Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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..........................................................................
G. Baurand
V. Moliton
no. 211
The protection of LV motors
Gilles BAURAND
Graduate in Electromechanical Engineering, ENSICAEN (Ecole
Nationale Suprieure dIngnieurs de Caen) in 1977.
He joined Telemecanique in 1978 as a technical manager for the
development of control and electronic protection relays, holding this
post until 1985.
He managed the laboratory of the Motor Protection Contactor and
Relay Department from 1986 to 1991, and was then responsible for the
advance development of this department from 1992 to 2004.
He has been responsible for the advance development of the PPC
(Power Protection & Control) field at Schneider Electric since early in
2005.
Vivien MOLITON
He graduated from the Ecole Nationale Suprieure dIngnieurs
of Limoges (ENSIL) in 2002, specializing in Mechatronics.
Inthe same year, he set up the Mechatronics R&D Laboratory at
Schneider Electric. In the Measurement and Protection department,
he participated in the development of a new range of motor circuitbreakers and the TesysU starter-controller under the Telemecanique
brand.
Contents
1 Introduction
p. 4
p. 5
p. 6
3 Causes of faults and their consequences 3.1 Internal faults in the motor:
Damage to the stator or rotor winding
p. 7
p. 8
p. 11
3.4 Summary
p. 12
4 Protection functions
p. 13
p. 14
p. 19
p. 20
5 Motor starters
5.1 Background
p. 21
p. 21
5.3 The special case of electronic starters and variable speed drives p. 23
p. 23
p. 24
p. 26
5.7 Discrimination
p. 27
5.8 Example
p. 27
6 Conclusion
p. 29
p. 30
p. 31
Appendix 3 : Bibliography
p. 35
1 Introduction
Ip
Starting peak
(magnetizing peak)
Id
In
Motor starting
phase
Normal motor
operation
20 to 30 ms
1 to 10 s
Ip = 10 to 13 n: Magnetizing current
Id = 4 to 8 In: Starting current
In: Nominal rms current
Fig. 1 : Graph of I = f(t) for an asynchronous motor.
Voltage (kV)
13.8
MV
2.20
0.69
0.22
LV
100
1500
P (kW)
Stator
windings
Fig. 3 : The windings of motors are the parts which are most vulnerable to electrical faults and operating
mishaps.
Insulation
resistance (M)
100
75
10
50
25
0
0.1
0
20
40
60
80
In
1.05xIn
T+10
1.1xIn
T+20
1.15xIn Current
T+30 C
3.2 Faults external to the motor: Phenomena related to the motor power supply
Overvoltage
Any voltage applied to equipment where the
peak value exceeds the limits of a range defined
by a standard or a specification is an overvoltage
(see Schneider Electric Cahiers Techniques
nos. 151 and 179).
Temporary or permanent overvoltages (see
Fig.6 ) can have different origins, namely:
b atmospheric (lightning strikes)
b electrostatic discharges
b operation of equipment connected to the same
network
b etc.
Their principal characteristics are shown in the
table in Figure 7 hereafter.
These disturbances, which are superimposed on
the line voltage, can act in two ways:
b in common mode, between the active
conductors and the ground
b in differential mode, between the different
active conductors
Type of overvoltage
Duration
Atmospheric
Electrostatic discharge
Operational
At industrial frequency
Damping
High
Very high
Average
Zero
Phase unbalance
A three-phase system is unbalanced when the
three voltages are not equal in amplitude and/or
are not at angles of 120 to each other.
The unbalance (see Fig. 8 ) can be caused by
the disconnection of a phase (asymmetry fault),
by the presence of single-phase loads in the
immediate environment of the motor, or by the
power source itself.
V
Vmax
Amount of
unbalance (%)
Staotr current (A)
3,5
In
Increased losses
(%)
Heating (%)
1.01 In
4
1.04 In
12.5
1.075 In
25
114
128
Vmin
U = 100 MAX
,
Vmean
Vmean
where:
U is the unbalance (%)
Vmax is the highest voltage
Vmin is the lowest voltage
Vmean =
100 105
(V1 + V2 + V3 )
3
The consequences of an unbalance of the
voltages applied to a motor are a decrease in
the useful torque and an increase in losses; the
unbalances give rise to an inverse component
Derating factor
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0
Voltage
unbalance
(%)
V
1
0.
0
-0.
-1
Fig. 11 : Example of a brownout and a brief power cut.
y(t) = Y0 + Yhsin(h t + h )
h=1
where
Y0 is the continuous component
h is the order of the harmonic
w is the pulsation (2pf)
Yh is the amplitude of the harmonic of order h
Y1 is the fundamental component
Y 2
Yh
h=2
h1
h5
h total (h1+h5)
Fig. 12 : Sinusoidal voltage reading, including 5th order harmonics.
3.3 Faults external to the motor: Phenomena related to the use of the motor
Motor starting: excessively long and/or
frequent starting
The starting phase of a motor is the period
required for it to reach its nominal rotation speed.
The starting time (tS) depends on the resistive
torque (Tr) and the motor torque (Tm). An increase
in the resistive torque, due to the load to be driven,
together with a decrease in the motor torque, due
to a line voltage drop (20 to 30% of Un), causes
an increase in the motor starting time as follows:
N
tS (s) =
J
30 Tm Tr
where
J is the global moment of inertia of the moving
frames
N(r.p.s.) is the rotation speed of the rotor.
Because of its intrinsic characteristics, each
motor can only withstand a limited number of
starts, generally specified by its manufacturer (as
the number of starts per hour).
Similarly, each motor has a maximum starting
time which is a function of its starting current
(see Fig. 13 ).
IS
IN
20
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
t (s)
3
4
5
7
10
15
Fig. 13 : Permissible start times of motors as a function
of the ratio between starting current and nominal current.
Rotor locking
The locking of a motor due to mechanical factors
creates an overcurrent approximately equal to
the starting current. However, the heating which
it causes is much greater, since the losses in the
rotor are kept at their maximum level throughout
the locking and ventilation is prevented if it is
dependent on the rotation of the rotor. The rotor
temperatures can become very high (350C).
3.4. Summary
Fault
Cause
Effects
Consequences
for the motor
Destruction of the
windings
Short circuit
b Current peak
b Electrodynamic forces on
the conductors
Overvoltage
b Lightning
b Electrostatic discharge
b Operation
b Dielectric breakdown in
the windings
Voltage
unbalance
b Disconnection of a phase
b Decreased useful torque
b Single phase load upstream of the motor b Increased losses
Overheating(1)
Brownouts
Overheating(1)
Harmonics
Overheating(1)
Excessive
starting time
Locking
b Mechanical problem
Overcurrent
Overheating(1)
Overload
Overheating(1)
Destruction of the
windings due to loss
of insulation
Overheating(1)
(1) Followed by short-circuiting and destruction of the windings after a period which depends on the importance and/or frequency of the fault.
Fig. 14 : Summary of the faults which can affect a motor, with their causes, effects and consequences.
4 Protection functions
Breaking capacity
(BC)
4.5 kA < BC < 6 kA
6 kA < BC < 10 kA
10 kA < BC < 20 kA
20 kA < BC < 50 kA
50 kA < BC
Cos j
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.25
0.2
Making
capacity (MC)
1.5 BC
1.7 BC
2 BC
2.1 BC
2.2 BC
b
L1 L2 L3
L1 L2 L3
Non-limiting
Limiter
Id
Limiting zone
Fig. 18 : Tripping curves of magnetic circuit-breakers.
Altitude
m
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Ambient temperature
30 C
35 C
1.07
1.04
1.01
1.04
1.01
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.93
0.91
0.89
0.86
0.83
0.81
40 C
1.00
0.97
0.94
0.91
0.87
0.83
0.78
45 C
0.96
0.93
0.90
0.87
0.84
0.80
0.75
50 C
0.92
0.89
0.86
0.84
0.80
0.76
0.72
55 C
0.87
0.84
0.82
0.79
0.76
0.72
0.68
60 C
0.82
0.79
0.77
0.75
0.71
0.68
0.64
The values in the table above are provided for guidance only. In reality, the derating of a motor
depends on it size, its insulation class, its type of construction (self-cooled or forced-cooled, IP 23 or
IP44 degree of protection, etc.), and varies according to the manufacturer
Note: The nominal power which is generally shown on a motor plate is specified by the manufacturer
for a continuous service S1 (operation at constant speed and for a long enough time to reach
thermal equilibrium).
There are other standard services, such as temporary service S2, or periodic intermittent services
S3, S4 and S5 for which the motor manufacturer specifies an operating power, different from the
nominal power, for each case.
Fig. 19 : Derating factors of motors according to their operating conditions.
Trip time from the following states:
Cold
Hot
Hot
at 1.05 x Ir at 1.2 x Ir at 1.5 x Ir
Cold
at 7.2 x Ir
Class
10 A
> 2 hrs
< 2 hrs
< 2 mins
2 s < tp < 10 s
10
> 2 hrs
< 2 hrs
< 4 mins
4 s < tp < 10 s
5 s < tp < 10 s
20
> 2 hrs
< 2 hrs
< 8 mins
6 s < tp < 20 s
10 s < tp < 20 s
30(1)
> 2 hrs
< 2 hrs
< 12 mins 9 s < tp < 30 s
20 s < tp < 30 s
(1) class used infrequently in Europe, but used widely in the United States
Cold state: Initial state without previous load
Hot state: Thermal equilibrium reached at Ir
Ir: Setting current of the overload relay
Fig. 20 : Main tripping classes of overload relays according to IEC 60947-4-1.
Class 30
30
Class 20
20
Class 10
10
1.05
1.50
1.20
Support forming
fixed point
Bimetallic strip after heating
Trip release
system
Fig. 23 : View of the inside of a thermal overload relay and detail of one of its bimetallic strips.
I/Ir
Current input
Trip capacity
setting
7.2
Current conductor
t (s)
Lower limit
Upper limit
Tripping zone
1.4 Ir
1.3 Ir
1.2 Ir
1.1 Ir
1 Ir
0.9 Ir
0.8 Ir
-10
C
0
10
20
30
40
Ambiant air temperature
50
Trip time
> 2 hrs
2 poles : 1.0 Ir
< 2 hrs
2 poles : 1.15 Ir
1 pole : 0
1 pole : 0.9 Ir
R ()
(Logarithmic scale)
4000
1330
550
250
20
T (C)
-20
NOT -20
NOT -5
TNF
High markers
NOT+5
NOT+15
Low markers
PLC
Computer
Modbus network
M
3a
Multi-function
protection relay
PTC probes
M
3a
M
3a
Type of relay
Causes of heating:
Overload
Rotor locking
Phase failure
Ventilation fault
Shaft bearing seizing
Excessive starting time
Demanding service
Torque shocks
Some
Telemecanique
references
Tesys U :
(*) CU: Control Unit
Overload relay
(thermal or
electronic)
Multi-function
relay
LR2K, LRD,
LR9D, LR9F
Standard or
expandable CU*
Entirely suitable
LT3
Possible solution
L1 L2 L3
t(s)
Overload
zone
Short-circuit
zone
2
4
3
Ir
1.0 Ir
Im Iinst
I(A)
Ics Icu
1.20 Ir
5 Motor starters
5.1 Background
A motor starter has four basic functions:
b Isolation
b Short-circuit protection
b Overload protection
b Control (on - off).
Each motor starter can be enhanced with
additional functionality according to the
application requirements. These relate to:
Isolator-fuse:
b short-circuit
protection,
b isolation for
maintenance.
Thermal-magnetic
circuit-breaker:
b short-circuit protection,
b overload protection
b isolation for maintenance.
Contactor:
b on-off
Contactor :
b on-off
Magnetic circuit-breaker:
b short-circuit protection,
b isolation for maintenance.
Contactor :
b on-off
b disconnection in case
of fault.
Overload relay:
b overload
protection
Motor
Motor
Motor
Fig. 34 : The various functions and their combinations forming a motor starter.
Short-circuit protection
This function requires the detection of overcurrents
following short circuits (generally more than
10times the nominal current) and the opening
ofthe faulty circuit. It is provided by fuses or
magnetic circuit-breakers.
Overload protection
This function requires the detection of excess
currents following overloads (Ir < Ioverloads <Im)
and the opening of the faulty circuit. It is provided
by electromechanical or electronic devices
(overload relays) combined with a breaking device
(circuit-breaker or contactor) or incorporated in
electronic starters or variable speed drives. It also
protects the motor line against thermal overloads.
Control
Control signifies the closing (making) and
opening (breaking) of an electrical circuit under
load. The control function is provided by switches
or possibly by motor circuit-breakers, starters or
variable speed drives. However, the contactor
is the product most commonly used for this
function, since it allows remote control. For
motors, this control device must permit a large
number of operations (electrical durability) and
must conform to IEC 60947-4-1. According to
these standards, manufacturers must specify the
following characteristics for this equipment:
b Control circuit
v the nature of the control current, and its
frequency in the case of alternating current
v the rated voltage of the control circuits (Uc) or
the control supply voltage (Us)
b Power circuit
v the rated operating voltage (Uo): this is
generally expressed as the voltage between
phases. It determines the operation of the
DC-1
DC-3
DC-5
Typical applications
Non-inductive or low-inductance loads, resistance furnaces. Power
distribution (lighting, generator sets, etc.)
Slip-ring motors: starting, disconnection. Equipment for intensive use
(lifting, handling, grinding machines, rolling mill trains, etc.)
Squirrel cage motors: starting, disconnection of started motors(1). Motor
control (pumps, compressors, fans, machine tools, conveyors, presses, etc.)
Squirrel cage motors: starting, reversing, inching. Equipment for
intensive use (lifting, handling, grinding machines, rolling mill trains, etc.)
Non-inductive or low-inductance loads, resistance furnaces.
Shunt motors: starting, reversing, inching. Dynamic disconnection of
motors for direct current.
Series motors: starting, reversing, inching. Dynamic disconnection of
motors for direct current.
(1) The AC-3 category can be used for inching or reversing for occasional operations of limited duration, such as the assembly of a
machine; the number of these operations during these limited periods does not normally exceed five operations per minute or ten
in a period of 10 minutes.
Fig. 35 : The different operating categories of contactors according to their intended applications,
as shown in IEC 60947-1.
5.3 The special case of electronic starters and variable speed drives
Starting asynchronous motors by direct connection
to the line supply is the solution which is most
common, most economical and most suitable for a
wide range of machines. However, this may entail
constraints (such as the inrush current on starting,
mechanical shocks on starting, the impossibility
of controlling acceleration and deceleration and
the impossibility of varying the speed) which may
be troublesome for some applications, or even
incompatible with the desired operation of the
machine. Electronic starters and variable speed
drives (see Fig. 36 ) can overcome these problems,
but the conventional protection described above
is ineffective with equipment which modulates
the electrical energy supplied to the motor.
Entreprise level
Production management
Factory level
Scheduling
Workshop level
Supervision
Cell level
Automated systems
Machine level
Sensors - Actuators
LU
motor starter
Solution "2 products"
GV2 M
LC1 K
Thermal-magnetic + contactor
circuit-breaker
Solution "3 products"
GVE LE
Magnetic
+
circuit-breaker
LC1 K
contactor
LRK
overload
relay
t(s)
In
I(A)
0.7Ic Ic 1.2Ic
Overload
zone
Impedanceearthed
short-circuit
Tripping curves:
1 overload relay
2 magnetic trip release
3 fuse
Short-circuit
zone
Possible functions
1/L3
1/L2
6/T3
4/T2
Control unit
2/T1
1/L1
Control units:
Standard
Expandable
Multi-function
Fig. 42 : Example of optional functions available with a modular system (Telemecanique Tesys U starter-controller).
5.7 Discrimination
In an electrical installation, the loads are
connected to the generators via a sequence of
isolation, protection and control devices.
Unless there is a carefully implemented
discrimination plan, an electric fault may affect
several protection devices. Thus a single fault
can result in a larger or smaller part of the
installation being switched off. This causes an
additional loss of availability of electrical energy
in correctly operating feeders.
To prevent this loss, in a radial feeder layout
(see Fig. 43 ) the aim of discrimination is to
disconnect only the faulty feeder or motor
from the line supply, while keeping the largest
possible part of the installation live. Thus
discrimination makes it possible to combine
safety and continuity of service. It also facilitates
fault location.
To provide maximum continuity of service,
protection devices which are coordinated with
each other must be used. For this purpose,
different methods are used to achieve either
D1
D3
D2
5.8 Example
The aim is to select a motor starter for protecting
and controlling a lifting pump where continuity of
service is essential.
D.O.L. starters with circuit-breaker and thermal overload relay 3-product solution, type 2 coordination
GV2 L
LC1 D
LR D
0.36
0.42
0.6
130
130
130
0.09
0.12
0.18
0.28
0.37
0.55
130
130
130
6.5
130
8.4
130
4
4
6.5
6.5
10
50
Circuit-breaker
Ref.
GV2 L03
or LE03
GV2 L03
or LE03
GV2 L04
or LE04
0.4
LC1 D09
LRD 03
0.250.40
0.63
LC1 D09
LRD 04
0.40.63
10
10
LC1 D09
LRD 12
5.58
10
138
10
138
LC1 D12
LC1 D12
LC1 D09
LRD 12
LRD 12
LRD 14
5.58
5.58
710
GV2 L14
or LE14
GV2 LE14
GV2 L14
GV2 L14
or LE14
Control
Screw clamp
Rating
y 440 V
A
12
32
690
4
Ref.
500 V
A
12
23
690 V
A
9
21
LUB 12
LUB 32
- Control units
LUB 12
0.150.6
0.351.4
1.255
312
4.518
832
12 and 32
12 and 32
12 and 32
12 and 32
32
32
LUCB X6pp
LUCB 1Xpp
LUCB 05pp
LUCB 12pp
LUCB 18pp
LUCB 32pp
24
BL
B
-
4872
110240
ES
FU
6 Conclusion
1
3
Modules [3-4]
b Auxiliary contacts
b Function
v Fault differentiation (with manual reset or
remote or automatic reset)
v Thermal pre-alarm
v Indication of the motor load
b Communication
v Parallel bus
v Serial bus: AS-Interface, Modbus, Profibus, etc.
Inverter unit [5]
Limiter-isolator unit [6]
Id / In
Cmax
Cn
Cd
Acceleration
torque
Cr
Resistive torque
If (Cr)
In
N
N1 Nn
In the power network
Starting current
Brownout
Harmonic disturbance
Power factor
In the motor
Number of successive starts
Available torque
Temperature stress
In the mechanism
Stress on couplings
Suitable load types
N1 Nn
Large overcurrent (5 to 10 In)
Considerable
Considerable during starting
Low during starting
Limited (thermal withstand)
Low during starting (see graph)
Very considerable (rotor)
Very considerable
Low-inertia load
Fig. 46 : Graphs and summary of the induced effects of the DOL starting mode.
Star-triangle starting
The principle of this mode is that the motor is
started by coupling the windings in star
configuration under the line voltage (see Fig. 47),
which is equivalent to dividing the nominal
voltage of the motor in star configuration by 3.
The peak starting current is then divided by 3,
i.e. Is = 1.5 to 3 In.
This is a simple and economical starting mode
which reduces the current peak on starting (see
Fig. 48 next page).
It can only be used if:
b the starting load is zero, or has a low torque
not exceeding 1/3 of the nominal torque
b and the line can withstand the excess current
during the coupling changeover.
Rheostatic stator starting
The principle is to start the motor at a reduced
voltage by connecting resistors in series with the
windings (see Fig. 49 next page). When the speed
is stabilized, the resistors are short-circuited and
the motor is coupled directly to the line supply.
This operation is generally controlled by a timer.
L1 L2 L3
1
Q1
2
KM2
KM3
2
KM1
F2
U2 V2 W2
(X) (Y) (Z)
Id / In
C / Cn
C in
Cmax
I
I in
2
Cr
I in Y
C in Y
Resistive torque
If (Cr)
In
N
N1 Nn
In the power network
Starting current
Brownout
Harmonic disturbance
Power factor
In the motor
Number of successive starts
Available torque
Temperature stress
In the mechanism
Stress on couplings
Suitable load types
N1 Nn
Low overcurrent (1.5 to 3 In)
Considerable on change of coupling
Considerable during starting
Degraded during starting
2 to 3 times greater than in direct connection
Reduced during starting (1/3 Cn)
Lower than in direct connection
Lower than in direct connection
Low-inertia
Fig. 48 : Graphs and summary of the effects of the star-triangle starting mode.
Autotransformer starting
The motor is supplied at reduced voltage by
means of an autotransformer which is switched
out of the circuit after starting.
L1 L2 L3
1
Q1
KM1
KM1
2
R1 R3 R5
Ic Id
6
I (direct)
I (stage 1)
4
with resistances
I (stage 2)
R2 R4 R6
without
resistance
3
2
5
1
F2
2
U
4
V
6
W
50
1.5
Torque
M
3
Fig. 49 : Electrical diagram and sequence of a
rheostatic stator starter.
100
Cm (stage 2)
C (direct)
1
0.5
Cm (stage 1)
Cresistive
50
100
L1 L2 L3
Stage 1
L1 L2 L3
U
K3
K2
V
3
U1 V1 W1
Stage 2
L1 L2 L3
Stage 3
L1 L2 L3
U
U3
V3
W3
U
V
M
3
U2 V2 W2
V
3
K1
Ic
6
Id
I (direct)
5
4
I (3e temps)
3
I (1er temps)
2
1
Couple
1,5
50
100
C (direct)
Cm (2e tps)
Cm (3e tps)
1
0,5
Cm (1er tps)
Crsistant
50
N
100
Appendix 3: Bibliography
Standards
Miscellaneous
2007 SchneiderElectric
SchneiderElectric
01-07