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Well Logging
ROBERT L. KLEINBERG,1 JASPER A. JACKSON2
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Figure I-1
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REFERENCE
1. Woessner DE. Early days of NMR in the Southwest.
Concepts Magn Reson 2001; 13:77102.
Well logging is the means by which physical properties of subsurface earth formations are
measured in situ. The most important, and the
most technically challenging, application of well
logging is to the characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Oil and gas are found up to 10
km underground in beds of sedimentary or other
porous rock. Only part of a typical sedimentary
rock is solid mineral matter. The pore space,
which accounts for up to 30% of the volume, can
be lled by combinations of oil, water, or natural gas. Well logging is directed toward understanding these uids and their relationship to
the solid mineral matrix. A large variety of electromagnetic, acoustic, and nuclear borehole
instruments are used for various purposes. Each
technique has drawbacks and limitations, and no
one logging device (tool) is adequate to give a
complete description of an earth formation (2, 3).
The borehole environment is unusually harsh.
Boreholes drilled to extract oil or gas are typically 20 cm in diameter and 110 km deep. The
geothermal gradient of the earth can give rise to
temperatures of 175 C or more and pressures that
range to 140 MPa. Borehole logging tools must
not only survive but must make quantitative measurements under these conditions. The requirements on electronic components exceed military
specications by a wide margin.
Well logging tools must be rugged enough to
survive transport in arctic, tropical, desert, and
marine environments, and shocks up to 100 g.
They must survive the vibration and abrasion
that result from being dragged over kilometers
of rough rock face in the well bore. They must
comply with laws that regulate transport by aircraft and helicopter, which is of particular significance for NMR equipment that contains strong
permanent magnets. The conditions and space
constraints are in many respects more severe than
Received 21 June 2001; accepted 22 June 2001.