz+sf /xG% / o;n] j:t"lgi&tf / :jtGqtfdf hf]lvdsf]
cg"e'lt x"g ;S% . ;fy} lg/Gt/sf] #lgi&tfn] k]zfut
Joj;foLn] n]vfk/LIF)F sfo{ljlw sfo{Gjog ubf{ / n]vfk/LIF)F
;DaGwL dxTjk')F{ lg)f{o ubf{ ;f]xL #lgi&tfnfO{ clws ljZjf;
ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] u")f:t/ lgoGq)fnfO{ klg c;/ kfb{% .
39

9=2

k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLn]
cfkm'nfO{
;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;Ifd ;Nnfx /
;xof]u k|fKt geO{ cfkm' ;Ifd gePsf Jofj;flos ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ug{ d~h"/ ug"{ x"+b}g . k]zfut
Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foL k]zfut ;]jfsf] ljz]if
If]qdf
cfkm'
bVvn
gePdf
n]vfJoj;foL,
sfg'g
Joj;foL, Ol~hlgo/, ef}ule{s lj!, aLdf ;DaGwL
d'Nof+sgstf{
-cfSr"c/L_,
h:tf
;DalGwt
If]qsf
ljz]if!xaf^ k|fljlws ;Nnfx k|fKt ug{ ;lsG% .
n]vfJoj;foL oL ljz]if!xsf] kf|ljlws ;Ifdtfdf lge{/
/xg" kg]{ cj:yfdf ck]lIft cfrf/ :jtM kfngf x"g]
cg"dfg ug{ ;lsb}g . k]zfut ;]jfsf]] d'ne't bfloTj
n]vfJoj;foLdf g} /xg] ePsf]n] lghn] cfrf/ ;+lxtf
kfngf eP gePsf] hf+r ug"{ kb{% .
40

9=3

9=4

9=5

9=6

k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLx jfx]s cGo ljz]if!xsf] ;]jf

k|fKt ubf{ n]vfJoj;foLn] tL ljz]if!x cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf]
jf/]df ;r]t eP gePsf] ;DjGwdf hf+r ug]{ pkfox
cjnDag ug"{ kb{% . ;fy} o; ;+lxtfsf] cg"R%]b 14
df pNn]lvt cfwf/e't l;$fGtsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if
;fjwfgL k"ofpg" kb{% . oL l;$fGtx To; k|sf/sf
ljz]if!x ;xefuL x"g] h"g;"s} ;]jfdf nfu' x"g]% .

v)* 10

z"Ns tyf sdLzg

10=1

;"kl/j]If)fsf] :t/ / lgb{]zgsf] kl/df)f n]vfk/LIf)F

sfo{sf]] k|s[lt / To;df ;lDdlnt JolQmxdf lge{/
ub{% . ;"kl/j]If)f / lgb{]zgdf b]xfosf s"/fx ;dfj]z
x"g ;Sb%gM
-s_

pko"Qm

cfrf/ ;+lxtf cWoog ug{ nufpg],

-v_

cfrf/ ;DaGwL k"/f ug"{kg]{ s"/fx

a"em]
ga"em]sf] kSsf ug{ lnlvt k"i^of+O{ k|fKt ug]{ .

-u_

;+efljt ljjfb p&]df k/fdz{ lbg] .

Jofj;flos z"Ns
10=2

41

kfngf ug{ jf
cj:yf;+u cfkm'
x+"b}g jf :jLsf/
kg{]% .

b]xfosf s"/f ;d]t ljrf/ u/L k]zfut z"Ns u|fxsnfO{

k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfsf] d"Nosf] plrt k|ltlaDa x"g"
kb{% .
-s_

k]zfut n]vfJoj;foL :jtGqtf ;DaGwL vf; ck]lIft

s"/fx jf sfo{ hGo
cGo gof+ hf]lvdsf] ;Defjgf
k|lt rgfvf] /xg" kb{% . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfrf/ ;+lxtf
kfngf
ePsf]
hf+r
ug{
ljz]if
;ts{tf
/
lgb]{zg/;"kl/j]If)fsf] h?/t kb{% .
n]vfJoj;foLn] plrt ?kdf cfr/)f
kfngf ePsf]
cfZj:t u/fpg ;lsg]
;Gt"i^ gePdf To:tf] sfo{ :jLsf/ ug{"
u/L ;s]sf] eP klg To;nfO{ e+u ug{"

u|fxssf nflu Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug{] lhDdf lnPsf

k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foLn]
To:tf]
;]jf
OdfGbfl/tf,
j:t"lgi&tf tyf pko"Qm k|fljlws dfg adf]lhd ;Dkfbg
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L :jLsf/ ub{%g\ . k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn]
cfkm"n] xfl;n u/]sf] k|lzIf)f / cg"ejaf^ k|fKt
k]zfut !fg / zLk k|of]u u/L To:tf] lhDd]jf/L jxg
ub{%g\ . ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt k]zfut Joj;fodf
;+nUg n]vfJoj;foL kfl/>ldssf] xsbf/ x"G% .

-v_
-u_
-#_
10=3

;Da$ k]zfut ;]jfsf] nflu cjZos !fg /

zLk,
;]jfdf nfu]sf JolQmxn] xfl;n u/]sf] k|lzIf)f
/ cg"ejsf] :t/,
;]jf k|bfgsf] bf}/fgdf ;+nUg k|To]s JolQmn]
k|of]u u/]sf] ;do,
pNn]lvt
;]jf
k|bfg
ubf{
cfjZos
kg]{
lhDd]jf/Lsf] uxgtf .

n]vfk/LIf)f z"Ns afx]s k]zfut z"Ns ;fwf/)ftof ;]jf

k|bfg ug{] JolQmxsf] b}lgs jf #)^fsf] lx;fjdf
pko"Qm b/sf] cfwf/df u)fgf ug"{ kb{% . oL b/x
n]vfJoj;foLsf] ;+u&g / cfr/)f Pj+ u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg
ul/Psf] ;]jf of]hgf, lgoGq)f / Joj:yfkg ul/g] h:tf
;+;fwgdf cfwfl/t ul/g" kb{% . cg"R%]b 10=2 df
pNn]lvt s"/fdf ;d]t ljrf/ k"ofpg" kb{% . Joj;fodf
;+nUg k]zfut n]vfJoj;foL cfkm}n] pko"Qm b/ tf]Sg"
kb{% .
42

10=4

k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn] tTsfn jf eljiodf ;]jf k|bfg

ubf{ nfUg] z"Ns jf cg"dflgt z"Ns jf eljiodf
uxg?kdf z"Ns a(fpg" kg{] h:tf] nfu]df
To:tf]
z"Nssf] >[+vnf u|fxsnfO l/k|]h]G^]zg ubf{s} ;dodf
hfgsf/L lbg" kb{% .

10=7

cg"R%]b 8=8 df pNn]v eP cg";f/ tf]lsPsf] glthf

k|fKt gePdf z"Ns glng] lsl;dn] u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg
ug{ jf To;/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k|:tfj ug{ x"b}g cyjf
z"NsnfO{ ;]jfaf^ k|fKtx"g] glthf jf lgisif{df cfl>t
u/fpg x"b}g .

10=5

k]zfut ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ dfly cg"R%]b 10=2 b]lv 10=4

sf a"+bfxdf pNn]v ePsf s"/fx pk/ ljrf/ u/L
nfUg] z"Nssf] klxn] g} cg"dfg u/L /fv]sf] b/af^
n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxsnfO{ z"Ns nufpg" cfjZos jf
jf~%gLo x"g ;S% .

l^Kk)fL / AofVof
cbfnt jf cGo ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Laf^ tf]lsPsf]df To:tf]
z"NsnfO{ cfl>t z"Ns dflgg" x"b}g . k|ltzt jf cGo o:t}
cwf/df to ul/Psf] z"NsnfO{ cfl>t z"Ns dfGg" kb{% .
10=8

cl#Nnf cg"R%]bxdf n]lvPsf] z"Nsn] -n]vfk/LIf)f

z"Ns_ ;f]wegf{ x"g] vr{x eGbf k[ys z"NsnfO{
hgfp+% . k]zfut z"Nssf] cltl/Qm vf; u|fxsnfO{
k]zfut ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ Joj;foLn] vr{ u/]sf] cfp^
ckm ks]^ PS;k]G;, e|d)f vr{ h:tf ;]jf;+u k|ToIf
?kdf uf+l;Psf vr{x ;fdfGotM lgh u|fxsaf^
lng"kb{% .

k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn] csf]{ n]vf Joj;foLn] pNn]v u/]sf]

eGbf sd z"Nsdf sfd kfpg" c;+ut x"b}g . oBlk ;fljs
z"Ns jf c? n]vfJoj;foLn] pNn]v u/]sf] z"Ns eGbf pNn]Vo
?kdf #^L x"g] u/L z"Ns tf]s]df ;]jfsf] u")f:t/df cf+r cfpg
;Sg] cjwf/)ffsf] hf]lvd k|lt ;r]t /xg" kb{% . o;} u/L,
n]vf Joj;foLn] ;]jf z"Ns lgwf{/)f ubf{ tf]lsPsf] z"Nssf]
sf/)Fn] M

10=9

z"Nssf ;DaGwdf c;dembf/L k}bf x"g glbg u|fxs /

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foL b"j}sf] lxtsf]
b[li^sf])fn] ;]jf z"? x"g" eGbf cufl* g} z"Ns u)fgf
ug]{ cfwf/ / ljln ug]{ Aoj:yf :ki^ pNn]v u/L
lnvt agfO{ /fVg" jf~%gLo x"G% .

;]jf ;+kfbg ubf{ u")f:t/ lgoGq)f sfo{ljlw Pj+ ;j}

k]zfutdfgsf]
kfngf
ug{
u/fpg
plrt
;ts{tf
ckgfOg]% / ;]jfsf] u")f:t/df cf+r cfpg] %}g /

tf]lsPsf] z"Nsaf^ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] ;":ki^ sfo{If]q /

eljiodf tf]lsg] z"Nssf
cfwf/sf ;DaGwdf u|fxsdf
e|d k}bf x"g] %}g . eGg] s"/fdf n]vfJoj;foL ;Gt"i^ x"g"
kb{% .

10=10 k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] k|fKt ug]{ jf

e"QmfgL
ug]{
sdLzgn]
lghsf]
j:t"lgi&tf
/
:jtGqtfdf cf+r cfpg ;S% . k]zfut Joj;fodf
;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] t]>f]kIfnfO{ Uf|fxs h"^fOlbP jfkt
sldzg lbg jf o:t} k|sf/n] k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLn] c?sf] pTkfbg jf ;]jfsf] l;kmf/Lz u/L
sdLzg :jLsf/ ug"{ x"b}g .

10=6

dfly cg"R%]b 10=2 b]lv 10=4 ;Dd pNn]lvt tTjx

ljrf/ u/L lx;fj ul/Psf] % eg] p:t} ;]jf k|bfg ubf{
klxn] tf]s]sf] z"Ns eGbf #^L z"Ns tf]Sg klg c;+ut
x"+b}g .

l^Kk)fL / JofVof

43

sdLzg

44

10=11 s"g} ;]jf k|bfg gu/Lsg k]zfut Joj;foLn] ;]jf z"Ns

lnP lbPdf cg"R%]b 10=10 n] JofVof u/] jdf]lhdsf]
sdLzg lnP lbPsf] &x%{ .
10=12 n]vfJoj;foL rfn" n]vfJoj;fosf] k"/} jf s]lx c+z
v/Lb ug{ ;f] Joj;fosf] k'j{ ;+rfns jf To:tf
;+rfnssf xsjfnf jf ;DklQ vl/b laqmLstf{nfO{ /sd
e"QmfgL ug]{ u/L ePsf] Joj:yfdf ;+nUg x"g ;Sb% .
o:tf] sldzg cg"R%]b 10=10 jdf]lhdsf] sdLzg
dflgg] %}g .

u|fxssf] /sd
12=1

k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLn]
u|fxsn]
Uf}/sfg'gL ls|ofsnfkaf^ k|fKt u/]sf] jf u}/sfg"gL
sfo{df k|of]u x"g] /sd xf] eGg] ljZjfl;nf] cfwf/
ePdf u|fxssf] To:tf] /sd cfkm\g' lhDdf lng" x"b}g .

12=2

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg

lhDdf /fv]sf] /sdM

10=13 :jtGqtf cfjZos gePsf] cj:yfdf sdLzg lng lbg

%"^
lbOPsf]
% .
k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxsnfO{ of] s"/f v"nfpg" kb}{g .

v)* 11

11=2

11=3

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn]] n]vfJoj;fosf]

ul/df jf j:t"lgi&tf jf :jtGqtf jf OdfGbfl/tfdf
cf+r cfpg] jf cf+r cfpg ;Sg] s"g} k]zf Joj;fo, jf
ls|ofsnfkdf Ps} ;fy ;+nUg /xg" x"+b}g / o;} sf/)fn]
-lghn]_ k]zfut ;]jf k|bfg ug{ c;+ut dflgG% .
Ps} ;fy b"O{ jf ;f] eGbf a(L k|sf/sf k]zfut ;]jf
k|bfg ub{}df OdfGbfl/tfdf jf j:t"lgi&tf jf :jtGqtfdf
cf+r cfp+b}g .
k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ plrt (+un] n]vfJoj;fosf]
df}lns cfrf/ l;$fGt adf]lhd k]zfut n]vf Joj;fo
;+rfngdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{] k]zfut Joj;fo;+u
c;DalGwt cGo Joj;fo, k]zf jf lqmofsnfkdf Ps}
;dodf ;+nUg /xg"nfO{ n]vf Joj;fo ;+rfng;+u
c;+ut -k/:k/ lj/f]wL_ dflgg" kb{% .
v)* 12
45

-s_

cfkm\gf] kmd{ jf JolQmut /sdaf^ cnUu} /fVg"

kg{],

-v_

p@]Zo cg"?ksf] sfo{df dfq vr{ ug{] /

-u_

lx;fa dfUg] clwsf/jfnfn] dfu u/]sf]

avt klg lx;fj lbg tof/ x"g" kg{]% .

h"g;"s}

12=3

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] o:tf u|fxssf]

/sdsf nflu Ps jf a(L a}+s vftfx ;+rfng ug"{
kg]{% . To; dWo] s"g} PsnfO{ ;fwf/)F u|fxs vftf
(Client Account) dfgL To;df w]/} u|fxssf] /sd
hDdf ug{ ;lsg]% .

12=4

n]vfJoj;foLn] k|fKt u/]sf] /sd t"?Gt} To; u|fxssf]

vftfdf hDdf ug{" kb%{ jf gubdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg]
sfuhftsf] ?kdf k|fKt ePsf] eP To:tf] sfuhftnfO{
cglws[t k|of]ux"gaf^ ;"/lIft /fVg" kg{]% .

12=5

u|fxssf] lgb]{zgdf
;lsg]% .

12=6

u|fxs;+u lng" kg{{] af+sL ;]jf z"Ns u|fxsnfO{ hfgsf/L

u/fO lghn] d~h'/ u/] kl% u|fxs vftfaf^ lemSg
;lsg]% .

12=7

u|fxssf] vftfaf^ ul/g] e"QmfgL To;

hDdf /x]sf] /sd eGbf a(L x"g] %}g .

k]zfut n]vfJoj;fo;+u c;+ut ls|ofsnfk

11=1

n]vfJoj;foLn] c?n] lghsf

dfq

u|fxs

46

vftfaf^

/sd

u|fxs

lemSg

vftfdf

12=8

12=9

u|fxssf] /sd w]/} ;do ;Dd -cg"kof]u eO{_ /xg]

;+efjgf b]lvPdf n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxsnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fO{ ;f] /sd Jofh cfh{g x"g] vftfdf ;dod} hDdf
u/fpg" kg{]% .
u|fxssf] /sddf cfh{g
hDdf x"g" kg{]% .

ePsf]

Jofh

u|fxss}

n]vfJoj;foLxn] cfkm\gf] kmd{df cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if

bIftfsf] k"/f >[+vnf ljsf; ug{ pko"Qm Pj+ jf~%gLo
gx"g] lgZro ug{ ;Sb%g\ .
13=3

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] Jofj;flos

;]]jf k|bfg ubf{ k]zfut ;Ifdtfsf ;fy k"/f ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvPdf dfq To:tf] sfo{ ug{ lhDdf lng" kb{% . t;y{
u|fxssf] lxt tyf ;du| n]vfJoj;fos} nflu klg
pko"Qmtf cg";f/ ;Ifd JolQmaf^ ;/;Nnfx k|fKt ug{
k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foL k|f]T;flxt x"g"
h?/L % .

13=4

ljz]if zLk gePsf] s"g} axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLn]

cfkm\gf] u|fxs u"Dg] */n] To:tf] bIftf ePsf] c?
n]vfJoj;foL;+u ;Nnfx lng clgR%"s /xg klg ;S% .
kl/df)ftM
u|fxs To:tf] ;Nnfxaf^ k|fKt x"g] nfesf]
clwsf/af^ jl~rt x"g ;S% .

13=5

ljz]if zLk rflxg] jf grflxg] h] eP klg Jofj;flos

;Nnfxsf/ rogdf u|fxssf] O{R%f ;jf{]k/L x"g"k%{ .
n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxsnfO{ ;Nnfxsf/ /f]Hg s"g} klg
xftndf jfwf lj/f]w v*f ug]{ k|of; ug"{ x"b}g, a?
cfjZostfg";f/ u|fxsnfO{ o:tf] ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug"{
kb{% .

13=6

b]xfosf dWo] s"g} t/Lsf ckgfO{ ljlzi^ zLk ePsf

n]vfJoj;foLsf] ;]jf lng ;lsG% M

vftfdf

12=10 n]vfJoj;foLn] k|To]s u|fxssf]] %"f %"} / ;j} u|fxssf]

;du| ?kdf h"g;"s} avt sf/f]jf/sf] k"i^ofO{ ug{
;lsg] u/L k|i^ ?kdf n]vf /fVg" kg{]% . u|fxsnfO{
slDtdf jif{sf] Ps k^s n]vfsf] ljj/)f lbg" kg{]% .
v)* 13

cGo k]zfut n]vfJoj;foL;+usf] ;DaGw

gof+ Joj;fosf] :jLs[lt (Accepting New Assignment)
13=1

13=2

Jofj;flos lgsfosf] ;+rfngdf ePsf] lj:tf/n] ubf{

jxfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLn] Joj;fo ;+rfng gu/]sf]
:yfgdf rf+*f] rf+*} zfvfx jf ;xfos sDkgLx
v"Ng yfNb%g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf u|fxsn] jf axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLn]
u|fxssf]
k/fdz{df
To:tf
&fp+df
n]vfJoj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf lJbtLo n]vfJoj;foL
(Receiving
Accountant)
nfO{
k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foL ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cg"/f]w ug{ ;Sb% .
ljz]if ;]jf jf ljz]if sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fpgsf] nflu
Pp^f n]vfJoj;foLn] csf]{ n]vf Joj;foLsxf+ ;f] ;]jf
jf
sfo{
k|]lift
(Refer)
ug{
;S% .
k]zfut
Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLn] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] If]q
lj:tf/ x"g] qmd hf/L /xG% / hg;fwf/)fnfO{ ;]jf
k"ofpg uxgtd !fg cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] k|fo ljz]if
bIftfsf] h?/t kb{% . k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg Ps}
n]vfJoj;foLn] n]vf ;DaGwL ;j} ljifosf] cg"ej tyf
ljz]if bIftf xfl;n ug{ Aofjxfl/s x"+b}g . s]xL
47

-s_

u|fxsn] ;]jf ln+bf

1= axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foL;+u
;/;Nnfx u/]/,

%nkmn

2= axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLsf] ljz]if cg"/f]w jf

;"emfpaf^ , /
3= axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLsf] ;Nnfx glnOsg,
48

-v_
13=7

13=8

13=9

axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLf/f
st{Josf] plrt kfngf u/]/

uf]Kotf

;DjGwL

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfJoj;foL;+u ;]jf jf

;Nnfxsf nflu cg"/f]w u/]df n]vfJoj;foLn] ;+efljt
u|fxs;+u axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foL eP gePsf] s"/f
;f]wgL ug"{ kb{% . u|fxssf]
jxfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foL
% / lghn] u|fxsnfO{ k]zfut ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ /xg]
cj:yfdf cg"R%]b 13=8 b]lv 13=14 df pNn]lvt
sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf ug"{ kb{% . gof+ lgo"lQmn] csf]{
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ ePdf cg"R%]b 13=15
b]lv 13=26 df pNn]lvt sfo{ljlw cg";/)f ug"{ kb{% .
u|fxs jf n]vfJoj;foLn] ljz]if cg"/f]w u/]df jfx]s
lJbtLo n]vfJoj;foLn] axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLaf^ k|fKt
sfo{;Dd dfq ;Lldt x"g"k%{ . u|fxs / axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLsf] jt{dfg ;DaGwnfO{ k"i^L ug{ cfjZos
sbd rfNg" lJbtLo
n]vfJoj;foLsf] klg st{Jo x"G%
;fy} axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ ;j} ;fGble{s ;'rgf
pknAw u/fpg] df}sf glbOsg lghsf] ;]jfsf] ^Lsf
l^Kk)fL ug"{ x"b}g .
axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLn] ug{] sfo{ eGbf leGg} jf
axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foL jf u|fxsn] klxn] lbPsf] sfo{
eGbf
cnUu}
lsl;dsf]
sfo{
ul/lbg
lJbtLo
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ cg"/f]w u/]df To;nfO{ ;]jf jf ;Nnfx
pknAw u/fpg] %"} cg"/f]w ;Demg" kb{% . o;
lsl;dsf]
lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug"{ eGbf cufl* axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ o; s"/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg" kg{] u|fxssf]
k]zfut bfloTj ePsf] s"/f u|fxsnfO{ ;Demfpg" k%{ /
cfkm'n] klg tTsfn lJbtLo
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ u|fxssf]
ljrf/ / u|fxssf] cg"/f]w jf/]df ;s];Dd lnlvt ?kdf
u|fxsn] u/]sf] cg"/f]w / To:tf] cg"/f]wsf] k|s[lt pNn]v
u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fGble{s ;"rgf
eP ;f] ;d]t pknAw u/fO{lbg kqfrf/ ug"{ kb{% .
49

13=10 slxn]sfxL u|fxsn] axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ hfgsf/L

glbg
cfu|x
ug]{
kl/l:ylt
klg
cfp% .
o:tf]
cj:yfdf ltLo
n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxssf] ts{ dfGo eP
gePsf] lglZrt ug"{ k%{ . s"g} ljz]if kl/l:yltsf]
cefjdf
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foL;+u
kqfrf/
ug{]
u|fxssf] clgR%fdfq ;+tf]ifhgs cfwf/ x"+b}g .
13=11 ltLo n]vfJoj;foLn]M
-s_

;fGble{s
sfg'gL
jf
cGo
cfjZostf;+u
lj/f]wfef; gx"g] xb;Dd u|fxs jf axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLsf] lgb{]zg kfngf ug"{ kg]{% /

-v_

Jofjxfl/s eP ;Dd cfkm"n] k|bfg ug{] k]zfut

;]jfsf]
;fdfGo
k|s[ltsf]
jf/]df
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
hfgsf/L
u/fPsf]
;DaGwdf
;"lglZrt x"g" kb{% .

13=12 ;DalGwt u|fxsnfO{ b"O{ jf ;f] eGbf j(L n]vfJoj;foLn]

k]zfut ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] %g\ eg] n]vfJoj;foLn]
;Dkfbg
ul//x]sf]
;]jfnfO{
ljrf/
u/L
;fGble{s
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ dfq hfgsf/L u/fpg pko"Qm x"g
;Qm% .
13=13 axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLn] ltLo n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ lbOPsf]
sfo{
(Referred
Business)
;+u
;DalGwt
lgb{]zgx hf/L ug"{sf cltl/Qm ;Dks{df klg /xg" /
;xfotfsf nflu u/]sf dgfl;a cg"/f]wdf ;xof]u ug"{
kg{]% .
13=14

tf]lsPsf kl/l:ylt jf sf/f]jf/df n]vf, n]vfk/LIF)f,

k|ltj]bg jf cGo dfg jf l;$fGtsf]] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf
jxfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foL jfx]s k]zfut n]vf Joj;foLsf]
/fo dfu ePdf PsfpG^]G^sf] j:t"lgi&tf / lg)f{odf
cg"lrt bjfj l;h{gf ug]{ /fosf] ;+efjgf tkm{ k]zfut
n]vfJoj;foL ;ts{ /xg" kb{% . /fonfO{ r"gf}tL lbPsf]
cj:yfdf jf sDkgL$f/f ltLo n]vfJoj;foL lgo"lQm
50

ePsf] cj:yfdf k')f{ / pko"Qm tYo ljgf lbOPsf]

/fon] ltLo n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ cK&\of/f]df kfg{ ;Qm% .
o:t} u/]/ k]zfut n]vf Joj;foLn] lghnfO{ ;j}
;fGble{s ;'rgfdf kx'+r ePsf] s"/f ;"lglZrt u/L
cg"ko"Qm dfu{bz{g ug]{ hf]lvd Go'g ug]{ k|of;
ug"{kb{% . pko"{Qm cj:yfdf /fosf] nflu cg"/f]w cfPdf
axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foL;+u} ;'rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug"{
h?/L
x"G% .
u|fxssf]
cg"dlt
lnP/
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLn] ltLo n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ u|fxssf] af/]df
lghn] dfu]sf ;j} ;fGble{s ;'rgf pknAw u/fpg
h?/L % . u|fxssf] cg"dlt lnP/ ltLo n]vfJoj;foLn]
klg jxfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ clGtd k|ltj]bgsf] Ps
k|lt pknAw u/fpg" kb{% . o:tf ;'rgf cfbfg k|bfg
ug{ u|fxs gdfg]df ;fdfGotM To:tf] sfd ug"{ x"+b}g .

k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg
lj:yflkt (Supersede) ug]{

csf]{

n]vfJoj;foLnfO{

13=15 u|fxsn] cfkm\g' k]zfut ;Nnfxsf/ %fGg" / rfx]df

kl/jt{g ug"{ p;sf] ljjfb /lxt clwsf/ xf] . u|fxssf]]
j}w lxtsf] ;"/Iff ug{" htL h?/L %, Tolt g} csf]{
n]vfJoj;foLsf] &fp+df cfkm\gf] lgo"lQm ug"{df To:tf]
lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug{ gx"g] s"g} k]zfut sf/)F eP
gePsf] lglZrt ug]{ cj;/ klg n]vf Joj;foLsf] nflu
Tolts} dxTjk')f{ x"G% . axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foL;+u
k|ToIf ;+jfb jf kqfrf/ gu/L of] sfd k|efjsf/L
?kdf ug{ ;lsb}g . :ki^ cg"/f]wsf] cefjdf axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxssf] sf/f]jf/sf] ;'rgf :j]R%fn] lbg"
x"b}g .
13=16 ;'rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfgn] k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ n]vfJoj;foLsf] kl/jt{gsf] k|:tfj ug"{
kg]{ kl/l:yltn] plrt ?kdf lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg]
g;lsg] / sfd lhDdf lng] OR%f eP gePsf] ;d]t
lglZrt ug{ ;dy{ u/fp+% . o; cltl/Qm o:tf
51

;'rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfgn] u|fxsn]] k]zfut ;Nnfx /

;xof]usf nflu e/f];f /fv]sf k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg
n]vfJoj;foLx jLr sfod /x]sf] ;"dw"/ ;DaGw sfod
/fVg d@t ub{% .
13=17 ltLo
n]vfJoj;foL;+u
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLn]
u|fxssf] sf/f]jf/sf ljifodf ug{ ;Sg] %nkmnsf] ;Ldf
lgDglnlvt s"/f dfly lge{/ ub{% M
-s_

To:tf] ug{ u|fxssf] cg"dlt k|fKt u/] gu/]sf]

tyf jf

-v_

To:tf] v"nf;f ug{{ sfg'gL

cg";f/ cfjZos ePdf .

jf

cfrf/

;+lxtf

13=18 k|:tfljt n]vfJoj;foLn] axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLn] k|bfg

u/]sf] s"g} klg ;"rgfnfO{ k')f{ uf]Ko /fVg" kb{% / ;fy}
To;nfO{ plrt dxTj lbg" kb{% .
13=19 axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'rgf tyf
hfgsf/Ln] n]vfJoj;foLsf] kl/jt{gsf] jf/]df u|fxsn]
pNn]v u/]sf] b]vfj^L sf/)f tYo cg"?k gePsf] h:tf
;+s]t
ug{
;Qm% .
To:tf
;'rgfn]
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLn] u|fxs;+u dxTjk")f{ ;}$flGts jf k]zfut
dtleGgtf ePsf] / u|fxsn] h:tf];"s} afwf lj/f]w v*f
u/]sf] eP klg k]zfut l;$fGtdf cl*u /x]/ cfkmgf]
st{Jo plrt (+un] kfng u/]sf] sf/)fn] axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLsf] kl/jt{gsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] v"nf;f klg
ug{ ;Qm% .
13=20 kIfx aLr
sfo{ ub{% .
-s_

ePsf]

;'rgfsf]

cfbfg

k|bfgn]

b]xfosf]

n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ k|f;+lus ;Dk')f{ tYosf] hfgsf/L

gu/fOPsf] cj:yfdf u/]sf] lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug{af^
arfp+%
.

52

-v_

kl/jt{g k|:tfj ul/Psf] kl/l:yltsf] k')f{ hfgsf/L

gePsf cNk;+Vos c+lzof/xsf]] lxtsf] /Iff
ub{% .

-u_

:jtGq
k]zfut
Joj;foLsf]
?kdf
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLn] cfkmgf] st{Jo :jljj]sn] lgjf{x
ul//x]sf]df lghsf] sfddf x:tIf]kaf^ jf x:tIf]k
ug{]
lgotn]
n]vfJoj;foL
kl/jt{gsf]
k|:tfj
NofO{Psf]
cj:yfdf
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLsf]
lxtsf] ;"/Iff ub{% .

13=21 xfn;Dd csf{] n]vfJoj;foLn] k|bfg ul//x]sf] ;]jf

sfo{sf] nflu kfPsf] lgo"lQm cfkm'n] :jLsf/ ug"{ eGbf
cufl* n]vf Joj;foLn]M
-s_

-v_

-u_

;+efljt
u|fxsn]
k|:tfljt kl/jt{gsf]
/
axfnjfnf
sf/f]jf/sf] :jtGq
;s];Dd
lnlvt
;"lglZrt ug"{ kb{%

axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
af/]df hfgsf/L lbP glbPsf]
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
u|fxssf]
?kn] %nkmn ug{] cg"dlt
?kdf
lbP
glbPsf]
s"/f
.

;+efljt
u|fxsaf^
k|fKt
hjfkmaf^
;Gt"i^
ePkl% axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foL;+u kqfrf/ ug{]
cg"dltsf] nflu cg"/f]w ug"{ kb{% . olb o:tf]
cg"dlt lbg c:jLsf/ u/]df jf pkbkmf -s_ df
pNn]v eP h:tf] cg"dlt glbPdf n]vfJoj;foLn]
k')F{ hfgsf/L ePsf] ckjfbsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s
jf cGo dfWod$f/f xfl;n ul/Psf] hfgsf/L jf
k|fKt tYoaf^ ;+t"i^ ePsf]df jfx]s To:tf]
lgo"lQm c:jLsf/ ug"{ kb{% .
cg"dlt k|fKt ePkl% axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
lnlvt ?kdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;'rgf k|bfg ug{
cg"/f]w ug{" kb{% .

53

-c_

lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug{] jf gug{] lg)f{o ug"{

eGbf klxn] hfgsf/L kfpg" kg{] s"g}
k]zfut sf/)f eP ;f] af/]df hfgsf/L
k|bfg ug{, /

-cf_ lg)f{odf k"Ugsf] nflu

;j} ljj/)fx .

cfjZos

b]lvPsf

13=22 bkmf 13=21 -u_ df pNn]lvt ;"rgf k|fKt x"g] ljlQs}

axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLn] b]xfosf sfo{x ug"{ kb{% .
-s_

ltLo n]vfJoj;foLn] Tof] lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug{"

s"g} k]zfut cfwf/ eP ;f] v"nfO{ ;s];Dd
lnlvt hjfkm k&fpg" kb{% . v'nf;f ug"{ kg{]
s"g} cfwf/ jf cGo s'/fx eP ;f] sf] lj:t[t
ljj/)f k|:tfljt n]v Joj;foLnf hfgsf/L lbg"
kb{% .

-v_

u|fxsaf^ ltLo n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ ;"rgf lbg]

cg"dlt k|fKt u/L v"nf;f ug"{ kg]{ s"g} cfwf/
jf cGo s"/fx eP ;f] sf] lj:t[t ljj/)f
k|:tfljt n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg" kb{% .
cg"dlt
k|fKt
gePsf]
eP
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLn]
;f]xL
s"/f
k|:tfljt
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg" kb{% .

-u_

u|fxsaf^
cg"dlt
kfPkl%
k|:tfljt
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug{] jf gug{]
eGg] s"/fsf] lg)f{o lng cfjZos kg{] ;Dk')f{
;'rgf pknJw u/fpg" kb{% / Tof] lgo"lQm;+u
;DalGwt
;Dk')f{
s"/fsf]
jf/]df
k|:tfljt
n]vfJoj;foL;+u v"n:t ?kdf %nkmn klg ug"{
kb{% .

13=23 k|:tfljt
n]vfJoj;foLn]
axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foLaf^
dgfl;j dflkmssf] ;do leq hjfkm gkfPdf /
k|:tfljt kl/jt{g c;fdfGo kl/l:yltsf] gnfu]df ;'rgf
54

cfbfg k|bfg ug{ s"g} cGo ;fwg ckgfpg" kb{% .

To;/L klg ;+tf]ifhgs glthf k|fKt gePdf k|:tfljt
n]vf Joj;foLn] lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug{ gx"g] s"g} k]zfut
cfwf/ gePsf] / lgo"lQm
:jLsf/ ug{] dg;fo ;d]t
/x]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L jxfnjfnf n]vf Joj;foLnfO{
kq n]Vg" kb{% .

14=1

13=24 axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLsf] ;]jf z"Ns e"QmfgL ug{ af+sL

x"b}df cGo n]vfJoj;foLn] lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug"{ gx"g]
k]zfut cfwf/ x"b}g .
13=25 axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foLn] sfg"gn] cfkm';+u /fVg kfpg]
clwsf/ ePsf]] afx]s cfkm";+u /x]sf]] jf /xg ;Sg]
u|fxssf] vftf jxL tyf sfuhftx lgo"lQm k|efjsf/L
x"g]
ljlQs}
k]zfut
Joj;fodf
;+nUg
gof+
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ tTsfn x:tfGt/)f ug"{ kb{% / tbg";f/
g} ;f] s"/f u|fxsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg" kb{% .
13=26 s]xL ;+:yfxn] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] sf/)fn] jf cGo
sf/)fn] ubf{ k]zfut n]vfoj;foLsf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{
k|lt:kwf{Tds &]Ssf -^])*/_ jf af]n saf]n k]z ug{
cfJxfg ug{] ub{%g\ . lj!fkg adf]lhd jf cf}}krfl/s
cg"/f]w ljgf g} af]nkq jf af]n saf]n k]z ubf{ k"/fgf]
n]vf Joj;foLsf] &fp+df gof+ n]vfJoj;foL lgo"lQm x"g]
ePdf lgo"lQm :jLsf/ ug"{ eGbf cl# axfnjfnf
n]vfJoj;foL;+u k|:tfljt sfo{ :jLsf/ ug{ gx"g] s"g}
k]zfut sf/)f eP gePsf] a"em\gsf nflu ;Dks{ ug{
cj;/ k|bfg ug"{ kg{] zt{ af]nkq jf af]n saf]ndf
pNn]v ug"{ kb{% . af]nkq jf af]n saf]n :jLsf/
ePkl% axfnjfnf n]vfJoj;foL;+u ;Dks{ ug{" kb{% .

v)* 14

14=2

b]xfosf] zt{sf] clwgdf /xL k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg

n]vfJoj;foLn] ;fj{hlgs ?kdf u/]sf] lj!fkg :jLsfo{
x"G% M
-s_

em'&f], e|fds jf sk^k')F{ gx"g] u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf

;fj{hlgs If]q jf hg;fwf/)FnfO{ jf:tljstfsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg] p@]Zo ePdf .

-v_

;"?lrk')f{ ePdf,

-u_

Aofj;flos b[li^sf])faf^ dof{lbt ePdf, /

-#_

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfAoj;foLsf] gfd

af/Djf/ gbf]xf]l/g] u/L jf gfdn] cg"lrt
k|d"vtf gkfpg] u/L ePdf .

cl#Nnf] cg"R%]bdf pNn]v ePsf ljifonfO{ ;jf]{kl/

cfjZostfsf ?kdf dgg u/L k|rf/ k|;f/ :jLsfo{ x"g]
kl/l:ylt / ljifoj:t"sf JofVofTds pbfx/)F b]xfodf
pNn]v %g\ M

lgo"lQm / k"/:sf/
:yfgLo jf /fli^o ?kdf dxTj /fVg] u/L ePsf] n]vf
Joj;foLsf] lgo"lQm jf lghn] u/]sf] lqmofsnfk jf
k]zfut ljlzi^tfsf nflu lbOPsf] k"/:sf/nfO{ lgh
;b:o /x]sf] ;+:yfsf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v u/L k|rf/
k|;f/ ug{" n]vf Joj;fo Pj+ ;fj{hlgs lxtdf x"G% .
o;f] ePtf klg o:tf] lqmofsnfksf] n]vfAoj;foLn]
cfkm\gf] AolQmut Aofj;flos nfesf] nflu pko"Qm
lgo"lQm / lqmofsnfksf] k|of]u ug"{ x"+b}g .

k]zfut Jojf;ofdf ;+nUg n]vfAoj;foL$f/f Aoj;fo /

/f]huf/Lsf] vf]hL
n]vfAoj;foLn] ;fem]bf/Ldf jf tnjL sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf
n]vfJoj;fo ;DjGwL sfo{sf] vf]hL ubf{ s"g} klg

lj!fkg / cfu|x
55

56

dfWodf/f ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;'rgf ug{ ;Sg]% . t/,

k]zfut Joj;fo v/Lb ug{ vf]h] h:t} u/L pk&]Ssfsf]
nflu k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ eg] x"+b}g . n]vfJoj;foLsf] gfd,
&]ufgf / ^]lnkmf]g gDj/ ;d]t glbO{ k]zfut ;+u&gsf
k|sfzgxdf dfq pk&]Ssf ;DaGwL lj!fkg ug]{ ;Dd
:jLsfo{ x"g ;S% . n]vfJoj;foLn] k]zfut Aoj;fosf]
vf]hL jf /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf cfkm"nfO{ /f]huf/L lbg
;Sg] csf{] n]vf Aoj;foLnfO{ kq n]Vg jf k|ToIf
;Dks{ /fVg ;S% .

k]zf jf Jofj;flos ;'lrdf ;'lrs[t x"g]

(Directories)
:ki^;+u k|a${gfTds lj!fkgsf ?kdf dflgg g;lsg]
u/L n]vf Joj;foLn] k]zf jf Joj;flos ;'lrdf
;'lrs[t
x"g
;S% .
To:tf]
;'rL
k|lji^Ldf
n]vfAoj;foLsf]] gfd, &]ufgf, ^]lnkmf]g / Aofj;flos
ljj/)fsf cltl/Qm ;'rL k|of]ustf{{nfO{ n]vfJoj;foL jf
k|lji^L;+u} ;DjlGwt ;+u&g;+u ;Dks{ /fVg cfjZos
hfgsf/L dfqdf k|lji^L ;Lldt x"g"kb{% .

tflnd, ;]ldgf/ cflb

n]vfAoj;foLn] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu ;~rfng
u/]sf
tflnd
;]ldgf/xdf
cfkm\gf
u|fxsx,
sd{rf/Lx jf cGo n]vf Aoj;foLxnfO{ ;xefuL x"g
cfdGq)f ug{ ;Sg]% . o:tf tflnd jf ;]ldgf/xdf
cfkm}n] ;xefuL x"g cg"/f]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo
c;DalGwt
AolQmxnfO{
cfdGq)f
ug{"
x"+b}g .
n]vfJoj;foLsf]
s"g}
klg
s"/fn]
cGo
n]vf
Aoj;foLxnfO{ tfnLd lbg] ;+# ;+:yf jf z}lIfs
;+:yfxn]
cfkm\gf
;b:o
jf
;j{;fwf/)fsf]
nflu
cfof]hgf ug{] sfo{qmdxdf tflnd ;]jf k|bfg ug{
g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{" x"+b}g . oBlk tfnLd ;DjlGw
k|sflzt k"l:tsf jf sfuhftdf
n]vfAoj;foLsf]
gfd;+u} cgfjZos k|lti&f hf]*\g eg] x"+b}g .
57

k":ts, n]v, cGt/jftf{, JofVofg, /]l*of] / ^]lnlehgdf

k|:t"lt
n]vfAoj;foLn] Aofj;flos ljifodf k":ts jf n]v n]Vbf
cfkm\gf] gfd, Aofj;flos of]Uotf, cfk\mgf] kmd{sf] gfd
pNn]v ug{ kfpg]% t/ cfk\mgf] kmd{n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf]
jf/]df pNn]v ug{" x"b}g .
n]vfAoj;foLn] Aoj;fo;+u ;DjlGwt ljifodf JofVofg
jf cGt/jftf{ jf /]l*of] jf ^]lnlehg sfo{qmddf
;xefuL x"+bf klg o:t} Joj:yf nfu' x"G% . h] eP klg
n]vfJoj;foLn] n]Vg] jf eGg] s"/f lgh jf lghsf]
kmd{sf] k|j${g gx"g] u/L ljrf/ AoQm ug{] ljifosf]
af/]df j:t"lgi& / k]zfut ljrf/ x"g" kb{% .
cflv/ hg;fwf/)fsf] ;fd" hfg] ljifo j:t"n] oL -o;
cg"R%]bdf
pNn]lvt_
zt{x
kfngf
u/]sf]
s"/f
;"lglZrt ug{ cfkm\gf] ;jf]{Qd k|of;sf]
pkof]u ug]{
s"/fdf n]vfJoj;foLx lhDd]jf/ /xG%g\ .

k|fljlws ;'rgf ePsf k"l:tsf / sfuhft

sd{rf/Lsf] / u|fxssf] ;xof]usf nflu hf/L ePsf
k|fljlws ;'rgf lbg] n]vfAoj;foLsf] gfd ePsf k"l:tsf
/ sfuhftx tL AolQm jf cGo n]vfJoj;foLxnfO{
klg hf/L ug{ ;lsG% . dfu u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s
o:tf k"l:tsf / sfuhft c? AolQmxnfO{ hf/L ug"{
x"+b}g .

sd{rf/L egf{
sd{rf/Lsf] kb ;flRrg} vfnL ePdf kbk"lt{sf] cGo
;fwf/)f lj!fkg ;/x s"g} klg dfWod Jbf/f k|rf/
k|;f/ ug{ ;lsg]% . o:tf lj!fkgdf sd{rf/Ln] ug{" kg{]
sfo{sf] ljj/)f lb+bf n]vfJoj;foL$f/f u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg
ul/g] Ps jf s]lx ;]jfsf jf/]df hfgsf/L lbg ;lsg]%
t/ Joj;fo k|j${g ug{] s"g} s"/f ;dfj]z x"g"x"+b}g .
58

Joj;fo jf kmd{sf] cfsf/, kmd{n] kfPsf ;DaGwg jf

cGo s"g} Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L To;}sf] kmn:j?k
cGo
n]vfJoj;foL kmd{sf] t"ngfdf kmd{n] k"ofpg]
;]jf
pTs[i^ ePsf] s"g} ;+s]t ug]{ x"g" x"b}g .
ljBfno tyf cGo z}lIfs ;+:yfsf ljBfyL{x / cWoog
k"/f u/L k]zfdf a[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/ vf]Hg]xnfO{
vf; ?kdf nlIft ul/Psf k|sfzgxdf hg;fwf/)fnfO{
k"ofpg] ;]jf Jofkfl/s (f+rfdf j)f{g ug{ ;lsg]% .
s"g} ;Defljt u|fxsn] Aofj;flos ;Nnfxsf/ %gf}^sf]
dfWodsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{] ;+efjgf gx"g] u/L sd{rf/L
cfjZostfsf] lj!fkgnfO{ s"g} klqsfsf] cfjZostfsf]
lj!fkg %fKg] :yfg jfx]s cGo k|d"v :yfgdf %kfPsf]
eP klg :jLsfo{ x"g]% .

u|fxssf] kIfdf k|rf/ k|;f/

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfAoj;foLn] u|fxssf] nflu
d"Vo
?kdf
sd{rf/L
cfjZostfsf]
lj!fkg
ug{
;Sg]% . oBlk
u|fxssf] p]Zo xfl;n x"g] s"/fdfg}
k|rf/ k|;f/df dxTj lbOPsf] s"/f n]vfJoj;foLn]
;"lglZrt ug"{kb{% .

a|f]:of]/ / kmd{ *fO{/]S^/L

k]zfut n]vfAoj;foLn] cfkm\gf] u|fxs cyjf s;}sf]
:j]R%Ls
cg"/f]wdf
s"g}
u}/u|fxsnfO{
b]xfosf
hfgsf/Lx k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]% M
-s_

k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] tYout / j:t"lgi& ljj/)F /

-v_

;fem]bf/xsf] gfd, sfof{no &]ufgf / ;xof]uL

kmd{ / k|ltlglwxsf] gfd &]ufgf pNn]v ePsf]
;'rL .

d;nGb / gfdkf^L

59

k]zfut Joj;fodf ;+nUg n]vfAoj;foL tyf lghsf]

;fem]bf/, d"Vo clws[t tyf ;f] Joj;fo;+u ;DjlGwt
cGo AolQmx f/f k|of]u ul/g] d;nGb sfuhkqxdf
;dfj]z x"g] jf %kfO{ ul/g] Jofj;flos j[tfGt,
k|ltlglwTj ug{] zx/ jf b]zsf] gfd, k|lts lrGx cflb
:jLsfo{ Jofj;flosdfg tyf k|rlnt lgod sfg'g
adf]lhd jf g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^; ;+:yfJbf/f
lgwf{l/t zt{;+u d]n vfg] x"g" kb{% . k]zfut ;]jf
k|bfgsf] qmddf s"g} ljlzi^ k|s[ltsf] ;]jf klg k|bfg
ug{] u/]sf] hgfpg] kb jf of]Uotfsf] k|of]usf] %"^ lbOg"
x"b}g . n]vfJoj;foLsf] jf kmd{sf] gfdkf^L agfpbf klg
oL Joj:yfx pko"Qm eP ;Dd nfu' x"g]%g\ .

kqklqsf dfkm{t\ k|rf/ k|;f/

n]vfAoj;foLn] gof+ Joj;fosf] yfngL jf n]vfJoj;fo
kmd{sf]
;fem]bf/L
;+/rgfdf
ePsf]
kl/jt{g
jf
Jofj;flos &]ufgfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf
pko"Qm kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ug{ ;Sg]% .
o:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf tYout ljj/)F ;Dddf ;Lldt
x"g" kb{%, ;fy} o:tf] ;'rgf k|sfzg ug]{ kqklqsfsf]
ljt/)f x"g] If]qsf] pko"Qmtf / ;'rgf k|sfzg ug]{
;+Vofdf klg ljrf/ k"ofpg" kb{% .

u|fxsn] hf/L
;dfj]z

u/]sf]

sfuhftdf

n]vfAoj;foLsf]

gfd

u|fxsn] cfkmgf] rfn' jf s"g} gof+ k|:tfljt Jofj;flos

pkqmd;+u ;Da$ /x]sf] gftfn] n]vfAoj;foLnfO{ lgh$f/f
k|ltj]bg
k|sflzt
ug{
k|:tfj
u/]sf]
v)*df
n]vfAoj;foLn] k|ltj]bg k|sfzgsf] k|;+un] ;j{;fwf/)fdf
k|ltj]bgsf] cfzo / k|s[ltsf] ;DaGwdf
e|d gkm}ng]
s"/f
;"lglZrt
ug{
sbd
rfNg"
kb{% .
o:tf]
kl/l:yltdf k|ltj]bg k|sflzt ug"{ cl# u|fxsn] k'j{
:jLs[lt
lng"
kg]{
Joxf]/f
lghnfO{
n]vfJoj;foLn]
60

hfgsf/L u/fpg" kb{% . :jtGq k]zfut x}l;otdf

Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf] u|fxsn] n]vfAoj;foLsf] gfd
;dfj]z u/L k|sflzt ug{ nfu]sf] cGo sfuhftxsf]
;DjGwdf klg o:t} b[li^sf])F /fVg' kb{% . o;
Joj:yfn] u|fxssf] aflif{s k|ltj]bgdf n]vfAoj;foLsf]
gfd ;dfj]z ug{{ jfwf k"ofpg] %}g .
n]vfAoj;foL AolQmut x}l;otdf s"g} ;+:yfdf cfj
ePsf] jf kb wf/)f u/]sf] % eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;f]
;+:yfn] sfof{nosf] d;nGb tyf cGo sfuhftxdf
lgh n]vfJoj;foLsf] gfd / k]zfut kb ;dfj]z ug{
;Sg]% . o:tf] ;'rgfn] :jtGq k]zfut x}l;otdf
;+u&g;+u ;Da$ /x]sf] Joxf]/f hg;fwf/)Fn] ljZjf;
ug]{ cj:yf gcfpg] s"/f n]vf Joj;foLn] ;"lglZrt
ug"{kb{% .

efu 3
;]jf/t n]vfJoj;foLxn] kfngf ug{" kg{]
b]xfosf v)*xdf ljz]if u/L lghL If]q, ;fj{hlgs If]q
jf z}lIfs jf u}/;/sf/L;+:yfxdf ;]jf/t n]vfJoj;foLxsf
nflu ;fGble{s x"g] dfu{bz{g pNn]v %g\ . k]zfut Jojf;fodf
;+nUg n]vfJoj;foLxn] klg ljz]if kl/l:yltdf o; efudf
Joj:yf ul/Psf l;$fGt kfngf ug{" kg{] x"g ;S% . s"g}
n]vfJoj;foLnfO{ s"g} ljz]if dfu{bz{g
sfof{Gjogdf ;+zo
ePdf g]kfn rf^{*{ PsfpG^]G^\; ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u lng" kb{% .
v)* 15

lgi&fsf] ljjfb
15=1

;]jf/t n]vfJoj;foL cfk\mgf /f]huf/bftf / k]zfk|lt

lgi&fjfg x"g" kb{% / oL b"O{df slxn]sf+xL ljjfb klg
pTkGg x"g ;Sb% . ;+u&gsf] g}lts / j}w p@]Zo k'lt{
ug{ Pj+ tL p@]Zo k'lt{ ug{ ag]sf lgod tyf
sfo{ljlwx kfngf ug"{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;fdfGo k|fyldstf
x"g" kb{% . tfklg, sd{rf/Ln] b]xfosf sfd sf/jflx
ug{" j}w x"+b}g .
-s_ P]g sfg'g pNn#+g ug"{,
-v_ cfkm\g' k]zf;+u
ug"{

;DjlGwt lgod

/ dfg pNn#+g

-u_ /f]huf/bftfsf nflu sfo{ ug{] n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ em"&f]

ljj/)f lbg" jf em"& af]Ng" jf e|d k}bf ug"{ -tYo
hfgsf/L eP/ klg df}g a;L ;d]t_ jf,
-#_ ;f/e't ?kdf unt tYo pNn]v ePsf] ljj/)fdf
cfk\mgf] gfd pNn]v ug{" jf cfkm' ;Da$ /xg",
15=2

61

n]vfkfng ug{] ;DaGwdf jf cfrf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf

lg)f{o ubf{ dt leGgtf ePdf ;fwf/)ftof sd{rf/Lsf]
;+u&g leq} ;j{k|yd tfn"s xflsd;+u, xflsd;+u klg
62

;"Nemg
g;s]df
Joj:yfkgsf
u}/sfo{sf/L ;~rfns ;dIf k]z
kb{% .
15=3

15=4

pRrflwsf/L
u/L lg?k)f

jf
ug{"

;]jf/t n]vfJoj;foLn] cfk\mgf /f]huf/bftf / cfkm\gf]

Jofj;flos cfr/)fsf] aLrdf
p&]sf ljjfb ;Dej
eP;Ddsf pkfo ckgfp+bf klg ;dfwfg ug{ g;s]df
/fhLgfdf ug{" jfx]s cGo ljsNk x"+b}g . sd{rf/Ln]
/fhLgfdf lbg" kgf{sf] sf/)f pNn]v u/L /f]huf/bftfsf]
hfgsf/Ldf Nofpg" kb{% . t/ ;fdfGotM c?nfO{
hfgsf/L glbO{ uf]klgotfsf] st{Jo lgjf{x ug{" kb{% . sfg'gL jf k]zfut ?kdf To;f] ug"{kg]{ ePdf afx]s_
o; ljifodf yk lgb{]zgsf] nflu
;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg?k)f x]g"{xf]nf .

v)*

cfrf/

v)* 18

;'rgfsf] k|:t"lts/)f
18=1

n]vfJoj;foLn] ljQLo ;'rgfx k')f{?kdf OdfGbf/Lk'j{s

/ k]zfut lx;fjn] Pj+ ;Gbe{ cg";f/ g} a"lemg] u/L
k|:t"t ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] % .

18=2

ljQLo Pj+ u}/ljQLo ;'rgf Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/, ;DklQ

jf bfloTjsf] ;To tYosf]
:ki^ ljj/)f lbg] /
k|lji^Lx ;dod} plrt t/Lsfn] clen]vg / juL{s/)F
ug]{ u/L /flvPsf] x"g" kb{% / k]zfut n]vfJoj;foLn]
oL ;j} s"/fsf] oyfy{tf ;"lglZrt ug{ cfkm\g' clwsf/
leq kg]{ ;j} sfd sf/jfxL ug"{ kb{% .

v)* 16

Jofj;flos ;xsdL{nfO{ ;xof]u

16=1

ljz]if u/L cfkm'n] g]t[Tjsf] e'ldsf lnPsf cGo

n]vfJoj;foLnfO{
:jtGq
?kdf
ljsf;
ug{
/
n]vf;DaGwL ljifodf cfkm}+ lg)f{odf k"Ug ;Sg] agfpg
plrt Joj:yf ug{" kb{% / s"g} dt leGgtf ePdf
Jofj;flos (+uaf^ lgSof}{n ug{" kb{% .
v)* 17

Jofj;flos ;Ifdtf
17=1

lghLIf]q, ;fj{hlgs If]q jf z}lIfs jf u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfxdf
sd{rf/Lsf]
?kdf
;]jf/t
n]vf
Joj;foLxnfO{ lghx;+u oy]i^ tfnLd jf cg"ej
gePsf If]qxdf ;d]t uxgtd sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L
tf]lsg ;Sb% . o:tf] lhDd]jf/L ln+bf n]vf Joj;foLn]
cfkm';+u ePsf] ljz]if!tf jf cg"ejsf] :t/sf ;DaGwdf
/f]huf/bftfnfO{ e|ddf kfg"{ x"b}g Pj+ pko"Qmtf cg";f/
ljz]if!sf] ;Nnfx / ;xof]u lnOg" kb{% .
63

64