Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
INTRODUCTION
IT is estimated that total global power generation in
2030 will be about 1.7 times that in 2007, and it is
also predicted that the use of coal-fired thermal power
generation will continue to grow as it remains a key
source of electric power(1). Because the price of coal
is stable and cheap, with large minable reserves, and
because it is not geographically concentrated, with
coal mines located in politically stable regions, it is
seen as remaining an important primary energy source
for some time to come.
However, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
emitted per unit of energy produced from coal is high
compared to other fossil fuels, such as natural gas
or oil. This has created an expectation for clean coal
technologies. There is also a trend toward introducing
regulations on the per-unit emissions of CO2 from
thermal power plants, and this creates a potential for
requirements that are difficult to achieve in practice,
such as higher efficiency and the use of biomass in
multi-fuel combustion.
Hitachi aims to expand its environmentally
conscious coal-fired thermal power generation
business to reduce CO2 emissions, and it is accelerating
the development of clean coal technologies.
Steam
turbine
Air
Flue
Air separation Oxygen
equipment
Coal
Gasifier
Gas
turbine
Generator
Heat recovery
steam generator
H2
CO2, H2
CO shift reaction: Inject steam
into CO to convert to CO2 and H2
CO2 separation and capture:
CO shift
CO separation
Separate and capture CO2
reaction vessel and2capture
Transport
and store
CO2.
Lower
oxygen
Superficial
velocity
Lower burner
Coal
Oxygen
Throat
Upper burner
Coal
Oxygen
Ash flow
point
Highly efficient
gasification using small
amounts of oxygen
Minimize
slag
scattering.
Higher
oxygen
1,100C 1,600C
Appropriate
oxygen
distribution
for coal type
Two-stage spiral-flow
characteristics
Slag
Fiscal year
EAGLE Step 1
System verification
Verification of
scaling up of gasifier
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
40
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
EAGLE Step 2
Expand range of
usable coal types.
Verify reliability.
CO2 capture
(chemical absorption)
EAGLE Step 3
CO2 capture
(physical absorption)
Fiscal year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
41
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Development of
revolutionary
technology for
coal gasification
with CO2 capture
Optimization
Environmental
assessment
Oxygenblown IGCC
CO2
separation
and capture
IGCC/IGFC
with integrated
CO2 capture
Conceptual design
of applicable
technology assessment
Conceptual design of
technical investigation
Experimental
testing
Design, fabrication,
and installation
Trial
operation
Design, fabrication,
and installation
Experimental
testing
ACC
(LNG-fired
combined cycle
power generation)
170-MW class
1,300C-class GT
(Net 40.5% HHV)
(Osaki CoolGen)
IGCC
42
+ CO2 separation
and capture
(Net 32% HHV)
GT temperature
increase (Step 1)
GT temperature
increase (Step 2)
GT temperature
increase (Step 3)
Technology transfer
Technology transfer
Technology transfer
200-MW class
GT temperature
increase (Step 1)
(Net 43% HHV)
370-MW class
GT temperature
increase (Step 2)
(Net 46% HHV)
600-MW class
GT temperature
increase (Step 3)
(Net 48% HHV)
+ CO2 separation
and capture
(Net 35% HHV)
+ CO2 separation
and capture
(Net 40% HHV)
+ CO2 separation
and capture
(Net 42% HHV)
Use of AHAT
in IGCC
ACC: advanced combined cycle LNG: liquefied natural gas GT: gas turbine HHV: higher heating value
AHAT: advanced humid air turbine
43
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Conventional
coal-fired
thermal power
generation
LNG-fired Photovoltaic
combined
power
cycle power generation
generation
IGCC
IGCC + CCS
30% CO2 90% CO2
capture
capture
Dust removal
CO2
Water
Coal, O2
Gasifier
Water
scrubber
CO shift
reactor
CO2
circulation
gasification
CO2
capture
unit
CO2
CO2 compression,
transportation, and storage
H2
H2
Gas turbine
Direct quenching
gasifier
Water scrubber
humidification
Dehalogenation
Advanced sour
shift catalyst
Cluster
burner
Steam turbine
N2 transport
Syngas
(CO, H2)
Upper burner
Coal
Oxygen
Transport gas
Lower burner
Coal
Oxygen
Transport gas
Slag
N2: gaseous nitrogen
= 1.00 CO + 0.05 N2
C + 0.5 O2+0.05 N2
CO2
(1)
= 1.05 CO
(2)
= 2 CO Temperature drop
(3)
CO2 transport
N2 transport
CO2 transport
N2 transport
High
Oxygen distribution
44
1,100C
1,600C
Temperature distribution
Syngas
Water spray
Water
Drain
Water scrubbing
Water
Coal
Water discharge
SGC removed
SGC: syngas cooler
100
CO conversion ratio (%)
Knockout
drum
80
60
Advanced
sour shift catalyst
40
Previous catalyst
H2O/CO=1.8
Pressure: 0.1 MPa
20
0
200
300
400
Temperature (C)
Filter
Cyclone
45
500
Approximately
30% reduction
Previous
catalyst
Advanced sour
shift catalyst
H2O: water
46
Flame
Air hole
Coaxial jet
trajectory
REFERENCES
(1) U.S. Energy Information Administration, International
Energy Outlook 2010
(2) S. Koyama et al., Entrained Bed Coal Gasification
Technology, Hitachi Hyoron 66, pp. 113118 (Feb. 1984)
in Japanese.
(3) A. Morihara et al., Particle Residence Time in a Swirling
Flow, Entrained Bed Gasifier, Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu
12, pp. 427432 (1986) in Japanese.
(4) H. Miyadera et al., Development of HYCOL Coal
Gasification Technology, Journal of the Japan Institute of
Energy 74, pp. 691698 (1995) in Japanese.
(5) F. Kiso et al., EAGLE Project for IGFC in JAPAN, 25th
International Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems,
pp. 297305 (Aug. 2000).
(6) O. Ito et al., CO2 Reduction Technology for Thermal Power
Plant Systems, Hitachi Review 57, pp. 166173 (Sep. 2008).
(7) H. Goto, Callide PJ, Future Plans for Osaki CoolGen,
Proceedings of CCT Workshop 2012 (Jun. 2012) in Japanese.
(8) N. Nagasaki et al., Progress toward Commercializing New
Technologies for Coal Use Oxygen-blown IGCC+CCS,
Hitachi Review 59, pp. 7782 (Aug. 2010).
47
Keisuke Sasaki
Tomoko Suzuki
Satoshi Dodo
Fumihiko Nagaremori
Joined Babcock-Hitachi K.K. in 1983, and now
works at the Coal Gasification System Center, Plant
Engineering Division, Kure Division, Babcock-Hitachi
K.K. He is currently engaged in gasifier development
and coordination of a IGCC system.