EE 301 Signals and Systems I

Complex Calculus Exercises

Question 1
Calculate the following complex numbers in Cartesian or polar form

a.

3exp j 3exp j exp j 4 exp j 4 j 2 exp

j
6
2

1 j 5 5 j

3 j

10 j 5 j 5 3

b.

c.

1
1

2
2

cos
d.

j sin
6
6

z1 x1 jy1 r1 exp j1

z2 x2 jy2 r2 exp j 2

Hint: Let
and
be two complex
numbers. It is clear that addition (or, subtraction) is simpler with Cartesian
representations:

z1 z2 ( x1 x2 ) j ( y1 y2 )
However, in multiplication or division polar representations are easier to
handle:

z1 z2 r1r2 exp j 1 2
z1 r1
exp j 1 2
z2 r2

z2 0
for

Question 2

exp j cos j sin

Prove Eulers formula, i.e.

exp( x)

x
real variable

n0

. Hint: Remember that for the

xn
n!

. Assume (without proof) that this series expansion

is valid for any complex variable

z j
, and finally let

Question 3

r exp j
a.

r n exp jn

Show that

for any integer

r cos jr sin
b.

. Remark: The

r n cos n j sin n

Cartesian form of this expression,

, is
known as de Moivres formula.
By using the expression given above, verify the following trigonometric
identities:

cos 3 cos3 3cos sin 2

sin 3 sin 3 3cos 2 sin
c.

Suppose that we want to solve the equation

zn 1

n
, where

is a positive

r n exp jn exp j 2 k
integer.

This equation can be written as

for

k 0, 1, 2,K

i.

Explain why this equation yields

cos
ii.

The complex numbers

r 1

and

2 k
2 k
j sin

n
n

2 k
n

k 0,1, K , n 1
for

n
are called the

-th

k 0,1, K , n 1
roots of unity for

. Plot the roots of unity for

n 2,3, 4,5,6
on the complex plane.
iii.

How can you generalize this derivation for finding the

-th roots of

w exp j
an arbitrary complex number

27 j
of
Question 4

? Evaluate the cube roots

a.

For any complex number

1 z z2 L zn
, establish the identity

S 1 z z2 L zn

b.

Hint: Let
and consider
Derive Lagranges trigonometric identity

S zS

1 z n 1
1 z

1 sin n 12
1 cos cos 2 L cos n
2
2sin 12
.
Hint: Use de Moivres formula.
Question 5

x(t )
Consider the signal

1 for 3 x 2 or 0 x 1
elsewhere
0

x(t )
, given as:

x(t )
Sketch

i.

t 5

0.5

x(t 2)

x(t )
,

ii: Even and odd parts of

iii.

iv.

t
x
2

x
v.

x(t t0 )

t0
vi.

Determine the value of

such that

is an even signal.

Question 6
Determine whether each of the following discrete time signals is periodic or not.
If the signal is periodic, find its fundamental period.
i.

x [ n ]= j n

x n cos n
ii.
iii.

1
1
x [ n ]=( +
j)
2 2

iv.

x [ n ]= (

v.

1
1 n
+
j)
2 2

x [ n ]=exp j

25
n
4