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f
i
UNIT 13
a)
o,N,
, ,: -L*
ti
,!l'*d
\]LJ:
'He has lost hrs ker'^ mcans that hc lost it a short time
rgo .rnJ hc srill t,.1.1"1 qor it.
(:'
*:::ri;::lii'
I (etc.) haven't
ht:/she hasn't
\,nr,
I
have
has
r""
r f,lr
-"nYl
il]:|.'j..' Iro,,r
'[,']li
b)
*-11:
:W
- .:
'i:
: ll lll
happening:
C) \7e often use the present perfect to give new information or to :lnnotlnce a recent
Ite lost my key' Can you help me look ior iti
-:
-fr
.M
d)
ta 1+ t
--..
i3.5
UNIT T4
UNIT
1.
i4.1 l'
:o
q.
-:
1?";
a)
::;-
Nora:
Dave
Nora:
present
l
I
When we talk about a period o{ time that contir.rLres up ro rhe present, we use the present
perfect. Nora and Dave are talking about the places Nora hai visited in her life (which is
a period continuing up to the present).
'.)
.,?
perfect with This is the first time ..., It's the first time ... etc.
Ron is driving a car. He is very nervous and unsure because it's his first time
behind the wheel of a car. You can say:
This is the first time he has driven a car. (not 'drires')
ctr: He has never driven a car before.
Here are some more examples:
- Tom has lost his passport again. It's the second time he has lost it.
- Is this the first time you've been in hospital?
c)
Use the present perfect to say that you have never done something or rhat you haven't done
something during a period of time which continues up to rhe presenr:
haven't smoked for three years. (not 'I don't smoke for ...')
haven't smoked since September. (not'I don 't smoke since ...')
Jill hasn't written to me for nearly a month.
- Jill has never driven a car.
For the difference berween for and since see Unit 19b.
: \rf
t{
14.4
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t-,
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--
11"
2B
UNIT 15
_Ntr
-51
a)
t
i
George?
to me recentlr'.
'W'e use
the present perfect when we
talk about .r
period of time that continues up to the present. Ton.r
and Ann are talking about the period benveen a
past
short time :rgo and now. So they say 'have you
heard'and 'he hasn't written'.
_:qeENrlY
'-32
."
_.,
b)
c)
We often use the present perfect with yet (see also Unir 1 (.)- . Yet shows that the speaker is
expecting something to happen. Use yet only in quesrions anJ negative sentences:
- Has it stopped raining yet? (not'did it stop'
- I haven't told them about the accident \et. 1:,)t 'l didn't tell')
'We use the present perfect with this morning / this evening todav this week / this term etc.
(when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I've smoked ten cigarettes today. (perhaps
:
iasi
_*_-
present
d) We also use the present perfect continuous ( I have been doing u'he n u'e talk about a period
of time continuing up to the present:
- I haven't been feeling very well recently.
For the present perfect continuous see Units 16-18.
For the present perfect and past simple
30
see
Units 20-1.
-5"3
.'
"..
UNIT 16
UNIT 16
L6.l ln
tbis ;:
perie,t
a)
ExantPi,
Study this example siruarion:
--
-l
r-\-
l-
/ t\
l Annr
2 Bohh
3 Geori
it raining?
No, it isn't bur rhe ground is wet.
It has been raining.
Is
4 Janet
Deen oomg
F,r,tntP'
the present perfect continuous when we talk about an action (quite a long action)
which began in the past and has recently stoppecl or just stopped. Here are ro-. e"n*pl.r,'
- You're out of breath. Have you been running?
I think hct been sunbathing.
- That rnan over there is bright red.
'W'hat
Why
are
your
clothes
so
dirty?
have vou been doing?
I've
been
talking
to
Tom
about
your
problem
and he thinls ...
-
Y.. Yt:
been raining
is
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Yr-ru
a (ru"
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UNIT T7
been doing) or
Present Pe:-ea - ::1: nuous (l have
present perfecl s ^^. e (l have done)?
Nl
ijit
r\\,\
m
Ann's clothes :rre coverecl in paint'
Shc has been
action' It
erfect
sit?lPle tense'
finished.
Here are some Pairs of exarnPles:
Tom's hands are very dirtY' He
has been rePairing the"car'
You've been imoking too rnuch
less'
re cet.rtly. Yor'r should smclke
b)
c rtse
all day.
that book?
1t'flttis
Jirrr ha' been PlaYing
rince 2 o'clock.
34
three times
Jim has plaYed tennis
this I'veek.
Sec
C)
UNIT 18
lI r frf,,ar
F--r
I lre
I ttkr
I l-Itr
4 Fhrc
i FIor
6 Flo.s
- Shch
I hev are
marrred.
xr"
e)
P;;:*l'r;i'.1,[}:"'simple
36
rt
Fx.lr@
f|115:
I -\lr r
I Btrfo
I I livc
{ hrs
r I.r*,
r, lbo
- Ird:
i Drxr
eDil
(-o&
I r"r
lA? Ia d6n,
frr.
f=uryaa
J.* h
Brfl rr
) -trrm lc
{ I nzrr
I
-Lft
bor
T.lnn
lrd
I{;-
Ttrer-rc
UNIT 19
Present perfect
with when
\,'i
Use
b)
the
past simple
slnce
,-
-10 o'clock
(now)
8 o'clock
(beginning of Period)
slnce
o'ciock
Mondav
.l
2 Mav
April
8
We clo not
hours
rrinutes
rlrrr. .l.tr \
sir motrths
1977
fivo
a rveek
Christr.nas
ten
five 1'ears
it lr,tlg lttttr'
lunchtinre
we arrivecl
ages
Lrse
(: fronl \krnc1i1\'Lllltil
now)
Ihaven,tseenTomforthreedays.(ttclt.sincethree.lar-s,)
for i,-, c*p..ssiotrs rvith all (all day / all morning ' all $eek / all my life etc'):
I'vc livci he.e all my life' (not 'for all my life')
t8
us.
(:
He hasn't visitcd
Lrs
for ages.)
past simple
Present perfect (l have done) or
UNIT 20
(l did)? (1)
' l' *
'lr'
,1
",
This is Tom.
H. rt io'-rking for
He has lo.'t
This means
ti.rr.tt irt'
it'
pcrfcct)
Yes, he did.
now')
higl-r norv')
have risen again' (: Jllgi rre
- f'"ttt fell but norv the'v
*'hich are not
(I have done) for happenings .r lcti..ts
b) D. n.t use the presenr per{ccr
wt
cvt'r)t\):
;;;;:,;J*iil."'ttt p"itnt tfor exrmplc' histt'rierl
invente'l'
r';'*
g' (rol'have
h ;' J'i;';;;;ip'i'.'tin (rzol'has
written')
-HowrnanysymphoniesdidBeethovencompose?trlol'has"'composed')
c)Weuse.the.ptt',:ntperfegt(Ihavedone)togivcnewinform:'rtionortoannoLlncearecent
.tt"m"llt- use the past simple
if *," .u,-,,i,-,.," t?, talk about it, we
happenrng tr." ,-,,-,ir':f :;, nui
(I
did):
;si.t',,'i'11;'lJii 'rJ[::J:ff1]'0"'
i:*
"'
rn".^iiii"', it. o/'hasn't
B: vell, it
i,
For more
40
wasn,t
do
(n
been
it has been')
'ntot*otit"-'
-,+ done')
haven't
21'
:"'
UN'T 2L
a)
Do not use rhe present perfect (I have done u'he r \ ou are talking about a finished time in
the past (for example: yesterday) t\r'o vears ago. in 19-9, when I was a child). Use a past
tense:
Compare:
b) Now compare
these sentences:
present
present
,-.,-.--_-----,1
'today '
..
'
:a.
!*
'.'l
..
stillwaiting.)
Ian has lived in London for six years.
(I{e still lives there.)
I have never played golf (in my life).
The present perfect always has
connection witli the present.
See
42
Units l3-20.
yesterday
(tun{iniehed
past
-:.:_l
past
--
,,
,'l
(finished :
ill last
Tom wasn't--'l*d
.,
l
]
year.