Lab 8: Inverters

Observations/Results:

Input A
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On-Off)

Off
On

Discussion:
1. Suggest why a 7404 integrated circuit has been designed.
A 7404 integrated circuit was designed to invert the outputs. So if the input is high (1) it
would usually be on, however, with this integrated circuit the output is off. This
integrated circuit may have been designed to so that if the user wanted the opposite state
of the logic, than this chip would reverse the state of the logic. So, if the circuit displayed
a low input but a load required a high input, a inverter would make the input high as
required by the load.
2. What output would occur if 2 inverters are used in series.
If 2 inverters were used in series then it would just invert twice and the circuit would
remain the same with high (1) as on and low (0) as off. For example, if the input was at
high, it would reverse to low, but once it reaches the second integrated circuit it would
reverse again to high, which means the results will remain the same as the original
circuit.

Conclusion: Therefore, if a inverter is placed into a circuit, then the output will be displayed as
reverse.
Lab 9: (NAND gates)
Observations/Results:

Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or Off)

Off
On
On
On

Discussion:
1. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 5 volts (LED on)
In order to obtain an output at 5 volts (LED on), one of the inputs must be connected to
low or logic (0)
2. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 0 volts (LED off)
In order to obtain an output at 0 volts (LED off) both inputs must be connected to high
or logic 1.
3. What does the N stand for in the work NAND
The N in NAND stands for negative. Meaning that this gate acts as a AND gate except
negative or opposite of the gate.
4. What is the relationship between AND and NAND gates.
The relationship between AND gates and NAND gates are that NAND act like the
opposite of AND gates. In AND gates both inputs must be at logic 1 in order for the LED
to be on. However, with a NAND gate it is the opposite, so if input A and B are at logic 1
than the LED will be off. Unlike the AND gate where if one input is at logic 0 then the

LED will not light up, with a NAND gate, as long as one input is at 0 the LED will turn
on.
Conclusion: Therefore, one of the 2 inputs must be connected to logic 0 or low in order
for the LED to turn on.

Lab 10: NOR Gates

Observations/ Results:

Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or Off)

Off
Off
Off
On

Discussion:
1. Describe the Input states required to obtain an output at 5 volts (LED - ON)
Both inputs must be at logic 0 or low in order for the output to be at 5 volts.
2. Describe the input states required to obtain an output at 0 volts (LED OFF)
If one of the inputs are at logic 1 or high then the output will be 0 volts.
3. What does the N stand for in the word NOR
The N in NOR stands for negative. That means that this integrated circuit is a negative
OR gate.
4. What is the relationship between OR and NOR gates
NOR gates are negative OR gates meaning, the way they work is the opposite of how a
OR gate works. With OR gates, either input A or B can be at high for the LED to light up.
This gate is the negative version of that, which means if either input A or B is at high than
the LED will not light up.
Conclusion: Therefore, a NOR gate acts as a negative OR gate or inverted OR gate, meaning if
both inputs must be at logic 0 in order to obtain an output of 5 volts.

Lab 11: Exclusive OR gates

Observations/Results:

Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

Input B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or Off)

Off
On
On
Off

1. Describe the input stages required to obtain an output at 5 volts (LED on)
In order to obtain an output at 5 volts (LED on) the inputs must be high and low. The
gate used in this lab is an Exclusive OR gate (XOR) meaning in order for the output to be
5 volts the inputs must exclusively be high and low not high and high or low and low.
With an OR gate, even if the input is high and high the LED would still light up.
However, this gates input must be exclusively high or low.
2. Describe the input stages required to obtain an output at 0 volts (LED off)
In order to obtain an output at 0 volts (LED off) the inputs must be high and high or
low and low. This is because an Exclusive OR gate (XOR) is used.
Conclusion: Therefore, the inputs must exclusively be high and low, not high and high or
low and low in order for the output to be at 5 volts.

Experiment 16: Digital Clock Circuit

Observations/Results:

Example of circuit used to conduct experiment 16. 47K Resistor is displayed in the circuit.
The formula F=1.45/(R1+2R2)C was used to calculate the frequency of the cycles in Hertz.
R2
Frequency (Hertz)
47k ohm
15.157894736842104

100k ohm
470k ohm
680k ohm
1M ohm
Other (330k ohm)

7.164179104477612
1.5302869287991498
1.0580455547391622
1.386693
2.178517397881997

Discussion:

The Relationship Between Amount of Flashes Per Second and Resistance

1200000

1000000

1000000

800000
680000

600000
Resistance of Second Resistor
470000

400000

330000

200000
100000
47000

10
0 20

Frequency (Hertz)

1) Describe the curve obtained through the points.

The curve remained constant as it displayed a negative trend. The curve displayed an
inverse relationship in which as the x axis increases the y axis decreases. This displays
that as the frequency increased the resistance decreased.
2) What common applications for this circuit can you think of?
Any applications that require a flashing LED may use this circuit for example, emergency
vehicles which have flashing lights to help indicate theyre coming.
3) What change in results would occur if a different value is used for the capacitor?

If there was a different value used for the capacitor the frequency of the cycles would
change. For example if the value increased then the frequency would decrease, whereas if
the value decreased then the frequency would increase. This is because the capacitor
Conclusion: Therefore, as the resistance decreases in a circuit the frequency will increase.

Experiment 18: A Binary to Decimal Decoder

Observations/Results:

Inputs
D C
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1

B
0
0
1
1
0
0

A
0
1
0
1
0
1

Decimal Equivalent

LED Display (Segments On)

0
1
2
3
4
5

0 or A,B,C,D,E,F
1 or BC
2 or A,B,D,E,G
3 or A,B,C,D,G
4 or B,C,F,G
5 or A,C,D,F,G

0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

6 or C,D,E,F,G
7 or A,B,C
8 or A,B,C,D,E,F,G,
9 or A,B,C,F,G
D,E,G
C,D,G
B,F,G
A,F,G,D
D,E,F,G

1. How many different ways can 4 inputs be set?

There are 16 different ways for inputs to be set.
2. Compare the decimal values to the table with the LED display.
The LED display exhibits the decimal equivalent of the Binary code or input up until 9 or
1001. After 9 the LED display no longer shows numbers instead showing letters or other
things.
3. Which binary inputs do not give a decimal value on the LED display?
Once the decimal equivalent was greater than a one digit number than the display no
longer shows the decimal value. For example, 1010 (10), 1011 (11), 1100 (12), 1101 (13),
1110 (14), and 1111 (15) do not display a decimal value on the LED display.
4. What common household appliance would use a device similar to this binary to decimal
decoder chip?
A microwave, oven, or digital clock with a time display that may use a seven-segment
display would use this decoder chip to convert binary to decimal to tell us the time.
Conclusion: Therefore, the 7447 chip helps convert binary numbers based off inputs of high
and low into their decimal equivalents from 1-9 and other outputs on a seven-segment.
display