Chapter 8

Communication process in which two or more computer or

device transfer data, instruction and information
1.1 For successful communication
Sending device initiate an instruction to transmit data
,instruction or information
Communications device that connect the sending
device to transmission media
Transmission media or communication channel on
which data , instruction or information travel mechanism
to transfer media between sending and receiver
A communication device that connect the transmission
medias to the receiving device
A receiving device that accept the transmission of data ,
instruction or information
1.2 Network
Collection of computer and device connected together
via communication device and transmission media
Network topology layout of the computer and device
in communication network
Advantage of network
1) Facilitate communication people can communicate
efficiently and easily via email , internet messaging ,
chat room , blogs
2) Share hardware each computer or device on
network can be provided access o hardware on the
network
3) Share data and information and authorized can
access data and information stored on a network
4) Share software user connected to network can
access software on network
5) Transfer funds allow user connected to a network to
exchange money from one count o another via
transmission media

1.3 LANs, MANs, WANs, PANs

Local area network that connect
computer and device in a limited
LAN
geographical area such as home ,
office , school or closely positioned
group of building
LAN that uses no physical wires
Must have built in wireless capability
WLAN
or the appropriate wireless network
card , USB adapter and other wireless
device
Metropolitan area network is high
speed network that connects local
MAN
area network in a metropolitan area
such as city ,town and handles bulk of
communication activity across that
region
Wide area network is a network that
WAN
overs large geographic area using
variety of wired and wireless
transmission media
Personal area network is a network
PAN
that connect computer and device in
an individual workplace using wired or
wireless technology
Body area network is a type of PAN
BAN or BSN
that wirelessly connect sensor worn by
carrier by implanted in or attached to
human body
1.4 Network architecture
One or more computer acts as server
and other computer on network

Client / server
network

Peer to peer

request served from server

Server or host control the access on
the hardware , software and other
resources on the network and provide
centralized storage area or program,
data and information
Network is simple inexpensive network
architecture that typically connect
fewer than 10 computer
Peer has equal responsibilities and
capabilities sharing hardware , data
and information
Do not have common file server
Very ideal for small business network

1.5 Communication software

Advantage:
1) Help user to establish a connection to another
computer , mobile device or network
2) Manage the transmission of data , instruction
3) Provide interface for user to communicate with one
another e.g. email , FTP , browser
Intranet internal network that use internet technology
Extranet allow customer or supplier to access part of its
intranet
1.6 Network communications standard and protocols
To alleviate the problem of incompatibility and censure
that hardware and software component can be
integrated into any network , various organization such
as ANSI and IEEE
Network standard define guidelines that specify the way
computer faces the medium to which they are
connected , the of medium used , the speeds use on

different type of network and type of physical cable or

wireless technology
Protocol standard that outline characteristics on how
two device communicate on network

Ethernet
Network standard that specify no central computer or
device on network should control when data can be
transmitted
Each node attempt to transmit data when it determine
the network available to receive communications
guideline for physical configuration of network e.g.
cabling , network device , nodes
Most popular network standard for LAN because it
restive cheap and easy to install, or maintain
Token ringtones
Standard specify that computer and device on the
network share or pass a special signal called token in
unidirectional manner
Token is special series bits that function like ticket
Guideline for physical configuration of network e.g.
cabling , network card and device
TCP /IP
Network protocol that define how message are routed
from one end of network to the other , ensure data
arrive correctly
Describe rules for dividing message into small pieces
called packet , providing address for each packet ,
checking for and detect error , sequencing packet and
regulating the flow of message along network
Packet switching process of breaking the message
into packet, send packet along best route then
reassembly


How communication standard might work together :
1) Using browser you request webpage on web
2) Your computer uses TCP/IP standard to establish
connection with the web server that stores requested
webpage divide into packet provide address. Router
send the packet over internet from web server
3) The Ethernet standard control how device share access
to the media how device transmit data
Wi-Fi
Can communicate via radio wave with other computer
or using Wi-Fi which identify any network based on
standard
Developed by IEEE on how series on network that
specify two wireless device communicate over the sir it
each other
Referred to the wireless Ethernet because it has similar
technique to specify how physically they work
When Wi-Fi network access internet , it work with
TCP /IP
Identify any network based on the 802.11 standard that
facilitate wireless communication
Hot spot offer the mobile user the ability to connect to
the internet with their Wi-Fi enable wireless computer
and device
To obtain communication at the maximum distance you
need another hardware to strengthen it
LTE
Long term evolution is network that define high speed
cellular transmission use broadcast radio to transmit
data for mobile communication
Downstream rate receiving data
Upstream data sending data
Based on TCP /IP , LTE support data, messaging l
voice , video transmission

Two competing standard are WiMAX and UMB

Bluetooth
Network protocol that define how two Bluetooth device
use short range radio wave to transmit data
The data transfer at rate 3Mbps
Often must be at 33feet but can be extended 325 feet
Contain small chip that allow it to communicate with
other Bluetooth device
For device not Bluetooth can buy Bluetooth wireless
port adapter that will convert exist USb port into
Bluetooth port
Advantage use Bluetooth
Using Bluetooth technology is freedom
Typically use low processing power and use little
energy so it will not drain battery
Bluetooth connection have low security risk
Bluetooth technology is standardized globally which
means you can connect with any phone,
UWB
Ultra wideband network standard that specify how two
UWB device use short range of radio wave to
communicate at high per with each other
At distance 33feet data transfer rate is 110Mbps
At closer distance ugh as 4.5feet , data transfer
480Mbps
Best suited for transmission of large files such as video
l graphics and audio
Uses of UWB is locating and tracking inventory
equipment or personnel
IrDA
Example remote control television to transmit data
wirelessly to each other via infrared light waves
The device transfer at rate 115Mbps

Require line of sight transmission that is sending device

and receiving device must be in line with each there so
that nothing obstruct the path of infrared light wave

RFID
Radio frequency identification protocol that defines how
a network uses rail signal to communicate with tag
places in or attached to an object, animal, person.
The tag called transponder consist of antenna and
memory chip that contain information to be transmit via
radio waves
Through antenna , RFID also known as transreceiver
read the radio signal and transfer information to
computer
NFC
Near field communication protocol based on RFID that
define how network uses close range radio signal to
communicate between two device or object equipped
with NFC technology
Example smartphone , digital camera , credit card
NFC tag chip that can store small amount of data
For successful communication , the device or object
touch ae placed within inch
for example you can touch two NFC enabled phone
together to transfer contact, display map , near parking
metre to pay for parking

1.7 Communication lines

A dedicated line type of always on physical connection
that is established between two communication
Can be analog or R digital
E.g. cable television line , DSL , ISDN , FTTP , Tcarrier ,
ATM
DSL

Digital subscriber line transmit on existing standard

copper phone wiring
Some DSL installation include dial one, provide user
with both voice and data communication
Require filters to installed to reduce noise interference
when voice communication share the same line
Popular digital line alternative for business or home
user
ADSL is type of DSL that support faster downstream
rate than upstream rate

Cable
CATV network provide high speed internet connection
called cable internet service
Signal enter building through single line usually coaxial
cable this cable connect to modem which typically
attach to compute via Ethernet cable
ISDN
Integrated service digital network is set of standard for
digital transmission of data over standard copper phone
lines
With ISDN , same computer can carry three or more
signal at once through same line using technique
multiplexing
FTTP
Fiver to premises use fibre optic cable to provide
extremely high speed internet access to a user physical
permanent location
FTTf provide home user with internet access via
fibre optic cable
FTTb refer to small business that use fibre optic
cable to access the internet
Tcarrier

Several type of long distance digital phone lines that

carry multiple signal over single communication line
Use multiplexing
Tcarrier provide very fast data transfer rates
The most popular is T1line
Home and small business but fractional T1 which they
share connection to the T1 line
Fractional T1 is slower than dedicated T1 but it also
less expensive
T3 is equal in speed to 28 T1 lines
T3 are quite expensive and usually use by large
corporation , phone company , ISPs connecting to the
backbone

ATM
Service that carry voice ,data, video and media at very
high speed
Phone network , internet and other network with large
amount of traffic use ATM
1.8 Communication device
Any type of hardware capable of transmitting data,
instruction, and information between sending and
receiving device
1.9 Digital modem : cable , DSL , ISDN
Digital modem is a type of communication that sends
device and receive data to and from digital line

Cable modem

Broadband modem that sends and

receive digital data over CATV
network
CATV installed splitter in your
house
From splitter , one part of cable ,
runs to television and other part

DSL modem

ISDN

connect to cable modem

CATV provide include cable
modem as part of installation
some offer rental plan and other
require to purchase external
device which other end connect t
CATV wall outlet and other end
connect to port computer
Broadband modem that sends
digital data and information from
computer to DSL line and receive
digital data and information from
DSL line
Broadband modem that sends
digital data and information from
ISDN line
DSL and ISDN modem are usually
external device which on and
connect to the phone line , and
other end connect to port of your
computer

2.0 Wireless modem

Use mobile service network to connect to the internet
wirelessly from computer or mobile device
Wireless modem which have external or built in
antenna are availed as USB adapter and other device
Mobile hot spot when tethered to a personal computer
2.1 wireless access point
Central communication device that allow computer and
device transfer data wirelessly among themselves or to
aired network using wireless

Have high quality internal or external antenna for

optimal signal
Some manufacturer suggest position at highest position

2.2 routers
Communication device that connect multiple computer
or other routers together and transmits data to its
correct destination on network
Router can be used on network of any size
For small business router allow multiple computer and
mobile device to share single broadband internet
connection such as cable modem or DSl mod,
Wireless router device that perform function of a
router and also wireless access point
Broadband router device that perform the function of
a router and also broadband modem
Broadband wireless router device that perform
function of router a wireless access point and cable or
DSL modem
Mobile broadband wireless router device that perform
functioned router, a wireless modem. Use Mathis to
create hotspot
2.3 Network card
Communication device that enable computer or device that
does not have built in networking capability to access
internet
Coordinate transmission and receipt of data,
instruction Andy information to hand from computer o
device contain network cards
Network card for desktop is an adapter card
A network cards for mobile computer is in the form USB
adapter
2.4 hubs and switches
Device that provide a central point for cables in a network

Larger network typically use hub while smaller network use

switched
Some include router
Hub or switch receive data from many direction and then
forward it to one or more destination

2.5 Home network

Connect multiples computer and device in a home
network
Home network provide computer with these capabilities
such as connect to the internet at the same time , share
single high speed internet connection , access files and
program on other computer , share peripherals , play
multiplayer games , connect game consoles to the
internet and subscribe to use VoIP
Type of wired home network are Ethernet , powering
cable and phone line
2.6 Transmission Media
Consist of material or substance capable carrying one
or more communication signal
Broadband media transmit multiple signal
simultaneously
The amount of data , instruction or information that can
travel over transmission media called bandwidth
The higher bandwidth , the more data transmit
When bandwidth slow, you will notice slow down
performance computer
Latency is the time it takes signal to travel from one
location to another on a network several factor affect
latency include distance between two points ,type of
transmission media , number of nodes through which
data must travel over network

Infrared
Physical transmission media
Consist one or more twisted pair wires
Twisted pair
bundle together
cable
Echo twisted pair wire consist f separate
insulated copper ire that are twisted
together
Wire twisted to reduce noise (electrical
disturbance that cm degrade
communication)
Single copper wire surrounded by at least
Coaxial cable
3 layers : insulating material , woven or
braided metal , plastic outer coating
Long distance than twisted par
Consist of dozens or hundreds of thin
Fibre optic
strand of glass or plastic that use light to
cable
transmit signal
Inside fibre optic cable n insulating glass
cladding and a protective surround each
optical fibre
Advantage fibre optic
Capability of carrying signifies more than wire cables
Faster data transmission
Less susceptible to noise from other device such as
copy machine
Better security for signal during transmission because
they are less susceptible to noise
Smaller size
Disadvantage fibre optic cable
Difficult to install or modify
Expensive
Wireless transmission media
Wireless transmission media that sends
signal using infrared light waves

Broadcast
radio

Cellular
radio

Microwave

Mobile computer such as mouse may

have IrDA port that enable transfer data
from one device to another using infrared
light waves
Wireless transmission medium that
distributes radio signal through the air
over long distance
Need transmitter to send the broadcast
and need receiver to accept it
Some network use transceiver which
both send and receive signal from
wireless device
Provide flexibility and portability but noise
Form of broadcast radio that is in wide
use for mobile communication
specifically
Y wireless modem and mobile phone
Mobile phone use high frequency radio
waves to transmit voice and digital data
Reuse the radio wave to accommodate
rage number of user
Radio wave that provide high speed
signal transmission
Must be line of sight transmission
Microwave station is earth based
reflective dish that contain the antenna ,
transceiver and other for microwave
communication
Typically use in environment where
installing physical transmission media is
difficult or impossible and where line of
sight is available
Space station that receive microwave
signal from earth based station(uplink)
amplifies it , and broadcast it over wide
area to any number of earth based

Communica
tion satellite

station (downlink)
Example GPs , air navigation
GPs is a navigation system that consist
of one or more earth based receiver that
accept and analyse signal sent by
satellite in order to determine the

receivers geographical location GPs

handheld, mountable or embedded
consist antenna, radio receiver and
processor