2017

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Electrical Engineering
Electrical Machines

DC Machines

T1 : Solution

Ea = Ka 1 N 1
400 0.25 25 = Ka 1 1200
400 (2.75 + 0.25) 15 = Ka 2 N 2

...(1)
...(2)

Dividing equation (2) by (1),

N2

N2
355
2 =
0.7
=
1200

1200
393.75
1

N 2 = 1545.6 rpm

or,
T2 : Solution

There is a change of flux/pole due to armature reaction

Eb1 1 N1 , If =

230
= 1.15 A
200

(V IR) 1N1

Dividing (i) by (ii),

[230 (10 1.15) (0.1)] 1400 1

...(i)

[230 (200 1.15) (0.1)] N2 1

...(ii)

N2
210.1
0.96
=
1400
229.1

N2 = 1337 rpm

Td = Eb Ia
Torque developed (Td) =

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210.1 (200 1.15)

= 298.4 N-m
(2 1337) / 60

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T3 : Solution
(c)

V = 240 V, Ra = 40 A
N1 = 1500 rpm, a = 40 A
1
T Ia2

a21 = a22 i.e., a1 = a2 = 40 A

During starting the induced emf is zero, hence the current is limited only by the resistance in the armature
circuit.
240
=6
40
extra resistance to be added in series with armature = 6 0.3 = 5.7

The total resistance =

T4 : Solution
Ia(Ra + Rse) voltage is assumed to be negligible.
Hence,

V = Ea = KenIa ( Ia)

...(i)

T = KT Ia2 = KLn2

...(ii)

All coils are connected in series,

240 = Ke 800 16

KT

(16)2

= KL

16 KT = 800 KL

or,

...(iii)

(800)2
...(iv)

Two parallel groups of two in series

Coil current =

Ia
2

240 = Ke n
KT Ia

or,

Ia
2

...(v)

Ia
= KLn2
2

KT Ia =

2 KL n

...(vi)

From (iii) and (v) we get,

n Ia = 32 800

...(vii)

Ia
2n
=
800
16

...(viii)

From (iv) and (vi) we get

From (vii) and (viii) we get,

n = 951 rpm
Ia = 26.9 A

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Transformers

T1 : Solution
Net iron cross section,
Peak value of flux,

Ai =
=
max =
=

400 0.9
360 cm2 or 0.036 m2
Bmax A i
1.2 0.036 = 0.0432 Wb

HV side phase voltage,

EP1 = 2200 = 1270 V

3

LV side phase voltage,

EP2 = 110 V

Turns per phase on low voltage windings,

N2 =

EP2

4.44 max f

110
= 11.47 12
4.44 0.0432 50

Turns per phase on high voltage winding,

N 1 = N2

EP1
EP2

12 1270
= 138
110

sum = 12 + 138 = 150

T2 : Solution
x = p.u.

If

load at maximum efficiency, then

0.4 x2 = 0.35
x = 0.935

The load at max = 0.935 25

= 23.375 kVA 23.4 kVA

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T3 : Solution

N1 : N2 : N3 = T1 : T2 : T3 = 10 : 2 : 1
The mmf balance equation is:

r
r
r
T1 I1 = T2 I2 + T3 I3
r

The total primary current,

I1 =

or,

I1 =

T2 r T3 r
I + I
T1 2 T1 3
T
T2
45(0.8 j 0.6) + 3 50(0.71 j 0.70)
T1
T1

= 9(0.8 j 0.6) + 5 (0.71 j 0.70)

= 10.75 j 8.9 = 1439.6 A
Now,
cos 39.6 = 0.77
i.e. The primary current is 14 A and P.F. = 0.77 (lag).
T4 : Solution
(b)
10,000
=4A
2500
Ohmic loss at full load current of 4 A = Poh

Full load current on HV side (rated) =

4
Poh = 45
3

[as ohmic loss of 45 W is due to 3A short circuit current]

At 0.8 pf and 1/4th of the full load;

Pc = 50 W
Core loss,
Ohmic loss,
2
1
42
1
Poh1 = Poh = 2 45 2 = 5 W
4
4
3

output =

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1
10000 0.8 = 2000 W
4

50 + 5

at 1/4 of full load = 1

100 = 97.32%

2000 + 50 + 5

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Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines

T5 : Solution
(b)
As

E=

2 fN

where
= B A
Assuming transformer to be ideal
E1
N
N B A
= 1 1 = 1 1 1
E2
N2 2 N2B2 A2

N B1 R 2
400
=
N
800
B2 (2R )2
2

B1 = B2 = 1.2 T

T6 : Solution
The pu impedances expressed on a common base of 600 kVA are
r
Z1 = 0.012 + j 0.06 = 0.06179 pu
r
Z 2 = 2(0.014 + j 0.045) = 0.094 73 pu
r
r
Z 1 + Z 2 = 0.04 + j0.15 = 0.15575pu

The load is

r
SL = 800 (0.8 j0.6)

= 800 36.86 kVA

r
0.09473
S1 = 800 36.86 0.15575

= 485 38.86 = 377 j304.2

r
0.06179
S2 = 800 36.86
0.15575
= 315 32.86 = 264 j170.9

It may be noted that,

the transformer are not loaded in proportion to their ratings.
at a total load of 800 kVA, the 300 kVA transformer operates with 5% overload because of its pu
impedance (on common kVA base) being less than twice that of the 600 kVA transformer.

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Induction Machine

T1 : Solution
1
Te max
Test
2
=
= 2
smT
1
Te max
Te max
+
1
smT
2
smT
4smT + 1 = 0,

smT = 3.73 or 0.27

Neglecting higher value,

smT = 3.73

So,

smT = 0.27

Now,

r2
= x r2 = 0.2 0.27 = 0.054
smT

External resistance required = 0.054 0.04 = 0.014

Without external resistancem
p.f. =

0.04
0.042 + 0.22

= 0.196

With external resistance,

p.f. =

0.054
(0.0542 + 0.22 )1/ 2

= 0.261

So, percentage improvement in p.f.

=

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0.261 0.196
100 = 33.16%
0.196

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Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines

T2 : Solution

3 E I cos =

I=

output

3 746
0.83

3 746
= 3.89 A
3 500 0.8 0.83

The phase current at full load ( - connected) =

I sc =
R22 + X 22 =

a E1

/ Y switch,

I=

3
R22 + X 22

a E1
R22 + X 22

3.89
= 2.25 A
3

= 3.5 2.25 = 7.86 A

E2

E = a
1

a E1
7.86

a E1
3

7.86
= 4.54 A
a E1

T3 : Solution
Given,

P = 6,
f = 50 Hz,
Nmax = 875 rpm,
Tmax = 160 Nm,
s f l = 0.04,
r2 = 0.2 /phase

Synchronous speed,

(Ns) =

smax,T =
=

120 f 120 50
= 1000 rpm
=
P
6
Ns Nmax 1000 875
=
Ns
1000
125
= 0.125
1000

Now, applying the relation,

Tf l
=
Tmax

We have:

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2
Sf l

Smax,T

Smax,T
Sf l

2
T fl =
smax,T
sf l
+
s
sf l
max,T

Tmax =

160 92.89 Nm
0.04
0.125

0.125 0.04

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T4 : Solution
Given,

f = 50 Hz,
P=4
Power input (Pin) = 4000 W
Phase current =

IL

20
A
3
2

20
Total stator i2r loss = 3 Is2 rs = 3
0.4 = 160 W
3

Power across air gap,

PG = Pin stator i2r loss

= 4000 160 = 3840 W

Synchronous speed,

ns =

120 f 120 50
=
= 1500 rpm
P
4

s =

2 1500
rad/sec
60

Internal torque developed,

PG
3840 60
Te = = 2 1500 24.45 Nm
s

T5 : Solution

P = 4,

Given,

f = 50 Hz,
Nr = 1440 rpm
(Ns) =

Synchronous speed,
Slip at rated torque,

s=

120 50
= 1500 rpm
4
1500 1440
= 0.04
1500

The linear torque-slip characteristics is given by

Te =

3 V2

s
s r2

Since, s, V and r2 is constant, Te s

When slip is 0.04, Te1 0.04
and at reduced load torque,

...(i)
1
T s1
4 e1

...(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii),

s1
1
=
0.04
4

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s1 = 0.01

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10

Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines

New motor speed,

Nnew = 1500 (1 0.01)

= 1485 rpm
8 1000 60
2 1440
= 53.05 Nm

Rated torque =

Power output at one-fourth of rated torque

=

1
Rated torque New speed
4

1
1485 2
53.05
= 2.062 kW
4
60

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Synchronous Machine

T1 : Solution
(b)
Phase voltage =
I=

6600
= 3810 V
3
1500
= 131 A
6.6 3

I as reference,

r
Drop = I z = 131(0.4 + j 6)
= 52 + j 786
The terminal voltage = 3810(0.8 + j 0.6)
= 3048 + j 2286 V

The generated voltage = 3100 + j 3072 V

= 4.36444.7 kV
with I as reference, if x kV is the load phase voltage
Terminal voltage = 0.8 x j 0.6 x kV
r
I z = 0.052 + j 0.786 kV

Generated voltage = (0.8 x + 0.052) + j (0.786 0.6 x)

From equation (i) and (ii),
(0.8 x + 0.052)2 + (0.786 0.6 x)2 = 4.3642

x 2 0.86 x 18.424 = 0
x = 4.744

line voltage = 4.744

...(i)

...(ii)

3 1000

= 8216.85 V

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Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines

12

T2 : Solution
(c)
operating region

Ia, pF

Q is absorbed
lead p.f. Q is -ve
under
excitation

lag p.f.
Q is +ve delivered
over
excitation

normal excitation

Feeds leading KVAR to the bus but absorbs the lagging kVAR.
T3 : Solution

P=

Ef Vt
V2
sin + t
2
Xd

1
1
X X sin 2
q
d

(1.1) (1.0)
(1.0)2 1
1
sin +

sin 2
0.6
2
0.3 0.6

1.1
1
sin +
sin 2
0.6
1.2

dp
= 0 for P = P max
d

0=

1.1
2
cos +
cos 2
0.6
1.2

1.1 cos + cos 2 = 0

2cos2 1 + 1.1 cos = 0

cos =

1.1 (1.1)2 + 4(2)(1)

= 0.4836
4

= 61.12
T4 : Solution
0.8 p.f. leading,
The current,

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kVA =
I=

1280
= 1600 kVA
0.8

1600
= 68.4 A
3 13.5

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The phase voltage =

13

13500
= 7794 V
3

with current as reference,

Terminal voltage = 7794(0.8 j 0.6)
= 6235 j 4676
Impedance drop = 68.4(1.5 + j 30)
= 102.6 +j 2052

Generated voltage= 6338 j 2624 = 6860 22.5

The regulation =

6860 7794
100 = 12%
7794

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Single-Phase Motor & Special

Machine and Energy Conversion
Principles

T1 : Solution
[Ans: 5.22]

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