AEROSPACE FLIGHT DYNAMICS

FORMULAS FOR THE EXAM

Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Aerospace Engineering
Control and Simulation Division

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS FORMULA SHEET

We would like te re-use it for the next exam

2
Neutral point, stick free
Cmf ree
xc.g. xnf ree
=
c
CN

Neutral point, stick fixed

xc.g. xnf ix
Cm
=
c
CN

Relative position of the two neutral points

CNh Ch
xnf ree xnf ix
=
c
CN Ch


  2


d
Vh
Sh lh
Cm Ch
d
1
=
1
d
V
S
c
CN Ch
d

Cmq stick free

Cmqf ree = Cmq Cme

Ch lh
Ch c

Elevator trim curve

e =

1
Cme

Cm 0

xc.g. xnf ixed

W
+ 1 2
c
2 V S

Elevator control force

de
Fe =
Se ce
dse

Vh
V

2 

W Ch xc.g. xnf ree
1
V 2 Cht te te0
S Cm
c
2

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The stick displacement per g (Neglecting CZq s contribution)
Pull-up manoeuvre:
de
1
=
dn
Cm

W
1
2
2 V S

Cmq
Cm
+
CN
2c

Horizontal turns:
de
1
=
dn
Cm

W
1
2
2 V S

Cmq
Cm
+
CN
2c



1
1+ 2
n

The stick force per g

Pull-up manoeuvre:
de W
dFe
=
dn
dse S

Vh
V

2

Ch
Se ce
Cm

Cmf ree
CN

Cmqf ree

2c

Horizontal turns:
dFe
de W
=
dn
dse S

Vh
V

2

Ch
Se ce
Cm

Cmf ree
CN

)
Cmqf ree 
1
+
1+ 2
2c
n

4
Kinematic relations:
sin
cos

q cos

+r

cos
cos

r sin

= p +q sin tan +r cos tan

Dimensional force and moment equations:

W sin + X = m (u + qw rv)
W cos sin + Y

= m (v + ru pw)

W cos cos + Z = m (w + pv qu)

L = IX p + (IZ IY ) qr JXZ (r + pq)
M

= IY q + (IX IZ ) rp + JXZ p2 r2

= IZ r + (IY IX ) pq JXZ (p rq)

5
Linearized symmetric equations of motion (Non-dimensional) + symmetric kinematic relations (stability reference frame):

CXu 2c Dc

CX

CZ + (CZ 2c ) Dc CX0

CZu

CZ 0

0
2c + CZq

Dc

Cmu

Cm + Cm Dc

Cmq 2c KY2 Dc

CXe

CZe

q
c
V

Cme

Linearized asymmetric equations of motion (Non-dimensional) + asymmetric

kinematic relations (stability reference frame):



CY + CY 2b Db

CL

C Yp

21 Db

Cl

2D
Clp 4b KX
b

Cn + Cn Db

Cnp + 4b KXZ Db

CYa

CYr

Cla

a +

Clr

Cna

Cnr

CYr 4b

pb

Clr + 4b KXZ Db
2V

rb
Cnr 4b KZ2 Db
2V

6
Consider the eigenvalue c as in Dc x = c x.

For the following parameters, it holds,

Time to damp to half amplitude T 1
2


 1
x t + T 1 = x(t)
2
2

c Vc

or,


t+T 1

1 c V t
e c
2

It follows,

T1 =
2

ln 12 c
0, 693 c
=

c V
c
V

Time constant

1
x(t + ) = x(t)
e
V

ec c (t+ ) =

or,

1 c V t
e c
e

It follows,

V
= 1
c

1 c
c V

The damped angular frequency n [Rad/sec], the undamped

angular frequency 0 [Rad/sec] and the damping ratio ,
n = 0

p
1 2