4/11/2016

EmissionStandards:Europe:HeavyDutyTruckandBusEngines

DieselNet:EmissionStandardsEuropeanUnion

HeavyDutyTruckandBusEngines

RegulatoryFramework
EmissionStandards

RegulatoryFramework
EuropeanemissionregulationsfornewheavydutydieselenginesarecommonlyreferredtoasEuroI...VI.
SometimesArabicnumeralsarealsoused(Euro1...6).WewilluseRomannumeralswhenreferencing
standardsforheavydutyengines,andreserveArabicnumeralsforlightdutyvehiclestandards.
Theemissionstandardsapplytoallmotorvehicleswithatechnicallypermissiblemaximumladenmassover
3,500kg,equippedwithcompressionignitionenginesorpositiveignitionnaturalgas(NG)orLPGengines.
TheregulationswereoriginallyintroducedbytheDirective88/77/EEC,followedbyanumberofamendments.
In2005,theregulationswererecastandconsolidatedbytheDirective05/55/EC.BeginningwiththeEuroVI
stage,thelegislationbecamesimplified,asdirectiveswhichneedtobetransposedintoallofthenational
legislationswerereplacedbyregulationswhicharedirectlyapplicable.Thefollowingaresomeofthemost
importantrulemakingstepsintheheavydutyengineregulations:
EuroIstandardswereintroducedin1992,followedbytheintroductionofEuroIIregulationsin1996.
Thesestandardsappliedtobothtruckenginesandurbanbuses,theurbanbusstandards,however,
werevoluntary.
In1999,theEUadoptedDirective1999/96/EC,whichintroducedEuroIIIstandards(2000),aswellas
EuroIV/Vstandards(2005/2008).Thisrulealsosetvoluntary,stricteremissionlimitsforextralow
emissionvehicles,knownasenhancedenvironmentallyfriendlyvehiclesorEEVs.
In2001,theEuropeanCommissionadoptedDirective2001/27/ECwhichprohibitstheuseofemission
defeatdevicesandirrationalemissioncontrolstrategies,whichwouldbereducingtheefficiencyof
emissioncontrolsystemswhenvehiclesoperateundernormaldrivingconditionstolevelsbelowthose
determinedduringtheemissiontestingprocedure.
Directive2005/55/ECadoptedin2005introduceddurabilityandonboarddiagnostic(OBD)
requirements,aswellasrestatedtheemissionlimitsforEuroIVandEuroVwhichwereoriginally
publishedin1999/96/EC.Inasplitlevelregulatoryapproach,thetechnicalrequirementspertainingto
durabilityandOBDincludingprovisionsforemissionsystemsthatuseconsumablereagentshave
beendescribedbytheCommissioninDirective2005/78/EC.
EuroVIemissionstandardswereintroducedbyRegulation595/2009,withtechnicaldetailsspecifiedin
thecomitologyRegulation582/2011.Thenewemissionlimits,comparableinstringencytotheUS2010
standards,becomeeffectivefrom2013/2014.TheEuroVIstandardsalsointroducedparticlenumber
(PN)emissionlimits,stricterOBDrequirementsandanumberofnewtestingrequirementsincluding
offcycleandinusetesting.

EmissionStandards
Thefollowingtablescontainasummaryoftheemissionstandardsandtheirimplementationdates.Datesinthe
tablesrefertonewtypeapprovalsthedatesforallvehiclesareinmostcasesoneyearlater.
Therearetwosetsofemissionstandards,withdifferenttypeoftestingrequirements:
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SteadyStateTesting:Table1listsemissionstandardsapplicabletodiesel(compressionignition,CI)
enginesonly,withsteadystateemissiontestingrequirements.
TransientTesting:Table2liststandardsapplicabletobothdieselandgas(positiveignition,PI)engines,
withtransienttestingrequirements.

Table1
EUEmissionStandardsforHeavyDutyDieselEngines:SteadyStateTesting
Stage
EuroI

Date
1992,85kW

EuroII
EuroIII

Test

HC

NOx

PM

g/kWh

PN

Smoke

1/kWh

1/m

4.5

1.1

8.0

0.612

1992,>85kW

4.5

1.1

8.0

0.36

1996.10

4.0

1.1

7.0

0.25

1998.10

4.0

1.1

7.0

0.15

1.5

0.25

2.0

0.02

0.15
0.8

1999.10EEVonly

ECER49

CO

ESC&ELR

2000.10

2.1

0.66

5.0

0.10a

EuroIV

2005.10

1.5

0.46

3.5

0.02

0.5

EuroV

2008.10

1.5

0.46

2.0

0.02

0.5

EuroVI

2013.01

1.5

0.13

0.40

0.01

WHSC

8.01011

aPM=0.13g/kWhforengines<0.75dm3sweptvolumepercylinderandaratedpowerspeed>3000min1

Table2
EUEmissionStandardsforHeavyDutyDieselandGasEngines:TransientTesting
Stage
EuroIII

Date

NMHC

CH4 a

NOx

PMb

g/kWh
0.65

2.0

0.02

2000.10

5.45

0.78

1.6

5.0

0.16c

EuroIV

2005.10

4.0

0.55

1.1

3.5

0.03

EuroV

2008.10

4.0

0.55

1.1

2.0

0.03

4.0

0.16d

0.5

0.46

0.01

WHTC

PNe
1/kWh

0.40

2013.01

ETC

CO
3.0

EuroVI

1999.10EEVonly

Test

6.01011

aforgasenginesonly(EuroIIIV:NGonlyEuroVI:NG+LPG)
bnotapplicableforgasfueledenginesattheEuroIIIIVstages
cPM=0.21g/kWhforengines<0.75dm3sweptvolumepercylinderandaratedpowerspeed>3000min1
dTHCfordieselengines
efordieselenginesPNlimitforpositiveignitionenginesTBD

AdditionalprovisionsoftheEuroVIregulationinclude:
Anammonia(NH3)concentrationlimitof10ppmappliestodiesel(WHSC+WHTC)andgas(WHTC)
engines.
AmaximumlimitfortheNO2componentofNOxemissionsmaybedefinedatalaterstage.
SomeEuroVIprovisions,includingOBDandcertaintestingrequirementsarephasedinby2016/2017(new
types/allvehicles).
TestCycles.Theregulatoryemissiontestcycleshavebeenchangedseveraltimes,asindicatedinTable1
andTable2.SincetheEuroIIIstage(2000),theearliersteadystateenginetestECER49hasbeenreplaced
bytwocycles:theEuropeanStationaryCycle(ESC)andtheEuropeanTransientCycle(ETC).Smokeopacity
wasmeasuredovertheEuropeanLoadResponse(ELR)test.Thefollowingtestingrequirementsapplied:
EuroIII:(1)ESC/ELRtestforconventionaldieselengines,(2)ESC/ELR+ETCtestingfordiesel
engineswithadvancedaftertreatment(NOxaftertreatmentorDPFs)andforEEVs,and(3)ETCtest
forpositiveignition(NG,LPG)engines.
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EuroIVV:(1)ESC/ELR+ETCtestingfordieselengines,and(2)ETCtestforpositiveignitionengines.
SincetheEuroVIstage,dieselenginesaretestedovertheWHSC+WHTCtests,whilepositiveignition
enginesaretestedovertheWHTConly.
OffCycleTesting.EuroVIregulationintroducedoffcycleemissions(OCE)testingrequirements.OCE
measurements,performedduringthetypeapprovaltesting,followtheNTE(nottoexceed)limitapproach.A
controlareaisdefinedontheenginemap(therearetwodefinitions,oneforengineswitharatedspeed<3000
rpm,andanotherforengineswitharatedspeed3000rpm).Thecontrolareaisdividedintoagrid.Thetesting
involvesrandomselectionofthreegridcellsandemissionmeasurementat5pointspercell.
InServiceConformityTesting.EuroVIregulationalsointroducedinusetestingrequirementsthatinvolve
fieldmeasurementsusingPEMS.Thetestingisconductedoveramixofurban(050km/h),rural(5075km/h)
andmotorway(>75km/h)conditions,withexactpercentagesoftheseconditionsdependingonvehicle
category.Firstinusetestshouldbeconductedatthetimeoftypeapprovaltesting.
EmissionDurability.Effective2005.10/2006.10,manufacturersshoulddemonstratethatenginescomplywith
theemissionlimitvaluesforusefullifeperiodswhichdependonthevehiclecategory,asshowninthefollowing
table.
Table3
EmissionDurabilityPeriods
Period*

VehicleCategory

EuroIVV

EuroVI

N1andM2

100000km/5years

160000km/5years

N2
N316ton
M3ClassI,ClassII,ClassA,andClassB7.5ton

200000km/6years

300000km/6years

N3>16ton
M3ClassIII,andClassB>7.5ton

500000km/7years

700000km/7years

Massdesignations(inmetrictons)aremaximumtechnicallypermissiblemass
*kmoryearperiod,whicheveristhesooner

Effective2005.10/2006.10,typeapprovalsalsorequireconfirmationofthecorrectoperationoftheemission
controldevicesduringthenormallifeofthevehicleundernormalconditionsofuse(conformityofinservice
vehiclesproperlymaintainedandused).
EarlyIntroductionofCleanEngines.EUMemberStatesareallowedtousetaxincentivesinordertospeed
upthemarketingofvehiclesmeetingnewstandardsaheadoftheregulatorydeadlines.Suchincentiveshave
tocomplywiththefollowingconditions:
theyapplytoallnewvehiclesofferedforsaleonthemarketofaMemberStatewhichcomplyinadvance
withthemandatorylimitvaluessetoutbytheDirective,
theyceasewhenthenewlimitvaluescomeintoeffect
foreachtypeofvehicletheydonotexceedtheadditionalcostofthetechnicalsolutionsintroducedto
ensurecompliancewiththelimitvalues.
EuroVItypeapprovals,ifrequested,musthavebeengrantedfrom7August2009,andincentivescouldbe
givenfromthesamedate.EuroVIincentivescanalsobegivenforscrappingexistingvehiclesorretrofitting
themwithemissioncontrolsinordertomeetEuroVIlimits.
Earlyintroductionofcleanerenginescanbealsostimulatedbysuchfinancialinstrumentsaspreferentialroad
tollrates.InGermany,roadtolldiscountswereintroducedin2005whichstimulatedearlylaunchofEuroV
trucks.

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DefeatStrategies.ForEuroIVandVheavydutyengines,anauxiliaryemissioncontrolstrategy(AECS)is
definedas
anemissioncontrolstrategythatbecomesactiveorthatmodifiesthebaseemissioncontrolstrategy
foraspecificpurposeorpurposesandinresponsetoaspecificsetofambientand/oroperating
conditions,e.g.vehiclespeed,enginespeed,gearused,intaketemperature,orintakepressure
Alsoabaseemissioncontrolstrategy(BECS)isdefinedas
anemissioncontrolstrategythatisactivethroughoutthespeedandloadoperatingrangeofthe
engineunlessanAECSisactivated.
AnAECScanbeactivatedtoprotecttheengineorvehiclefromdamage,operationalsafety,toprevent
excessiveemissionsandtotradeoffthecontrolofoneregulatedpollutantforanother.AnAECSshouldnotbe
usedunderthefollowingconditionsunlessthereisacriticalneedtodoso:
altitudebelow1,000meters(orequivalentatmosphericpressureof90kPa)and
anambienttemperaturebetween2Cto30Cand
enginecoolanttemperaturebetween70Cto100C.
Adefeatstrategyisdefinedas:
anAECSthatreducestheeffectivenessoftheemissioncontrolrelativetotheBECSunder
conditionsthatmayreasonablybeexpectedtobeencounteredinnormalvehicleoperationanduse,
aBECSthatdiscriminatesbetweenoperationonastandardizedtypeapprovaltestandother
operationsandprovidesalesserlevelofemissioncontrolunderconditionsnotsubstantiallyincluded
intheapplicabletypeapprovaltestprocedures,or
anOBDoranemissioncontrolmonitoringstrategythatdiscriminatesbetweenoperationona
standardizedtypeapprovaltestandotheroperationsandprovidesalowerlevelofmonitoring
capability(timelyandaccurately)underconditionsnotsubstantiallyincludedintheapplicabletype
approvaltestprocedures
Notethatthetermemissioncontrolsystemisnotusedinthedefinitionofdefeatdeviceasisthecaseforlight
dutyvehicles.
FulldocumentationofAECSandBECSdetailsarerequiredtobesubmitteduponapplicationforcertification.
ForEuroVIheavydutyengines,thetermsAuxiliaryEmissionStrategy(AES)andBaseEmissionStrategy
(BES)areadoptedwithsimilardefinitionstoAECSandBECS.Thedefinitionfordefeatstrategywaschanged
to:
anemissionstrategythatdoesnotmeettheperformancerequirementsforabaseand/orauxiliary
emissionstrategy.
ThereasonsforusingaAESremainedsimilartothoseforEuroIVandVvehicles.However,theenvelopeof
conditionsunderwhichanAESshouldnotbeusedarenotclearlyspelledout.Rather,thevehicleisrequired
tomeetOCEandinusePEMStestingrequirements.FulldocumentationofAESandBESdetailsarerequired
tobesubmitteduponapplicationforcertification.

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