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I. INTRODUCTION
Exhausting fossil fuels lead to increased interest in
harvesting and utilizing renewable energy resources. PV is one
of the top eco-friendly energy sources being pollution-free,
maintenance-free and having long life span. Moreover, this
type of energy is inexhaustible [1, 2]. Compared with other
types of renewable energies like wind, geothermal or biomass,
the PV energy source is a DC power source and works in
conjunction with an inverter to convert the energy to AC [3].
The majority of PV systems require inverters as interfacing
units.
2016 IEEE 22nd International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME)
The remainder of the paper is organized in six main
sections. First, in Section 2, the simulation model is presented.
Section 3 presents the simulation results. Section 4 describes
the experimental model and section 5 presents the obtained
results. The final section will draw the conclusions.
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D. Grid syncronization
In the synchronous frame control method, the amplitude
and phase of the grid voltage needs to be known for the control
system. This information is essential for the current and voltage
control loops to work properly. Therefore, a synchronization
method is employed to synchronize the inverter output and
utility grid. There are various methods to extract the phase
information from a given signal [9]. Because of its advantages
and wide practical usage, phase locked loop (PLL) will be
employed in the simulation model. A basic PLL circuit consists
of three essential components: a phase detector, a loop filter,
and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). Using a negative
feedback loop, PLL minimizes the phase and frequency errors
between the input and output signals [10, 11, 12]. The structure
of PLL is shown in Fig. 5. As it can be noticed, this structure
uses the coordinate Park transformation and the lock is realized
by setting the Vd to zero. A proportional integral regulator can
be used to control this variable and the output of this regulator
is the grid frequency. After the integration of the grid
frequency, the utility voltage angle is obtained, which is fed
Fig. 3. Inverter
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2016 IEEE 22nd International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME)
back into the Park transformation module in order to transform
into the synchronous rotating reference frame.
E. Control loops
The system uses two control loops: one external voltage
loop that gives the reference values for the inner current control
loop of the inverter. There are two current PI controllers for
direct, Id, and quadrature, Iq, components of inverter output
current and one for the voltage loop. As can be seen in the Fig.
6, the voltage set-point for voltage control loop is made
through the maximum power point controller. The set-point for
current component, Id, is made by the voltage control loop and
the reference value for the quadrature current component, Iq, is
forced to zero to minimize the injection of reactive power to
the grid [4 truta].
I d cos sin I
I
q sin cos I
I cos sin I d
I
sin cos I q
2016 IEEE 22nd International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME)
It can be observed that once the maximum operating point
is found the system starts oscillating around it. Analyzing Fig.
8 and 9 it can be concluded that perfect match exists between
the solar panel values obtained from its I-V and P-V
characteristics and simulation results of the proposed model.
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procesor
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DS1104
Slave DSP
TMS320F240
Memory
Timers
Serial interface
Interupts
ADC
Capture inputs
DAC
PWM generator
Digital IO
Input/output
Hardware
Fig. 11. Simplified diagram of dSPAEC DS1104 controler board
B. DSpace implementation
The algorithm implemented in dSPACE is represented in
Fig. 11. Three DS1104ADC blocks are used to read the PV
voltage, the grid voltage and the grid current. Four
DS1104DAC are used for testing and a DS1104SL_DSP block
is used to generate the PWM signals to control the inverter.
2016 IEEE 22nd International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME)
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The experimental results that describe the operation of the
inverter are represented in Fig. 13. The first waveform presents
the phase of the grid voltage detected by the PLL circuit,
second waveform represents the output current of the inverter
injected into the grid and the last waveform represents the
output voltage of the inverter filtered.
2016 IEEE 22nd International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME)
Z.A. Ghania, M.A. Hannana, A. Mohameda, Simulation model linked
PV inverter implementation utilizing dSPACE DS1104 controller,
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 57, Pages 6573, February 2013.
[5] R.A. Messenger, J. Ventre Photovoltaic System Engineering CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL 2004
[6] Jeremy Good, Jeremiah X. Johnson, Impact of inverter loading ratio on
solar photovoltaic system performance, Applied Energy, Vol. 177, ,
Pages 475486, 1 September 2016.
[7] A.A. Hassan, F.H. Fahmy, A.A. Nafeh, M.A. El-Sayed, Modeling and
simulation of a single phase grid connected photovoltaic system,
WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control, vol. 5, pp. 16-25, 2010.
[8] R. Kiranmayi, K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy and M.Vijaya Kumar,
Modeling and a MPPT Method for Solar Cells, Journal of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, N1, pp. 128 - 133, 2008.
[9] Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre and Pedro Rodrguez Grid
converters for photovoltaic and wind power systems 2011 John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-05751-3
[10] Arti Gadekar, V. B. Virulkar, Effective dspace Inverter Controller for
PV Application, IEEE Students Conference on Electrical, Electronics
and Computer Science, Amravati, India, 2014.
[11] Michael E. Ropp, Member IEEE, and Sigifredo Gonzalez,
Development of a MATLAB/Simulink Model of a Single-Phase GridConnected Photovoltaic System, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 24 no. 1, pp 195 - 202 April 2009; DOI:
10.1109/TEC.2008.2003206
[12] A.A. Hassan, F.H. Fahmy, A.A. Nafeh, M.A. El-Sayed, Modeling and
simulation of a single phase grid connected photovoltaic system,
WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control, Vol. 5, pp. 16-25, 2010.
[4]
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The paper presented the development of a system intended
to be used in the development of photovoltaic inverters with
maximum power point tracking capability. A simulation model
was implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and an
experimental model composed of a DSpace 1104 controller
board, a Semikron inverter coupled to the utility grid through a
coupling transformer, an LC filter and two 75W solar panels
was developed. It can be concluded that the proposed model
presented in this paper achieves good results and can be used
successfully in rapid prototyping development, digital control
and MPPT algorithm development and test of solar inverters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is supported through the program "Parteneriate
in domenii prioritare PN II", by MEN UEFISCDI, project
no. 53/01.07.2014.
REFERENCES
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[2]
[3]