CHAPTER TWO:

Blood Circulation and Transport

2.1 Transport System in Humans
2.2 Human Blood
2.3 Transport System in Plants

Mandy Voon
Science PT3
2015/2016

CHAPTER TWO

Blood Circulation and Transport

2.1 Transport System in Humans

-Human transport system is called circulatory system.
-It consists of heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries)

Figure 2.1 The human blood circulatory system

Figure 2.2 The capillary

2.1.1 Structure and function of the human heart

-Characteristic of heart:
a) Heart is situated inside the thoracic cavity, behind the breastbone and between
the left and the right lung.
b) Cone-shaped and muscular organ.
c) Made up of cardiac muscle. These cells required food and oxygen to carry out
activities
-Function of heart:
a) To pump blood to all parts of the body
b) Transport nutrient and oxygen to body cell
c) Transport carbon dioxide, urea and water from the body cell

CHAPTER TWO

Blood Circulation and Transport

Figure2.3 The Structure of human heart

-Heart is made up of four chambers.

a) two chamber at the top are the left and right atrium
b) two chamber at the below the left and right ventricles

- Right atrium and right ventricle carry deoxygenated blood

-Left atrium and left carry the oxygenated blood
- The left and right chambers are separated by the muscular known as septum to
avoid the deoxygenated blood combine with oxygenated blood.

- Characteristic of the atrium and ventricle:

a) Ventricle has larger space and volume
b) Ventricle has thicker wall
c) Left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than right ventricle because this
chamber pumps blood under high pressure to entire body.
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Blood Circulation and Transport

-Each chamber linked to big blood vessels:

a) Right atrium link to vena cava
b) Right ventricle link to Pulmonary artery
c) Left atrium link to Pulmonary vein
d) Left ventricle is link Aorta

-Three type of valves inside the heart:

a) Tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle
b) Bicuspid valve between left atrium and left ventricle
c) Semilunar valve- beginning of aorta and pulmonary artery
-The valves are to ensure the blood flow in one direction to prevent flow back of
blood

-Pumping action of heart:

a) Deoxygenated blood flow from body to right atrium through vena cave.
b) Oxygenated blood from the lungs flow into the left atrium through pulmonary vein
c) Both atria (singular: atrium) contract and push the blood through the valves into
the ventricles
d) Both ventricles contract and force the deoxygenated blood in to pulmonary artery
and oxygenated blood to aorta. The semilunar valves close to prevent the blood from
flowing back into the atria
e) The pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood to lungs and aorta carries the
oxygenated blood to whole body.

2.1.2 Blood vessels and their functions

- Three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries.
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Blood Circulation and Transport

-human circulation system is a closed system because blood flow in blood vessels
that are connected

Figure 2.5 Type of Blood vessels

Vein

Artery

CHAPTER TWO

Blood Circulation and Transport

Big lumen

Small Lumen

Small L

Thin wall

Thick Wall to withstand high pressure

Very th
exchan
nutrien

With valve

Without valve

Withou

Carry deoxygenated blood except

pulmonary vein

Carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary

artery

Carry o
except

Blood flows from all parts of body to the

heart

Blood flow away from heart to all parts of

body

Blood f
oxygen
and bo

Slow and low pressure

Fast and high pressure

Very sl

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Blood Circulation and Transport

2.1.3 Path of blood flow in circulatory system

-Human circulatory system is double circulatory system because he blood in the
body is pumped twice through heart.
- The human circulatory system is divided into two parts:
a) Pulmonary circulation- Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from heart to
lungs while pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs back to the heart.
b) Systemic circulation- Aorta carries oxygenated blood from heart to others bodys
cell while vena cave carries the deoxygenated blood from the bodys cell back to the
heart.
- RS: Deoxygenated blood flow from body parts to the heart then up to the lung

Figure 2.5 Flow of human circulatory system

- Important to maintain a healthy heart to prevent heart diseases and maintain the
continuous supply of oxygen to the body cells.
- Exercise keeps the heart healthy by
a) Strengthen the heart muscles
b) Control the blood pressure.
- A narrow blood vessel will cause heart attack, hypertension and stoke.
- The healthy blood vessels can pump a greater amount of blood at faster rate while
arrowed blood vessel can pump less amount of blood at slower rate.
-Patient with narrow blood vessel are advised to
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Blood Circulation and Transport

a) Avoid taking saturated fat (lead to high blood cholesterol level and heart diseases)
b) Eat plenty fruits and vegetables
c) Take a balanced diet
d) Lunch menu: rice, steamed fish / chicken, vegetable, salad / fruit and water

2.2 Human Blood

- Composition of blood:
a) Plasma- 55% of volume of blood
- a pale of yellowish liquid made up of 90% water and 10 % soluble
substances such as glucose , amino acids and mineral
b) Cellular components
i) Red blood cells- produce in bone marrow
- Biconcave disc
- No nuclei
- Each red blood cell contain a pigment call haemoglobin
i) White blood cells- produce in bone marrow and lymph nodes
- Irregular shape and can change
- Protect against diseases and infection
- Lymphocytes produce antibodies to kill germs
-Phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by surrounding the bacteria,
swallow and digest it thus kill it
iii) Platelets- small fragment of cells from larger cell in the bone marrow.
- Help in clotting blood to stop the bleeding

2.2.1 Functions of blood

- Functions of blood:
a) As transport medium- carries dissolved gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, food
substances, hormones and waste from one part of body to another. Red blood cell
carries oxygen and plasma carries other substances.
b) White blood cells protect against disease.
c) Plasma distribute heat from liver to other parts of body to maintain body
temperature at 370C

2.2.2 Blood group and compatibility

- Human blood is divided into four main groups A, B, AB, and O
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Blood Circulation and Transport

- Universal donor group O

- Universal recipients group AB
- Blood transfusion- transfer blood from donor to recipient
- Not compatible blood transfusion causing agglutination or coagulation in blood
vessels

2.3 Transport System in Plants

- Plants like human being need a transport system to transport food and water.
- Transport system of plants made up of xylem and phloem tissues.
- There are found in the roots, stems and leaves.

2.3.1 Transport tissues in plant

-Phloem transport food (glucose) produced through photosynthesis from leaves to
other parts of the plant
-Xylem transport water and dissolved mineral from root up to the stem and leave
during transpiration. Xylem also gives support to the plant.
- The cambium separates the xylem and the phloem. It also builds new xylem and
phloem cells.

Figure 2.6 Distribution of tissues in the root, stem and leaf of a plant

Figure 2.6 Investigate transports of synthesised food substances via the phloem

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Blood Circulation and Transport

Plant B function as a control experiment.

Hypothesis: Phloem transports food.
Variables
Manipulated : ringed or unringed
Constant : type of plant
Responding: condition of the bark.
Conclusion : Phloem transport food from the leaves down to the roots.
Inferences:
i. The swelling is due to the accumulation of food substances that is unable to be
transported downwards as the phloem has been removed.
ii. The ringed area is wiped with paraffin to prevent the area from being dried up.
iii. After two weeks, the lower part of the plant dies first because the lower part of the
plant does not receive food substances.

2.3.2 Transpiration and function of stoma

-Transpiration defines as loss of water in the form of water vapour.
-Water vapour is evaporates through stoma, tiny pore on surface of leaf
- Stoma is tiny pore in between two bean shaped cells called guard
-Guard contain chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis and control the close and
opening of stoma.
- Stoma is open during the day to allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
during photosynthesis and allow evaporation of water vapour.
- A plant wilts when it loses more water to surrounding than it absorbs from soil.

2.3.3 Factors affect the rate of transpiration

-Rate of transpiration influence by:
a) Light density
b) Temperature
c) Humidity
d) Air movement

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Blood Circulation and Transport

Rate of transpiration can be measured using weight potometer and bubble

potometer.

2.3.4 Role of transpiration in transport system

-Transpiration is import because
a) Help to transport water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.
b) Help root to absorb water .Keep cell turgid to support the plant
c) Evaporation of water vapour from leaves keep the plant cool in hot weather.

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