CATEGORY FUNTION OF CELL

2.4.1 MACROMOLECUL SYNTESIS

Inquire underly about structure and funtion of molecul lives is how to cell assort
moleculs big from moleculs the very small?carbohydrate,lipid,protein,and nukleat sour
constituteof four category organic soul of lives.expect lipid,thirth soul other take after chain in
predicate of polimer.Polimer is something a long molecul the consist of many bloc composing
the identic,related to kovalen bonds similar of train in consist of the sequence wagon.unit the
stack shuttles the funtion of bloc composing something of polimers small molecul in predicate
of monomer.
Macromolecul have diffent character from its inflitator,but chemical mechnism what cell
used for synthesis and polimer decide in base menner are same.The monomer are connected
from one reaction where two molecule connected with kovalen manner and one with another
molecule dischange one water molecule (Dehydration reaction) when connection from between
two monomer,every monomer to contribute part from water molecule to give hidroksil bunch (OH) during another give hydrogen (-H).
Picture 2.14 scheme MacroMolecule Synthetic

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For take a certain polimery reaction mentioned execute in a manner recur moment
monomery to have chain that one by one.Cell must come out energy for execute reaction
condentation mentioned.And process this happen only with help enzym.logic moleculer of
existence in fact a suit of clothes is molecules small that possesion by all orgnism srack become
macromoleculer that unique.Moleculer that big possesion the new characteristic that dont found
inside unit strack.

A.Carbohydrate
Carbohidrat cover sugar and polimery.Carbohidrat that the most a suit of clothes is
monosacarida,banner sugar or sugar a suit of clothes,disacarida is fold sugar,that suddenly above
two monosacarida that contact to pass condentation or dehidrasi.Carbihydrat that
macromoleculer is polisacarida,polimery that suddenlyof much sugar.
Monosakarida have general molecule formula which are multiple CH 2O. Glukosa
(C6H12O6).are most general Monosakarida, have important role in chemistry live. Connetion
form between two unit glukosa form Maltosa, glikosidik connection what connected carbon
number 1 from one glukosa with hydrogen number 4 from second glukosa. Such ever after to
form one polisakarida,monomer combine glukosa with diferent manner will produce diferent
disakarida.
Picture 2.15 Synthetic Maltosa with kondensasi manner pass connection glikosidik

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B.LIPID
Lipid is one of category the large byologis molecule,not to cover the polimer less than
compared the realy macromolecule lipid to include lipid,phosfolipid,steorid,and wax.
Lipid constitude with large molecul and formed from small molecule pass by dehidration
reaction.Lipid from dividen two molecule kinds that more small is gliserol and lipid acid.
In lipid sintecis, theree molecule lipid acid kovalen each other with some gliserol pass by
ester bound.each bound beetween hidroksil bunch and carbokcil bunch,so that triasil gliserol or
irigliserida.The lipids acid in a lipid molecule have much same the theree molecule or different.
Picture 2.16 Synthetic and structure Fat

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C. PROTEIN
Protein Consist of more than 50% dry weight from a part big cell. Protein is molecule
with dificult structure dan very various same with it various fungsion. Every kind protein have
three dimension shape or unique conformasy.
Although protein is various, every protein molecule are polimer what built from 20 kind
asam amino group which same (Monomer). Asam amino polimer is mention polipeptida. One
protein consist of one or more polipepida what be folded atthe corner and involved to shape
harmonozing what specific.
If two amino acid is position in this in this way so that the carbolic acid bunch from one
amino acid is intimate with the bunch of amino from the amino acid,one enzyme can consentrate
two amino acid by the dehydration reaction.Kovalen reaction that formed beetween the both is
called connection, and its competely agreed called dipeptida.If we do repeatedly,this process
will produce polipeptida that as polimer.
Picture 2.17 scheme formation polipeptida chain

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D.NUCLEAT ACID
There are two kinds of nucleat acid,they are deoksiribonucleat (DNA) and ribonucleat
acid (RNA).Nucleat acid is a polimer from monomers thats called nucleotida.Nucleotida
consist of threepart.That is one molecule base nitrogen,one molecule glucosa pentosa, and fosfat
cluster.
Base Nitrogen alkali diffenented as purin and purimidin. Purin divided in two kinds, are
Adenin (A), and Guanin (G), while purimidin divede in three kinds, are Sitosin (C), Timin (T),
and Urasil (U). Adenin, Guanin, and Sitosin found at two kinds of nucleat acid, timin only found
in DNA, and Urasil only round in ARN.
Picture 2.18 structure nukleotida and polinukleotida

Pentosa bound with nitrogen bases is ribosa at molecule ARN and deoksiribosa at DNA.
Difference between the second pentosa sugar is only at carbon atom number two dont have
oxygen atom.
Federation between pentosa sugar with nitrogen bases it nucleosida. If addition cluster at carbon
atom number five in a nucleotida polimer (polinucleotida). Every nucleotida inconnection with
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kovalen bound it posfodiester bound between fosfat from a nucleotida and sugar from the next
nucleotida. This binding produce a backbone with system sugar fosfat sugar fosfat what
replayed.

2.4.2. Elimination and Reorganizing Subject Matter of Cell

Polimer will analysis to becom monomer it to pass Hydrolysis a process at principle is
contrary of dehydration rection. Hidrolysis means deciding with water. Bound between the
monomers decided with addins water molecule, hydrogen from water moleculer bound with one
monomer and hydrocil group bound with the near monomer.
Picture 2.19 scheme Demolish Macromolecule

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2.4.3 SUPPORT, ACTIVATOR FOR CONNECTION WITH EXTRACELULER

ENVIRONMENT.
Eventhough plasma membrane usually said as the end of cell, a part of cell synthesize
and secret one of stratum of structure the other wich state out of membrane. Evntough animal
cell doesnt have the kind of plant partition, animal cell have strong matriks ekstraseluler (MES).
The important of material. Structure glikoprotein (kologen, proteoglikan, and fibronektin).
Glikoprotein which the most overlow at MES in order to animal cell is kolagen which is planted
in proteoglikon wicherwork. Some of fastened cell at MES by fibronektin, this fibronektin is
fastened at resepror protein such as integrin which is found in plasma membrane.
Integrin speadore membrane and stich side sitoplasma to microfilamen citoslecet.With
such integrin there is in posision for conductor changes a to become in MES to citosceleton and
just the opposite for integrate changes to become in our and in cell it.communication cell with
MES in integrin and can offer call behavior.silnal mecanic involve vibronertin,integrin and
citoseleton.
Picture 2.20 scheme matriks ekstraseluler animals cell

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Change the sitoskeleton can streat support the kimiawi signal in that call. When the
mannerthis MES networ definite can to halp cordinate behavior all cell in the network.call
animals and plants inside quatiry the bigger at the organization.The call kontiguous adhere
often.Interaction and to communication pass trough of speccial additionin the form of direct
contect physical.
The wall of cell dead.plants as it should isolation call that one of otherwise cell these in
fact not because the wall have holes in the from of conduit that to mantion of plasmodesmata
Dead call wall of plants likely call insulation wgich is one from the other call.actually do
not because that wall have the hole in the fromof channel of is called plasmodesmata.
Sithoplasma pass the plasmodesmata and connect the sithoplasma adjecnt cell.will unit
most that plants shones become a series of life.
At

animals call of there are three prime type of junction inter celuler,thas istight

junction,desmoson,and junction, interpose is such as those shown in picture of following.

Picture 2.21 scheme thrid juction kind on animals cell

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