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Sensor
Carlson strain meters
Description
Embedded in concrete to reveal the internal
deformations. It responds to any change in
dimension of the concrete, due to stress,
creep, temperature change, moisture change
or chemical growth. The standard strain
meter may be embedded in concrete or
attached to a surface with saddle mounts.
The strain meter is furnished in three
different lengths, from 8 cm to 51 cm, but all
with the identical sensing element. The end
away from the cable has a tapped hole ( 28 UNF) to permit attachment to a spider for
mass concrete embedment, or to incorporate
an extender thereby increasing the length
and sensitivity. The body is covered with PVC
sleeving to break the bond with the concrete.
The miniature strain meter is for embedment
in concrete applications where small size is
essential. The miniature strain meter is
furnished in three different lengths, from 10
cm to 20 cm, but all with the identical
sensing element. The end away from the
cable has a tapped hole (6 32 UNF), which
allows an extender to be added, thereby
increasing the length and sensitivity. The
body is covered with PVC sleeving to break
the bond with the concrete.
APPLICATIONS:
Measuring strain in steel members and
concrete structures including bridges, piles,
dams, tunnels, and buildings
They consist of a pattern of resistive foil
which is mounted on a backing material.
They operate on the principle that as the foil
is subjected to stress, the resistance of the
foil changes in a defined way. The strain
gauge is connected into a Wheatstone
Bridge circuit with a combination of four
active gauges (full bridge), two gauges (half
bridge),
or, less commonly, a single gauge (quarter
bridge). In the half and quarter circuits, the
bridge is completed with precision resistors.
The complete Wheatstone Bridge is excited
with a stabilised DC supply and with
Inclinometers
Jointmeter:
6
7
tilt sensors
piezoelectric accelerometers
piezoresistive accelerometers
capacitive accelerometers
Same as inclinometer
Piezoelectric accelerometers employ either
natural quartz crystals or man-made
polycrystalline ceramics as their sensing
elements. A proof mass is mated with the
crystal and output is generated when a force
is imposed upon the crystal during
acceleration. This force causes stress in the
crystal, which then generates an electrical
charge that is relative to the applied force the piezoelectric effect. The amount of force
is proportional to applied acceleration as
governed by Newton's law of motion F=ma.
Piezoelectric accelerometers cannot measure
constant acceleration because they are
inherently AC coupled, however, they are
typically the most versatile and economic
choice for measuring fast transient and
periodic acceleration.
Piezoresistive
accelerometers
may
be
fabricated from metal strain gauges,
piezoresistive silicon, or as a MEMS (MicroElectro-Mechanical Systems), device. In such
designs resistive material is typically bonded
to a cantilever beam that undergoes bending
under the influence of acceleration. This
bending causes deformation of the resistor,
leading to a change in its resistance. The
resistors are normally configured into a
Wheatstone bridge circuit, which provides a
change in output voltage that is proportional
to
acceleration.
Piezoresistive
accelerometers are capable of measuring
constant,
transient,
and
periodic
acceleration.
Capacitive
accelerometers
utilize
the
properties of an opposed plate capacitor for
which the distance between the plates varies
proportionally to applied acceleration thus
altering capacitance. This variable is used in
a circuit to ultimately deliver a voltage signal
that
is
proportional
to
acceleration.
Capacitive accelerometers are capable of
measuring constant as well as slow transient
and periodic acceleration.
10
borehole accelerometers
11
servo
force
accelerometers
balance
techpapers_forcebalance.pdf
References:
http://www.sensorland.com/
https://www.campbellsci.com/structural-health-monitoring
http://www.geosense.co.uk/