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Detailed Explanations of
T1 : Solution
The voltage equation for RL load is
E = Ri + L
di
dt
SCR
20
0.2 H
200 V
i=
0.1 =
E
R
t
1 e L
200
1 e 100t
20
e 100t = 0.99
t = 100.5 s
T2 : Solution
(c)
The equation of the straight line
y = mx + c
m = 83.33;
C = 66.64
VT = 0.8 + 0.12 ia
the load condition is a constant current of 80 A for one half cycle.
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ia
80 A
0
T
2
1.76 V
0
T
2
t
T
0
T
2T
T
= 70.4 W
rms current rating of thyristor is,
Pav =
ITh,rms =
(80)2 T
= 56.57 A
2T
T3 : Solution
(d)
di
Vsmax
dt max = L
2 230
15 106
= 21.685 A/s
dv
di
= Rs
= 10 21.685
dt max
dt max
= 216.85 V/ sec
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T4 : Solution
(d)
KVL in the loop is,
V + L
di
=0
dt
V= L
dt =
di
dt
L
di
V
dt
V di
0.1
4 103
100
t min = 4 s
The minimum width of the gating pulse required to properly turn on the SCR is 4 s.
t min =
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Controlled and
Uncontrolled Rectifiers
T1 : Solution
(b)
Average current rating of SCR,
0 36
=
= 12 A
3
3
Average power dissipated in each SCR
= ITA VT
= 12 1.4 = 16.8 W
I TA =
T2 : Solution
(b)
Average output voltage
V0 =
2Vm
cos =
2 2 230
cos 45 = 146.42 V
V0 146.42
=
= 14.642 A
R
10
reactive power input to the converter is
I0 =
Qi =
2Vm
0 sin
2 2 230
14.642 sin 45
Qi = 2143.92 VAr
=
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T3 : Solution
VO
Vm
t
trr
trr
If reverse recovery time is taken into consideration, the diodes D1 and D2 will not be off at t = , but will
continue to conduct until
+ t rr
t=
1 rr
Vm sin t d (t )
0
Vr =
Vm
(1 cos trr )
Vr =
2Vm
2 2 230
=
= 207.07 V
Vr =
Vm
(1 cos trr )
2 230
180
6
1 cos 2 2500 40 10
= 19.77 V
19.77
100 = 9.55%
207.07
T4 : Solution
(a)
+
io
Va
Vc
ia
T1
T5
L
o
a
d
ib
Vb
T4
ic
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T3
T6
V0
T2
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vs
vb
va
vc
va
Vm
0
60
90
180
120
360
VA = Vm sint
Phase A will get maximum voltage at t = 90. At this instant
V0 = VA VB
V0 = Vm sint Vm sin(t 120)
= Vm Vm sin(30)
[ t = 90]
V0 = 1.5 Vm
T5 : Solution
(a)
The average output voltage for continuous ripple free output current is,
V0(av) =
3 3 Vm
cos
2
Vph(rms) =
Vm =
=
V0(av) =
Vline 440
=
= 254.03 V
3
3
2 Vph (rms)
2 254 = 359.21V
3 3 359.21
cos30 = 257.26 V
2
V0(av)
R
257.26
= 12.86 A
20
T6 : Solution
The half-wave diode rectifier uses a step-up transformer therefore, ac voltage applied to rectifier
= 230 460 V = Vs
Average value of load voltage
V0 =
Output dc power,
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Pdc =
Vm
2 460
= 207.04 V
Vo2 207.042
=
= 714.43 W
60
R
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It is seen from the table that TUF for 1-phase half-wave diode rectifier is 0.2865.
VA rating of transformer =
Pdc
714.43
=
= 2493.65 VA
TUF 0.2865
R=
Current through,
BY =
I0 2 R
3R
I0 R
3R
2 I0
3
I0
Ip = KIs
IR
2K/3
K/3
0
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Inverters
T1 : Solution
[Ans. : (a)]
T2 : Solution
The rms value of load current,
I 01 =
230
[22 + (8 6)2 ]
= 81.31 A
phase angle,
X XC
1 = tan1 L
= 45
for R = 2 , XL = 8 and XC = 6 , the fundamental component of load current lags the output voltage by
45,
i0
1
T1 =
3
4 (I
m
0
sin t )2 d (t )
1
3 2
4
Im
sin 2t
t
2 0
2
= 0.47675 Im
= 0.47675 2 81.317
= 54.82 A
=
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iD
iT1
0
4
D1,
D2
t
D3,
D4
T1,T2
Im
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T3 : Solution
(d)
V03 =
4 Vs
4 230
sin3(t ) =
sin3(t ) = 97.6150 sin (942.47t)
3
3
Z3 = R + j 3 L
3 C
1
= 4 + j 3 2 50 35 103
3 2 50 155 10
= 4 + j(32.986 6.8453)
=
42 + (26.1407)2
Z3 = 26.44
I0 =
97.6150
1
= 2.61 A
26.44
2
T4 : Solution
(a)
V01 =
4Vs 4 230
=
= 207.1 V
2
2
I 01 =
V01
Z1
V01
2 1/ 2
2
1
R + L
207.1
2 1/ 2
12 + (1)
207.1
2
= 146.46 A
XL XC
= tan1(1) = 45
R
The fundamental component of current i 01 as a function of time is
1
1 = tan
i 01 =
=
2 I01 sin(t 1)
2
207.1
sin(t 45) = 207.1sin(t + 45)
2
Load current i 01 and source current is and the conducting components are also indicated.
(b)
2
I 01
R
207.1
=
1 = 21.445 kW
2
Ps = Vs Is watts
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where Is = average value of the fundamental component of source current
=
(c)
2 I 01 sin(t + 45) d (t )
207.1
207.1
cos(t + 45) = [2cos45] = 93.23 A
Figure reveals that T 1 is negative for some time before T 3, T 4 are triggered. Thus circuit turn-off time can
be obtained from
or
tc =
tc =
4
1 T
= 0.125 ms = 125 s
4 2
As voltage drop in diodes D1, D2 reverse biases T1, T2 for 125 s, which is more than the thyristor turn-off
time of 100 s, no forced commutation is required.
T5 : Solution
(a)
106
= 17.684
2 50 180
17.684
Z n = 62 + 9.425 n
1/ 2
and n = tan
9.425n
17.684
n
V01 =
4 + 220
= 198.07 V
2
Distortion factor,
(b)
2
Vor2 V01
=
Voh
95.751
=
= 0.4834 or 48.34%
V01 198.07
V01 198.07
=
= 0.9
Vor
220
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V01
Z1
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12
and
I01 =
198.07
2
9.425 17.684
1 = tan1
= 54
6
I03 =
V03
4 220
1
=
= 2.849 A
Z3
2 1/ 2
3 2
17.684
2
6 + 9.425 3
and
3 = tan
I05 =
9.425 3
6
17.684
3 = 75
V05
4 220
1
=
= 0.9 A
2 1/ 2
Z5
5 2
17.684
2
6 + 9.425 5
and
= 19.403 A
5 = tan
9.425 5
6
17.684
5 = 82.16
Similarly,
I07 = 0.444 A and 7 = 84.6
Therefore, load current expression in Fourier series is
i 0(t) =
(c)
Ioh
Im2 + Im2
1
=
THD =
Distortion factor,
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Ior =
1/ 2
27.772 27.442
=
= 3.0182 A
Ioh
3.0182
=
= 0.1555 or 15.55%
I 01 19.403
Im
27.77
= 19.64 A
2
I 01 19.403
=
= 0.988
Ior
19.64
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(d)
Load power,
2
P0 = Ior
R = 19.642 6 = 2314.4 W
Po
2314.4
=
= 10.52 A
220
Vs
Expression for fundamental component of load current, i01 = 27.44 sin(t + 54). It shows that current leads
the voltage by 54.
Conduction time of each transistor = (180 54)
13
= 7.0 ms
180 2 50
1
1
7.0 103 =
7 103 = 3 ms
2f
100
I01m
sin252
126 180
= 0.46135 I 01m
2
2
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Choppers
T1 : Solution
(a)
Given chopper is a buck chopper so,
V0 = Vs
VT
I = 0 OFF
L
I = 2IL = 2 I0
This is applicable only at boundary of continuous and
discontinuous condition
I0
IL
Imax
I
Imin
t
Vs (1 )
LC =
2 0f
T2 : Solution
1 + 2 12 + 16
=
= 14 A
2
2
I0 =
V0 = I 0R = 14 10 = 140 V
V0 = Vs
TON
V
140
= 0 =
= 0.7
= T +T
Vs
200
ON
OFF
Duty cycle,
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15
T3 : Solution
Circuit turnoff time,
tc =
CVs
0
8 10 6 250
= 1 10 4 s
20
V0 = 0.8 100 = 80 V
I0 =
V0 80
=
= 10 A
R
8
At t = 0, capacitor is charged upto Vs with right plate positive. Now, TA is turned on immediately after TA is
on, capacitor voltage Vs applies a reverse voltage across Tm and Tm is turned off.
VTm = Vc Capacitor voltage
So
dVTm
dVc
= 50 V/s
=
dt
dt
dV
C c = I0
dt
(i)
V
C 50 = 10 C = 0.2 s
s
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T1 : Solution
(c)
The fundamental rms value of output voltage is
300 3
V = 165.4 V
T2 : Solution
(b)
Peak value of output voltage for a 6 pulse converter is
m
2 Vl sin =
m
Vd0 =
6
2 400 sin
6
3 Ls
I0
3 2 50 1.2 10
40
V0, max = 2 400 sin30
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525.789
= 371.788 V
2
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17
T3 : Solution
(b)
n
=
n+m
k =
Input p.f. =
Im =
8
= 0.75 lagging
8+6
230 2
= 21.68 A
15
k Im
0.57 21.68
=
= 3.93 A
T4 : Solution
(a)
Minimum braking speed is
min =
Ia ra 300 0.2
=
= 50 rad/s or 477.46 rpm
Km
1.2
T5 : Solution
At t = 0, steady state exists and therefore, generated torque = load torque
Te = TL
In general, the dynamic equation for the motor load combination is
generated torque = inertia torque + friction torque + load torque
Te = J
d m
+ D m + TL
dt
Te = J
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t=
m
+A
6000
...(i)
...(ii)
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m0 =
0=
1
100
+ A or A =
360
6000
6
t=
6000 360
m =
Final speed,
2 1000 200
=
rad/sec
60
6
200
=
sec = 0.0873 sec
6000 6 360 360
Time taken for the speed to reach 1000 rpm = 0.0873 sec.
t=
T6 : Solution
under rated operating conditions of the separately excited dc motor,
Vt = E a + ara = km m + Ia ra
220 = km
motor constant,
km =
2 1500
+ 10 1 = 50 km + 10
60
220 10
= 1.337 V-s/rad
50
Ia =
2 Vm
cos = km m + Ia ra
2 2 230
T6 : Solution
[Ans. : (a)]
T6 : Solution
[Ans. : (c)]
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