Monday, January 9, 2017

Introduction to Control Systems

- A control system consists of subsystems and processes that are
assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired
performance, given a specified input.
- Open loop control system means that the systems does not have a
feedback loop.
- Steady state error can never be zero, ever.

[Home] Tuesday, January 10, 2017

Chapter 1 Introduction to Control Systems Engineering
- Input [Control System] Output
- A good example of a control system is the elevator. In control systems
2 major measures of performance are available: (1) transient response
and (2) the steady-state error.

If the rise time is decreased, then the transient response of-shoot will
increase and vice versa. Also, in any real situation getting a perfectly
accurate result is impossible. So all of engineering is about how to
decrease the steady-state response to a level where it is practically
negligible.
Control systems are built for:
o Power amplification
o Remote control
o Convenience of input form
o Compensation for disturbances

There are 2 kinds of control system configurations:

o Open Loop:

The distinguishing factor of open loop control systems is that

they cannot correct themselves if disturbances were added (Dist.
1 and 2).
o Closed Loop:

The inability of open loops to correct themselves for disturbances

is corrected in closed loop systems, where a sensor detects for
any disturbances and changes the input accordingly. If there is a
difference between the input and the output at the end of the
feedback the plant is driven via the actuating signal (subtraction
of input and output signal).
A control system is dynamic: it responds to the input by undergoing a
transient response before reaching a steady state. The three major
objectives of analysis and design are: produce desired transient
response, lower steady state error, and achieving stability.
For Linear systems: Total response = Natural response + Forced
response, where natural response is the response of the system
without the input and forced is with the input. For a control system to
be useful, the natural response should approach zero and only leave
the forced response.
Damped oscillations are sinusoidal responses whose amplitudes are
reduced with time.

Typically, steady-state error decreases with an increase in gain and

increases with a decrease in gain. The opposite is true for transient
response.

The design process:

o An impulse signal is infinite at t=0 and 0 elsewhere and the area

under the unit impulse is 1. This is used to put initial energy into
the system and the only response to this energy is transient
response.
o Step signal is a constant command usually of the same type as
the output. The designer uses the step signal because it clearly
shows the transient response and the steady state response.

o Ramp and parabolic signals represent increasing command.

Ramp representing a linear increase and parabola representing
an exponential increase. The give additional information about
the steady state error.
o Sinusoidal inputs can also be used to test a physical system to
arrive at a mathematical model.

Thursday, January 12, 2017

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