1/14/2017

Category:ControlOpenElectrical

Category:Control
FromOpenElectrical

Contents
1ControlSystemsdefinition
1.1Openandclosedloopcontrol
1.2Applicationsforfeedbacksystems
2TypesoftheControlSystems

ControlSystemsdefinition
AccordingtotheMcGrawHillEncyclopediaofScienceandTechnology(5thedition),definitionofthecontrol
systemisasfollows:
Interconnectionsofcomponentsformingsystemconfigurationswhichwillprovideadesiredsystemresponseas
timeprogresses.
Asacolourfulexampleisgiventhesteeringofanautomobile.Thedriverobservesthepositionofthecarrelative
tothedesiredlocationandmakescorrectionsbyturningthesteeringwheel.Thecarrespondsbychanging
direction,andthedriverattemptstodecreasetheerrorbetweenthedesiredandactualcourseoftravel.Inthiscase,
thecontrolledoutputistheautomobile'sdirectionoftravel,andthecontrolsystemincludesthedriver,the
automobile,andtheroadsurface.Thecontrolengineerattemptstodesignasteeringcontrolmechanismwhichwill
provideadesiredresponsefortheautomobile'sdirectioncontrol.Differentsteeringdesignsandautomobile
designsresultinrapidresponses,asinthecaseofsportscars,orrelativelyslowandcomfortableresponses,asin
thecaseoflargeautoswithpowersteering.
Openandclosedloopcontrol
Thebasisforanalysisofacontrolsystemisthe
foundationprovidedbylinearsystemtheory,which
assumesacauseeffectrelationshipforthecomponents
ofasystem.Acomponentorprocesstobecontrolled
canberepresentedbyablock.Eachblockpossessesan
Figure1:Openloopcontrolsystem
input(cause)andoutput(effect).Theinputoutput
relationrepresentsthecauseandeffectrelationshipof
theprocess,whichinturnrepresentsaprocessingoftheinputsignaltoprovideanoutputsignalvariable,often
withpoweramplification.Anopenloopcontrolsystemutilizesacontrollerorcontrolactuatorinordertoobtain
thedesiredresponse(Figure1).
Incontrasttoanopenloopcontrolsystem,aclosedloopcontrolsystemutilizesanadditionalmeasureofthe
actualoutputinordertocomparetheactualoutputwiththedesiredoutputresponse(Figure2).Astandard
definitionofafeedbackcontrolsystemisacontrolsystemwhichtendstomaintainaprescribedrelationshipofone
systemvariabletoanotherbycomparingfunctionsofthesevariablesandusingthedifferenceasameansof
control.Inthecaseofthedriversteeringanautomobile,thedriveruseshisorhersighttovisuallymeasureand
http://www.openelectrical.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Control

1/3

1/14/2017

Category:ControlOpenElectrical

comparetheactuallocationofthecarwiththedesired
location.Thedriverthenservesasthecontroller,
turningthesteeringwheel.Theprocessrepresentsthe
dynamicsofthesteeringmechanismandthe
automobileresponse.
Afeedbackcontrolsystemoftenusesafunctionofa
prescribedrelationshipbetweentheoutputand
referenceinputtocontroltheprocess.Often,the
differencebetweentheoutputoftheprocessunder
controlandthereferenceinputisamplifiedandusedto
controltheprocesssothatthedifferenceiscontinually
reduced.Thefeedbackconcepthasbeenthefoundation
forcontrolsystemanalysisanddesign.

Figure2:Closedloopcontrolsystem

Applicationsforfeedbacksystems
Familiarcontrolsystemshavethebasicclosedloopconfiguration.Forexample,arefrigeratorhasatemperature
settingfordesiredtemperature,athermostattomeasuretheactualtemperatureandtheerror,andacompressor
motorforpoweramplification.Otherexamplesinthehomearetheoven,furnace,andwaterheater.Inindustry,
therearecontrolsforspeed,processtemperatureandpressure,position,thickness,composition,andquality,
amongmanyothers.Feedbackcontrolconceptshavealsobeenappliedtomasstransportation,electricpower
systems,automaticwarehousingandinventorycontrol,automaticcontrolofagriculturalsystems,biomedical
experimentationandbiologicalcontrolsystems,andsocial,economic,andpoliticalsystems.

TypesoftheControlSystems
Generally,allcontrolsystemsare"computer"basedsystems,buttohavemoresuptilefeelingaboutthosesystems
wecandividethemintofollowoinggroups:
PLC(ProgrammableLogicController)
ACDrives
DCDrives
SCADA(SupervisoryControlAndDataAcquisition)
RTU(RemoteTerminalUnit)
HMI(HumanComputerInterface)

Pagesincategory"Control"
Thefollowing3pagesareinthiscategory,outof3total.

A
AutomaticMeterReading

D
DroopControl

P
http://www.openelectrical.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Control

2/3

1/14/2017

Category:ControlOpenElectrical

PLC
Retrievedfrom"http://www.openelectrical.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Control"
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon7July2012,at17:11.

http://www.openelectrical.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Control

3/3