Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Final Report
February 2015
Prepared for
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ernst & Young Shin Nihon LLC
Japan External Trade Organization
Prepared by :
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.
1
Reproduction prohibited
Preface
This report describes the outcomes of the Study on Economic Partnership Projects in Developing Countries
FY 2014 with which Mitsui & Co., Ltd. and Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. were entrusted by the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry.
In this report, Study on the New Power Plant Project in Mawlamyaing, Myanmar, an survey was made
for a coal-fired power plant construction project for the purpose of improving the power shortage issues in
Myanmar (the Project).
It is hoped that this report will contribute to the realization of the Project and also will serve as reference
information for those concerned in Myanmar and Japan.
Project Map
Abbreviations
Words
Myanmar
MoEP
MEPE
DGSE
MOI
Ministry of Industry
YESB
ESE
DHPP
DHPI
HPGE
DEP
JICA
Contents
Preface
Project map
Table of abbreviations
Contents
Executive Summary
10
11
12
12
15
18
27
27
28
30
32
38
41
45
47
91
(8)Others
98
6
169
169
172
173
175
177
182
183
184
(1) Direction of the fund sourcing by the Myanmar Government for the Project184
184
185
186
186
186
186
Executive Summary
(1) Project background
The demand for power in Myanmar in 2030 is estimated to be about seven times that of today. To meet this
rapid increase in the demand for power and to supply power stably, a rapid development of power generating
facilities is necessary. In developing such power generating facilities, it is necessary to develop power generating
facilities using various power resources such as gas-fired power generation, coal-fired power generation,
hydropower generation, and renewable energy power generation using wind or solar energy.
In consideration of problems represented by the fact that the availability of power resources and the available
locations for hydropower generation are limited, however, it is important to develop well balanced portfolio of
various power resources with low generating cost.
Regarding gas-fired power generation, a demand for gas three times as large as the available domestic gas
supply is anticipated in 2030; for this reason, fuel must be imported with the possibility of importing liquid natural
gas (LNG) or of using a gas pipeline for transportation from the neighboring countries. But developing these
facilities takes costs and time.
Regarding hydropower generation, there are issues in developing large-scale hydropower generating facilities
such as the necessity of long development periods (10 years or more), the magnitude of environmental and
social impact (submergence of extensive land, relocation of inhabitants, and the like) depending on the location of
development and the difficulty of connecting to transmission lines depending on the location of development.
In addition, the available power generating capacity for hydropower varies from season to season, which poses the
problem of the power output lowering to 70% in the dry season from the full output in the rainy season.
A number of trial calculations on the power generating cost by kind of fuel resources in thermal power
generation have been performed, which show large variation; in general, however, the lowest of all power
generating costs is derived from coal-fired power generation.
After the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, which caused the shutdown of nuclear power generation,
Japan managed to continue supplying power without a substantial hindrance to the supply of power by taking such
measures as increasing the import of LNG on an emergency basis to increase the LNG power generation and
restoring aged oil-fired power stations.
These examples show that diversifying the kinds of fuel resources, namely, developing gas-fired power
generation, coal-fired power generation, oil-fired power generation, and hydropower generation in a suitable
balance is extremely important in terms of security in the supply of power. To solve Myanmars energy problems,
the development of coal-fired power generation is an important means.
Indonesia and Australia, adopting a design that is based on bituminous coal firing alone and the assumed heating
value is approximately 24,000 kJ/kg, the higher heating value in use.
The thermal efficiency of power generation is taken at 42% (HHV), which is on the same level as that of well
performed and reliable ultra supercritical pressure coal-fired plants that are operated as base-load plants in Japan.
The annual load factor and the availability are assumed in the same way as the thermal efficiency: an annual
load factor of 80%, an availability of 84%, and an operating mode as a base load power plant.
transmission line, it is assumed that a transmission line is constructed from the site for the connection with the
trunk transmission system. With the site conceived facing the Andaman Sea, it is suitable as the base for ocean
transportation of imported coal. The site is also suitable to install limestone-gypsum desulphurization facilities
because limestone is mined in the nearby suburb.
11
growth rates were, according to IMF estimates, 5.5% in FY 2010, 5.9% in FY 2011, 6.3% in FY 2012, and 6.8%
in FY 2013. It is predicted that the growth rate in FY 2014 will also be approximately 7%, and that this growth
rate level will continue thereafter until 2018. Thus it is expected that stable growth will continue in the future also.
The GDP per capita is 855 dollars (in 2013), which is at the lowest level in the ASEAN. In Yangon, however, the
GDP per capita is said to be 1,800 dollars. That is, the purchasing power of the intermediate and high income
classes is higher than is imagined.
The trade balance was such that surpluses of 2.4 billion dollars were posted in 2010. However, in 2011,
surpluses of 1 billion dollars were posted. That is, imports and exports were approximately balanced. In 2012,
Myanmar fell into a state of trade deficit. The greatest reason for the reduced trade surplus is a rapid increase in
imported used cars. However, the export of natural gas to Thailand, which currently accounts for 40% of the total
export, remains in a favorable condition. Furthermore, the pipeline for export to China was opened in September
2013. For this reason, gas export to china is expected to increase. Thus it is estimated that the trade balance will
improve. The current-account balance is such that some deficit amount was posted. However, an amount of 7
billion dollars, which is equivalent to 9 months worth of total export, is secured as foreign currency reserves.
Direct investments increased rapidly in and after FY 2010. There were inflows of 20 billion dollars in FY 2010
and 4.6 billion dollars in FY 2011. Main countries are not only China and Thailand, which are neighboring
countries, but also ASEAN countries. The main field is energy, including electric power, petroleum, and gas.
Meanwhile, in and after FY 2012, there were increases in investments in manufacturing industries. It is true that
the money amount per item is low, but the number of investment items account for 80% of the number of direct
investment items.
As regards the fiscal balance, a financial deficit of about 1.5 trillion kyat (about 2 billion dollars) (in FY 2009)
has continued. In this respect, under the guidance of the IMF, the financial deficit is controlled in such a way as to
be within 5% of the GDP as a rough target. Deficits are covered by the issuance of government bonds. Private
monetary institutions in Myanmar act as main purchasers. Government bonds that have been issued are controlled
within 5% of the GDP. Thus government bonds can be stably consumed in Myanmar. Foreign debts as of the end
of March, 2012, were 13.7 billion dollars, out of which the delinquent debt balance was 4.8 dollars. In FY 2012,
Japanese and international organizations (including the World Bank and the ADB) exempted/dissolved delinquent
debts, with the result that foreign debts were reduced to half of the amount as it was at the end of FY 2011. In
January 2013, the Myanmarese Government held consultations, in the Paris Club, with the member nations of this
club, and reached an agreement that half of the debts would be exempted in two stages. It was decided that the
remaining debts be deferred for 15 years. Currently, the IMF is monitoring the process of the debt reduction
measures. In January 2014, the IMF sent an study team. The results of the investigation were satisfactory. It is
expected that in the future, resumption of loans can be newly realized. The JBIC is expected to send its study team
in concert with the equivalents of other countries, and to start to newly extend credit in May or later this year.
At present, interest rates in Myanmar are as follows: The deposit interest rate is 8%; the official discount rate is
10%; the lending interest rate is 13%. By way of recent news, an interest rate reduction of 2% was carried out in
September 2011, and the same reduction was performed again in January 2012. Since the interest rate level is
higher than in neighboring countries, the Central Bank is considering a further interest rate reduction. In this
connection, the Central Bank used to be under the umbrella of the Ministry of Financial Revenue. However, an
13
organizational reform was carried out in July 2013 for the purpose of securing independence in accordance with
the international standard. In April 2012, foreign exchange rates were integrated, and a transition was made to a
floating exchange rate system. Subsequently, foreign exchange rates have been decided at auctions conducted by
monetary institutions that are authorized to perform exchange transactions. Immediately after the transition, the
foreign exchange rate dropped to 900 kyat/dollar. Recently, however, foreign exchange rates stably remain
between approximately 900 kyat/dollar and 950 kyat/dollar.
14
Table 1-1
Period
Event
Anglo Burma Company started to supply electric power in Rangoon City.
1908
Subsequently, small-scale electric power enterprises were founded, until the number of such
enterprises amounted to a maximum of 102.
1947
1948
The Electricity Supply Act No. 69 was enacted, and the electric power business was nationalized.
1951
The Electricity Supply Board (ESB) was established, and nationalization was promoted.
1960
1972
1974
1988
1994
1997
1999
2002
2005
Baluchung No. 2 Hydropower Station was completed within the framework of Japans reparation
aid.
The Electricity Power Corporation (EPC), into which the electric power enterprises in Myanmar
were consolidated, was established.
Baluchung No. 2 Hydropower Station was enlarged.
The Electricity Power Corporation (EPC) was renamed the Myanma Electric Power Enterprise
(MEPE).
The Foreign Investment Law was amended, and the purchase of IPPs and electric power facilities
was started.
The electric power organizations that were under the umbrella of the Ministry of Energy became
independent, and the Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) was established.
Operation of combined cycle power stations was started in Ahlone and Hlawga.
The Department of Hydropower was established under the umbrella of the Ministry of Electric
Power (MOEP).
Operation of a coal-fired power station was started in Tigyit.
The MOEP was divided into the MOEP 1 and the MOEP 2.
The HPGE (Hydropower Generation Enterprise), the YESB (Yangon City Electricity Supply Board),
2006
and the ESE (Electric Supply Enterprise) became independent of the MEPE.
The whole business was divided into electric power generation, electric power transmission, and
electric power distribution.
2012
The MOEP 1 and the MOEP 2 were integrated into the MOEP.
Source: Data prepared by the Study team
15
The Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) consists of three departments and four enterprises, and takes
charge of the following work. Furthermore, the organization of the Ministry of Electric Power is shown in
Figure1-1. Policies related to coal fired power plant are made at DHPP, DHPI and HPGE.
Vice-Minister
Department of Department of
Hydropower
Hydropower
Planning
Implementation
(DHPP)
(DHPI)
Vice-Minister
Hydropower
Generation
Enterprise
(HPGE)
Department of
Electric
Power
(DEP)
Myanma
Electric
Power
Enterprise
(MEPE)
Yangon City
Electricity
Supply Board
(YESB)
Electric
Supply
Enterprise
(ESE)
As shown in Figure1-2 , the current supply setup in electricity business in Myanmar is divided into power
generation business, power transmission business, and power distribution business.
Power
generation
Figure1-2
Hydroelectric power plants
and coal-fired power plants
of Hydropower Generation
Enterprise (HPGE)
Enterprise (MEPE)
Myanma Electric Power Enterprise
(MEPE)
17
Figure1-3
Resource
Hydropower
Resource amount
108 GW (Theoretical potential
hydropower)
48.5 GW (Economically developable
potential hydropower)
Petroleum
Natural gas
25,000,000 MMcf
Coal
Oil shale
18
Figure1-4
Unit: Thousand oil equivalent
Other
Domestic product(22,530)
(108)
Import
(239)
Natural gas
Oil
product
(239)
Hydro power Coal
(409)
(439)
Coal
(409)
Oil product
(390)
Hydro power
(439)
Uncommercial
(10,211)
energy(10,535)
Oil
(935)
Domestic supply(13,997)
Uncommercial
energy(10,535)
Oil
(892)
(8879)
Natural gas(8,879)
(8879)
Export(8,879)
Natural gas
(8,879)
Domestic supply(13,997)
Loss
(1110)
Uncommercial
energy(10,495)
Electricity Oil
(535) product
(1027)
Coal(234)
Natural gas(596)
Source: Based on information materials prepared by the Japan Electric Power Information Center Inc.
19
Table 1-3 Electric power situations in Myanmar and other various countries
ITEM
Peak Demand
[GW]
Electricity Sales (a)
[TWh/year]
Population (b)
[Million]
Electricity Sales per Capita (a)/(b)
[MWh/year/capita]
Electrification Ratio
[%]
Myanmar
Japan
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Jordan
Zambia
(FY2005)
156
26
29
11
6.3
851.6
162.7
174
59.2
14.3
8.1
62
127
67
244
97
13
0.1
6.7
2.3
0.7
0.6
2.3
0.6
28
100
99
73
81
100
26
High economic growth is expected to take place in the future. Also, electric power demand is presumed to
significantly increase. Electric power demand predictions are carried out not only by the Ministry of Electric
Power, but also by international organizations such as the ADB, the World Bank, and the JICA. Estimations are
made using indices such as economic growth rates (GDP), populations, and electrification rates. Recently, demand
predictions are performed using JICAs Electric Power Master Plan. The results of these predictions are shown
below together with the results of the prediction made by the Ministry of Electric Power. In Case High, the peak
electric power will be 14,500 MW in 2030. This value is about seven times as high as the current amount.
20
25000
19217
20000
14542
15000
MOEP
9100
10000
High Case
Low Case
5000
1666
0
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
Year
For the purpose of meeting this power demand, an electric power source of 28,500 MW will be required in
2030. That is, it follows that an electric power source of 25,000 MW will be newly developed. In terms of the
electric power source make-up, not only hydropower electric power source, but also coal, gas, and renewable
energy electric power sources are intended to be developed in conformity with the government energy policy. In
JICAs Electric Power Master Plan investigation, a proposal is made of the optimum electric power source
make-up in which consideration is given to the following matters: diversification of electric power sources;
electric power source development costs; and electric power supply costs. It is concluded that the optimum
coal-fired electric power source is 5,000 MW, which is equivalent to 20% of all electric power sources.
Hydro
2,780
MW
Gas
2,484
MW
2,000
MW
Coal
120
MW
Hydro
19,037
MW
2013
Coal
5,030
MW
Table1-4 Electric power transmission facilities and electrical energy transformation facilities that are subject
to the jurisdiction of the MEPE (as of the end of 2013)
Item
Number of electric power
transmission lines
Electric power transmission
line distance (km)
Number of electric power
substations
Electric power substation
capacity (kVA)
230 kV
132 kV
66 kV
Total
43
35
138
216
3,047
2,109
3,616
8,772
30
25
130
185
3,760
1,323
1,975
7,058
Source: MEPE
22
NCC
GCC
Backup
LDC
Power plant operating
instructions
23
(
Myanma
Electric Power MEPE)
Enterprise
Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise
(66kV,33kV)
Electric
Supply Enterprise
(ESE)
Yangon
City Electricity
(YESB)Supply Board
(11kV,6.6kV,0.4kV)
Consumer
24
Table1-5 Electric power distribution facilities under the jurisdiction of the ESE
Item
Electric power distribution
line distance (km)
Number of electric power
substations
Electric power substation
capacity (MVA)
66 kV
33 kV
11 kV
Mon State
19
238
644
Entire region
3,144
6,011
12,373
covered by ESE
Mon State
4
32
617
Entire region
141
717
13,292
covered by ESE
Mon State
37
62
118
Entire region
1,470
2,275
3,034
covered by ESE
Source: Data issued by ESE (July 2013)
6.6 kV
11
400 V
628
263
14,010
11
312
1.33
164
In the electric power distribution systems in Myanmar, there are frequent occurrences of power outages due to
failures caused by deterioration of electric power distribution facilities, and due to insufficient supply from
higher-ranking systems. Furthermore, the overall length of low voltage lines is so long that instances of electric
power distribution losses and voltage drops are on the increase. The ADB, the World Bank, and the JICA have
declared their intentions to provide support for these issues.
25
Table1-6 Comparison of electricity Tariffs before the tariff rise and those thereafter
Household
Type
General Purpose
Domestic Power
Small Power
Industrial
Industry
Other
Bulk
Street Lighting
Temporary Lightning
Foreign users
Electricity
Tariff (/kwh)
kWh
2014331
201441
Until 31st March 2014
From
1st April 2014
1kWh 100kWh
35Kyat
35Kyat
101kWh 200kWh
40Kyat
201kWh
50Kyat
1kWh 500kWh
75kyat
75Kyat
5000kWh 10000kWh
100kyat
10001kWh 50000kWh
125kyat
50001kWh 200000kWh
150kyat
200001kWh 300000kWh
125kyat
300001kWh
100kyat
35Kyat
35Kyat
35Kyat
35Kyat
75Kyat
75Kyat
0.12USD
0.12USD
26
1) Matters related to the policies, courses of actions, and laws of the county
a) Matters related to the policies and laws related to coal in Myanmar
b) The energy policy, electric power development plans, electric transmission plans, electricity rates, etc.
3) Study of the places of the coal-fired power plant and the coal storage and supply base
a) Locations of the ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant and the coal storage and supply base (areas of the
sites, geographical features, weather, hydrological features, ownership, surrounding environment [Distances
from electric power consumption places, connection with electric power transmission lines, industrial water],
etc.)
b) Coal storage and supply base: Harbor (Depth, weather, ship traffic volume, etc)
c) Power plant: Calculation of rough estimates of operating costs such as for the investigation of the harbor
where water intake openings, water discharge outlets, and piers are to be installed
27
Name
Project manager
Keiji Morino
Supervision of investigation
Narichika Kobayashi
3
4
5
6
Ryu Zushida
Shinji Hosono
Shinichiro Kobayashi
Takamichi Ozaki
Eiji Kurihara
Management in general
Naoto Kawabe
Munehisa Ito
Keiichi Kagami
10
Supervision of technology
Kimitsugu Kozasa
11
planning
12
Kazunori Ohara
13
Yoshihide Takeyama
14
Shunichiro Yasuda
15
Kensuke Fukushima
16
analysis
17
28
2) Counterparts
Figure2-1 Organization of MoEP
Minister
Deputy Minister
Deputy Minister
Department of Department of
Hydropower
Hydropower
Implementation
Planning
(DHPI)
(DHPP)
Hydropower
Generation
Enterprise
(HPGE)
Department
of Electricity
Power
(DEP)
Myanma
Electric Power
Enterprise
(MEPE)
Yangon City
Electricity
Supply Board
(YESB)
Electric
Supply
Enterprise
(ESE)
Official position
U Aye San
Deputy Minister
Director
U Aung Ko Ko
Deputy Director
U Tint Lwin Oo
U Aye San
Managing Director
Myint Aung
Managing Director
Htein Lwin
Mi Mi Khaing
Director
Aung Ko Ko
U Kyaw Din
Director
29
Name
Aug
Sep
2014
Oct
2015
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Domestic study)
Law and regurations study
Fuel Supply Planning study
Facility Planning study
Fund planning study
Environmental Impact accessment
Plan study
Economical study
Report
Site study
1st
Disscussion
2nd
Site study
3rd
Interim report
Final
Final Report
Oct. 5, 2014
(Sun)
Oct 6, 2014
(Mon)
Oct 7, 2014 (Tue)
Oct 8, 2014
(Wed)
Oct 9, 2014 (Thu)
Oct 10, 2014
(Fri)
Oct 11, 2014
(Sat)
30
31
Figure 3-1 shows the predicted values of the following items in Myanmar: the amount of gas demanded; and
the amount of gas that can be supplied. The amount of gas demanded means the amount of gas required to operate
the 2,484 MW gas-fired power plants that was assumed for the electric power source. The pink line indicates the
amount of gas that can be supplied in Myanmar. It is estimated that in 2030, the amount of gas demanded will be
three times as high as the amount of gas that can be supplied in Myanmar. Therefore, it will be necessary to cover
the shortage by import. Ordinary import of liquefied natural gas (LNG), and import of natural gas through
pipelines from neighboring countries, are conceivable. In this regard, development of these pipelines requires cost
and time.
32
Figure 3-2 Amounts of coal required for coal-fired power generation in Myanmar
33
Figure 3-3 shows plans for the development of hydropower plants. Development of large-scale hydropower
plants involves the following problems, among others: Long development periods are required (10 years or
more). Depending on development places, environmental impacts, social impacts, etc. are high (such as
submergence of a wide range of land, and relocation of residents). Depending on locations, it is difficult to
establish connection with electric power transmission lines. Furthermore, there is a problem in that power
generation capacities vary depending on season. In dry seasons, power generation output power is 70% of that in
rainy seasons.
Coal
Gas
Oil
Sources: In-house information materials of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. and information materials of the
Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan
Figure 3-4shows power generation costs as classified by fuel type. Fuel prices are subject to large variations
and are subject to various estimation methods. Generally speaking, it can be said that coal-fired power generation
is most inexpensive on an overall basis.
34
Figure3-5 shows generated electric power amounts in the past and at present in Japan as classified by fuel type.
Up to the 1970s, electric power supply in Japan depended primarily on hydropower generation and coal-fired
power generation. In the 1970s, oil shocks were experienced twice. Since then, efforts have been made to
diversify fuel types. In specific terms, development of nuclear power plants, and thermal power plants fired by
liquefied natural gas (LNG) or coal, has been pushed forward. Currently, as shown in Figure 3-5, the breakdown
of the power generation facility fleet is such that no specific fuel type is depended upon.
Figure 3-6 Changes in generated power amounts, as classified by fuel type, which occurred after the Great East
Japan Earthquake, compared to the corresponding amounts before this earthquake
Figure3-6 shows quite recent generated power amounts as classified by fuel type. In Japan, the Great East Japan
Earthquake was experienced in March 2011. At the Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant, which was damaged
by the earthquake and the resulting tsunami, there occurred a serious accident in which nuclear reactors failed to
be cooled. At present, safety improvement measures are being taken in nuclear power plants in Japan. All nuclear
reactors are stopped.
After the earthquake, the following measures were taken, among others: LNG thermal power generation
amounts were increased by urgently increasing LNG imports; aged oil-fired power plants were rehabilitated. As a
result, power generation operations have been carried out without causing great obstacle to electric power supply.
On the basis of the above, promotion of the diversification of fuel is very important in terms of the security of
electric power supply.
Figure 3-7 Power generation amounts, as classified by fuel type, with respect to daily load duration curves
Figure 3-7 shows changes in daily power generation amounts, as classified by fuel type, in a state when nuclear
power plants are operable.
The operating arrangement is such that nuclear power and coal-fired power, for which fuel costs are low, are
used as base electric power sources, and that electric power is generated at full output power at all times.
Adjustment of power generation amounts commensurate with demands is carried out at power plants using gas
turbines, which excel in load adjustment speeds (generation power amount adjustment speeds). On the basis of the
above, it is necessary in terms of supply and demand adjustment that coal-fired power and gas-fired power be
developed in such a way as to strike an appropriate balance.
So far, it was explained that diversification of fuel is important. That is, an explanation was given that it is
important to carry out development in such a way as to strike an appropriate balance among gas-fired, oil-fired,
and hydropower generation. The contents of the explanation made so far made are summarized below:
It is expected that in Myanmar, the electric power demand will rapidly increase by 2030.
In Japan, oil crises were experienced in which shortage of oil supply, and efforts have been made to
diversify fuel. Diversification of fuel is important in terms of security and of supply and demand
adjustment.
Development of coal-fired power plants is an important means for resolving the energy issue in Myanmar.
37
Rashio
Tigyit
Eastern Shan
6,500
3,450 - 5,400
5,000
3,000 - 6,000
0.52 - 0.78
0,39 - 1.04
0.46 - 0.96
0.4 - 1.17
Crushability (HGI)
34 - 42
20 - 27
20 - 27
4.4 - 5.8
2.3 - 8.1
8 - 12
2 - 16
9.7
Sub-bituminous
coal
8.6 - 24.0
18.51
40
Lignite
Lignite
Lignite
Estimated reserves
214
29
20
150
(in millions of tons)
Source: Data prepared by the Study team on the basis of DGSE information materials
On the basis of the above, it is assumed that in this project, bituminous coal will be used imported from
Australia and Indonesia, which are neighboring countries of Myanmar. Also, the facilities will be designed in such
a way that the use of sub-bituminous coal in Myanmar. And that blending system of two types of coal such as
sub-bituminous coal and bituminous coal shall be considered.
6) Operation method
As regards the operation method, operations as a base load plant will be assumed.
ton/year
ton/month
ton/day
ton/h
40
1,500,000
120,000
4,000
204
Hydrological features (Water depths, tide levels, tidal currents, and wind speeds)
Terrains
Use status
Access road
b) Project area
It was decided that the project area be that portion of the coastline which extends to the south by approximately
30 km from Kyaikami located approximately 90 km southwest from Mawlamyine, the largest city in Mon State.
Figure 3-9
Mawlamyine is connected by 230 kV electric power transmission lines to Yangon and to the trunk systems all
over Myanmar. Furthermore, the area faces the Sea of Andaman, and is suitable as a base of marine transportation
of imported coal. Limestone is taken out in the suburbs. Therefore, the area is suitable also for the installation of
limestone-calcium-sulfate type desulfurization equipment.
Figure3-10 Places holding limestone deposits
underground in Myanmar
During the on-site exploration, confirmations were made of the hydrological states of the sea area and the
positions of schools, dwelling houses, pagodas etc., and selection was made of the land required to construct the
power plant.
42
Figure3-14 Pagodas
43
Figure3-16
44
5) Coal blending
Coal blending equipment (equipment whereby two types of coal can be blended at coal bending rates within
the range from 10 90%) was installed at the outlet of the coal storage yard so that bituminous coal could be
blended with sub-bituminous coal etc.
6) Coal ash and gypsum shipping equipment (Jetpack vehicle transportation, ship transportation)
A plan was prepared in which limestone and gypsum would be subjected to marine transportation on 2,000
DWT ships (marine transportation to foreign countries was also assumed). Furthermore, facilities were
configured in such a way that it would also be possible to carry out delivery by means of jetpack vehicles.
7) Water to be used
The layout was arranged in such a way that plant water receiving equipment and pretreatment equipment
would be installed at an entrance to the premises of the power plant, and that the piping length would be the
shorts. At present, no industrial water facilities are developed in neighboring places of the project site.
Therefore, it is assumed that water will be taken from rivers, well.or instration of RO system.
45
Item
Unit
Numerical
value
600
1
42
80/84
7,358
3,532
5.5
3,338
24,000
204
4,896
120,000
1,500,000
45
200,000
5
Item
Pressure
Temperature
Pressure
Value
24.5 MPa (g)
600 C
4.38 MPa(g)
47
Remarks
Numerical value
24,000 kJ/kg
1.0%
1.8%
20%
7%
Fuel
Auxiliary fuel
:Light oil
Stem conditions
: USC (600/600C)
Boiler type
Main equipment
: Two boiler circulation pumps, two water separators, six mills (one mill
being a spare), two forced draft fans, two primary air fans, two induced
fans, and two, boost up fans.
48
Figure 3-22
49
(b) Turbine
Steam conditions
: USC (600/600C)
Turbine type
Main valves
: Four Main steam stop valves, four steam control valves, two reheated
steam stop valves, and two intercepting valves
: Steam turbine-driven boiler water feed pumps (Two 50% pumps) and
electromotor-driven boiler water feed pumps (One 25% pumps)
Figure3- 24
Type
Cooling method
: Hydrogen direct cooling (for rotors), and water direct cooling (for stators)
Capacity
Power factor
Frequency
: 50 Hz
Excitation method
50
51
Figure 3-27
desulfurization
equipment,
and
dust
present, and visually shows that smoke discharge decreased due to the introduction of environmental treatment
equipment. In Japan, the public air pollution became a serious social problem from the 1960s to the 1970s. For
this reason, ever since the 1970s, various flue gas treatment equipment has been developed and introduced. The
graph on lower side of Figure 3-27 shows changes in emissions of NOx and SOx per kW. Due to the development
and introduction of flue gas treatment equipment, the emissions of air pollutants were drastically reduced.
52
NOx
SOx
0.16
USA
(2005)
Canada
(2005)
UK
France
(2005)
(2005)
Germany
(2005)
Italy
(2005)
0.07
Japan Hekinan
Hekinan
(2007)
Figure 3-28 shows amounts of SOx and NOx discharged per kWh in coal-fired power plants in various
countries. As compared to other countries in the world, the amounts of the above-mentioned substances
discharged from coal-fired power plants in Japan are extremely low. Furthermore, in Japan, the amount of the
aforementioned substances discharged from the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant of Chubu Electric Co., Inc. is
furthermore lower.
Figure 3-29 shows an outline of flue gas treatment facilities in a coal-fired power plant.
Figure3-30
Combustion gas from the boiler firstly passes through the denitration equipment, which removes nitrogen
oxides (NOx) in a high temperature state. Subsequently, this gas passes through the air preheater and through the
gas and gas heater heat recovery device, where the temperature is reduced. Then the above-mentioned gas passes
through the dry electrostatic precipitator, which serves to remove particles of soot.. Subsequently, this gas passes
through the induced draft fan, and is sent to the desulfurization equipment, which serves to remove sulfur oxides
(SOx).
Downstream of this equipment, the above-mentioned gas passes through the wet electrostatic precipitator,
which serves to remove particles of soot once again. Subsequently, the gas temperature in the gas and gas heater
reheating device is made to the temperature of flue gas high. Then this gas passes through the gas pressure boost
up fan, and is released from the stack.
The wet electrostatic precipitator is installed in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant, where the regulations of flue
gas emission are very strict. Therefore, this equipment is not generally installed.
Figure 3-31 shows the process where air pollutants in exhaust gas are removed in each facilities of flue gas
treatment system.
Figure3-31 The process where air pollutants in exhaust gas are removed
Pollution Control Law in Japan, and the emission standards for air pollutants (NO, SOx, and soot dust) contained
in the exhaust gas produced in coal-fired power plant in the case of the World Bank and the IFC (International
Finance Corporation).
mg/Nm3
In the criteria of the World Bank and the IFC, areas are divided into places where air pollution is serious
(degraded airsheds) and other places (non-degraded airsheds).
In Japan, the criteria specified in the Air Pollution Control Law are formulated.
In the Pollution Control Agreements concluded by the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant with the pertinent local
autonomous bodies (Aichi Prefecture and Hekinan City), criteria involving values stricter than those specified in
the Air Pollution Control Law are prescribed. In Japan, factories are concentrated in places such as the areas
around Tokyo Bay, around Ise Bay, and around the Inland Sea. In these areas, it is demanded that particularly
strict criteria be specified with regard to power plants, where large amounts of exhaust gas is discharged.
In Myanmar, the criteria to be complied with will be specified in the course of activities such as studies of
development of domestic laws and evaluations of environmental impacts.
In cease where power plants are to be constructed using loans from banks, it is a general practice to apply the
criteria of the IFC. Applicable criteria differ according to places where power plants are constructed. The criteria
of the IFC's NDA will be applied in places where the atmosphere is clean. In places where air pollution has
progressed, the DA criteria will be applied.
In Myanmar, the Environment Law was enacted in 2012. It is expected that in FY 2014, the criteria for the
atmosphere, wastewater, soil, noise, etc. will be submitted to the parliament and enacted. It is expected that
criteria specific to Myanmar will be formulated by referring to the criteria of the ADB, EU, and IFC.
Here, the IFC standard, which is widely used worldwide, will be borne in mind. On this basis, necessary
environmental measures equipment is described below.
55
Figure 3-32 shows selective catalytic reduction (SCR) type denitration equipment.
In Japan, the criteria for nitrogen oxides (NOx) discharged from large-scale thermal power plants are strict.
Therefore, the selective catalytic reduction type is generally introduced as denitration equipment. This equipment
is arranged in such a way that ammonia is injected into high temperature exhaust gas, thereby being made to react
with nitrogen and water, with the result that nitrogen oxides are reduced. A catalyst serves to accelerate this
reaction. By means of this equipment, 80 to 90% of nitrogen oxides (NOx) can be removed. As regards nitrogen
oxides (NOx ), in countries and regions where the discharge criteria are lenient, denitration equipment is normally
not installed. Catalysts are expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to decide the necessity or non-necessity of
denitration equipment by taking account of discharge criteria that are applied at the stage of detailed studies.
The NOx discharge criteria in the case where DA area is applied pertaining to the IFC criteria in Myanmar, turn
out to be 200 mg/Nm3 (NO, PPm equivalent: 160 ppm). Therefore, denitration equipment is required. In cases
where NDA is applied pertaining to the IFC criteria, the NOx discharge criteria turn out to be 510 mg/Nm3 (NO,
PPm equivalent: 409 ppm). Therefore, denitration equipment is not required in the case of a boiler in which low
NOx fuel is taken into account. Depending on coal type, there is a possibility that the IFC and DA criteria can be
achieved. However, if in-furnace Nox reduction action is intensified with the aim of reducing the NOx
concentration at the boiler outlet, there is a fear that sulfuration corrosion will occur on the furnace wall
evaporation tube. Therefore, this practice is not desirable from the viewpoint of securing reliability for a long
period of time.
Next, a combustion method for suppressing the generation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is shown below:
56
Figure 3-33
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) that are generated by carrying out rapid combustion at high temperature, are called
thermal NOx. For the purpose of preventing the generation of thermal NOx, the following measures are taken so
that rapid combustion will be prevented from occurring at high temperature in the boiler.
57
Figure3-34 shows a dry electrostatic precipitator. This equipment consists of discharging electrodes (linear
articles), which discharge electrons, and dust collecting electrodes (plates), to which dust is made to stick. If the
discharging electrodes are charged with negative electricity and if the dust collecting electrodes are charged with
positive electricity, then electrons are released from the discharging electrodes, with the result that the ash
(particle) in the gas is charged with negative charges. Due to the above, the ash is attracted to the dust collecting
electrodes and stick to these electrodes. On a periodic basis, the ash that stuck to the dust collecting electrodes is
made to drop due to vibrations, and is recovered. The above-mentioned vibrations are generated, for example, by
means of a device whereby the plates constituting the dust collecting electrodes are tapped with hammers. By
means of this electrostatic precipitator, 99% or more of the ash (particle) in the exhaust gas is removed.
It is necessary to decide the required performance by carrying out detailed design at the stage when items such
as the coal to be used and the applicable criteria for discharge to the atmosphere are decided.
58
Figure3-35 shows flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment based on the wet gypsum-limestone method.
Sulfur oxides (SO2) react with lime (CaCO3), oxygen, and water, and turns into gypsum (calcium sulfate) and
carbon dioxide (CO2). Flue gas desulfurization equipment based on the wet gypsum-limestone method is the fruit
of the use of this principle. It is so arranged that limestone crushed into a powdery state is mixed with water,
resulting in the generation of an absorber, and that this absorber is sprayed into exhaust gas. This equipment is
capable of removing 90 to 95% of the sulfur dioxides in the exhaust gas.
In recent coal-fired power plants in Japan, the general practice is to use flue gas desulfurization equipment
based on the wet gypsum-limestone method method. There are a single-tower structure where the soot dust
concentration at the flue gas desulfurization equipment inlet is reduced as much as possible and where the
dustproof cooling tower is eliminated (in the figure above), and a structure type in which a cooling tower aimed at
removing soot dust and cooling gas is installed upstream of the absorption tower.
A type called the low low-temperature dust precipitation system is adopted in the latest flue gas treatment
system . In the case of single-tower type flue gas desulfurization equipment, it is necessary to reduce the soot dust
concentration at the desulfurization inlet. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the performance of the dry
electrostatic precipitator located upstream. In order to improve the dust precipitation performance, it is necessary
to reduce the gas temperature. Therefore, a low low-temperature dust precipitation system is adopted in which gas
- gas heater heat recovery machine is installed upstream of an electrostatic precipitator and in which the gas
temperature is reduced to 90OC or so. The heat recovered by a heat recovery device is used to raise the exhaust gas
temperature at the stack inlet.(gas - gas heater, gas reheater). The purpose of the above is to raise the temperature
of the gas released to the atmosphere, thereby improving atmospheric diffusion (the effective stack height is
increased).
In the event that the criteria of the IFC and the NDA (850 mg/Nm3. SO2 equivalent: 785 ppm) are applied in
Myanmar, it is considered that it may be possible to omit the flue gas desulfurization equipment in cases where
59
diffusion
during
flow
velocities,
and
gas
the
diffusion
calculation
in
Figure 3-36 shows the 200 m high centralized stack in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant. Stack heights are
deeply related to the atmospheric diffusion of exhaust gas. In the evaluation of environmental impacts, the
effective heights of Stacks are calculated from the heights of planned Stacks, gas flow velocities, and gas
temperatures.
Diffusion simulation is carried out on the assumption that exhaust gas diffusion occurs at the heights equal to
the effective stack heights calculated. Through simulations, calculation is made of the maximum ground level
concentrations of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particle. In the course of the evaluation of
environmental impacts, it is verified that the maximum ground level concentrations meet the environmental air
standards.
Terms related to steam conditions include subcritical (SC) pressure, supercritical (SC) pressure, and
ultra-supercritical (USC) pressure.
The items in Table3-7 shows rough definitions. Relevant defining values differ from manufacturer to
manufacturer. On this basis, rough defining values are shown in Figure 12. Relationships between steam
conditions and efficiencies are noted below. Figure 12 shows that the higher the pressures and temperatures under
steam conditions, the higher the power generation efficiencies.
pressure conditions. Given below are differences in construction costs and CO2 emissions between the subcritical
(SubC) conditions and the ultra-supercritical (USC) conditions.
61
Figure 3-37
Construction costs become higher under the USC conditions. This is because it is necessary to use materials
capable of withstanding high temperatures. Meanwhile, under the USC conditions, efficiencies become higher.
Therefore, under the USC conditions, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions become lower than under the
subcritical conditions. The notion that the adoption of the ultra-supercritical (USC) conditions is advantageous
from the viewpoint of CO2 reduction and running costs is generally the case.
62
Figure 3-38 shows CO2 emissions in various countries. CO2 emissions from China and the United States are
very high. Meanwhile, CO2 emissions from Myanmar is so low as to be approximately 1/1,000 of CO2 emissions
in China,
Figure 3-38
Others
South Africa
China
Australia
Brazil
Indonesia
Mexico
31.3billion ton
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Canada
South Korea
Japan
America
Russia
EU
India
27
countries
German
UK y
France
Italy
Source: Data cited from the website of the Ministry of the Environment
Emissions
China
7,999.6
United States
5,287.2
Japan
1,186.0
Myanmar
8.3
63
Figure 3-39 and Table3-9 show CO2 emissions per capita in 2011 originating from energy. Emissions per capita
in Myanmar are approximately 1/100 of those in the United States.
Figure3-39 CO2 emissions per capita originating from energy as classified by country (2011)
CO2 emission per capita in the world (2011)
Qatar
UAE
Australia
America
Saudi Arabia
Canada
South Korea
Russia
Japan
Germany
South Africa
England
Iran
Italy
Qatar
China
France
Qatar
Mexico
Qatar
Brazil
Qatar
Indonesia
Qatar
Qatar
India
Nigeria
Qatar
Qatar
Source: Data cited from the website of the Ministry of the Environment
Table3-9
China
5.92
United States
16.94
Japan
9.28
Myanmar
0.17
64
Figure 3-40 shows changes in CO2 emissions originating from energy in major countries. Emissions undergo
significant increases in China, where emissions are the highest in the world. It is considered that in China,
emissions will increase in the future as well.
Figure 3-40 Changes in CO2 emissions originating from energy, as classified by major country
China
America
EU 27
India
Russia
Japan
German
Canada
England
Brazil
Italy
France
Spain
Source: Data cited from the website of the Ministry of the Environment
Although the amount of CO2 emissions in Myanmar is rather low compared to the other countries at
present, it is predicted the CO2 emissions will be increased according to the economic development in the
future. It is important to reduce the CO2 emissions in the world including Myanmar by introducing Clean
Coal Technology(CCT) from Japan.
65
Figure 3-41 shows wastewater treatment facilities in a coal-fired power plant. In these facilities, various types
of wastewater are generated. The properties of wastewater differ from type to type. Therefore, it is necessary to
carry out appropriate treatment depending on individual types of wastewater.
Those types of wastewater from oil tanks or various devices which contain oil:
Oil contents should be removed.
Surplus water in ash discarding places: SS should be removed, and pH values should be adjusted.
Figure 3-42shows an outline of the wastewater treatment system in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant.
In power plants in Japan, various types of treatment are carried out to meet the wastewater criteria. With regard
to the structures of wastewater treatment facilities, various methods are introduced, such as the control of pH
values, removal of very small substances (SS: Suspended Solid), living organism treatment by using bacteria, and
treatment for removing nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore, with the aim of reducing the amount of water,
actions are taken to reuse treated wastewater. The configurations of treatment devices differ from plant to plant.
Therefore, detailed explanations of individual devices are omitted in this document.
67
Table3-10 shows the wastewater criteria specified in the Pollution Control Agreements concluded by the
Hekinan Thermal Power Plant with the relevant local autonomous bodies. With regard to wastewater also,
coal-fired power plants are required to establish strict criteria similarly to the case of exhaust gas.
Figure 3-43
68
69
Around the coal yard, a wind shielding fence for reducing wind speed is installed for the purpose of preventing
dust scatter. The shielding fence is designed in such a way that the fence height is higher than those of the coal
piles. Water is sprayed to the coal piles, the conveyor connection portions, the unloader, and the excavation
protons of the reclaimer, in an effort to prevent dust scatter. Dust scatter prevention measures are taken by means
of the following, among others; Covers are installed in the vertical elevator portion of the unloader and on the
conveyor.
In the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant, the water depth near the pier is 14 m. Therefore, general large-sized
oceangoing ships cannot land. However, maritime transportation and landing of coal is carried out by means of
wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ships.
70
Draft
(DWT)
Kamsarmax
82,000-ton type
14.5 m or so
Panamax (Pmax)
70,000-ton type
14.3 4 m or so
Handymax/Supramax/Ultramax
Approximately 13 m
88,495
90,685
91,860
91,765
86,548
86,400
87,800
81,067
11.89
12.05
12.11
12.87
18.7
18.7
18.7
19.3
55,130
55,300
55,295
52,964
71
72
A : N1600
E9730
B : N1530
E9730
C : N1530
E9700
D : N1600
E9700
Wave height
(m)
Point A
Point B
Point C
Point D
0.00 - 1.00
61.6
59.0
58.0
60.3
1.00 - 2.00
32.1
32.0
32.3
33.1
2.00 - 3.00
5.6
7.9
8.4
5.9
3.00 - 4.00
0.8
1.1
1.2
0.8
0.1
0.1
4.00 -
Significant differences in the incidence between points were not observed, with the incidence of wave heights
of 1.0 m or less being approximately 60% at all points.
To increase the availability factor of the coal unloading berth, the arrangement of breakwaters is considered.
Assuming that the rough wave height ratio is 0.5 in consideration of the shielding effect produced by the
breakwaters, the incidence of wave heights of 1.0 m or less is estimated at 90% or more.
Table 3-15 shows the estimated values of incidences of wave heights after the installation of breakwaters.
73
Wave height
(m)
Point A
Point B
Point C
Point D
0.00 - 1.00
93.6
90.9
90.3
93.3
1.00 - 2.00
6.4
9.0
9.6
6.7
0.1
0.1
2.00 - 3.00
3.00 - 4.00
60%
60%
40
40
20
20
20
40
60
20
01m
40
60
12m
23m
3m
01m
12m
23m
3m
60%
60%
40
40
20
20
20
40
60
20
01m
12m
40
60
23m
3m
01m
12m
23m
3m
Value
Target ship
80,000 DWT
h = 15.0m
L = 350m
H.W.L. = 5.80m
L.W.L. = 0.70m
Tide level
Design wave height
H1/3 = 6.0m
The study this time is based on calculations made by means of charts and given data, with no on-site data that
has been acquired through measurement. For this reason, accurate depths of water, conditions of soil, and
conditions of weather and oceanographic phenomena are not considered in the present study.
The study has been conducted under the following assumptions also:
75
Constructed as far as the point at which the water is deep, the breakwater protects sea routes near the
port entrance and the anchorage from the waves of the open sea and prevents the sea routes near the port
entrance and the anchorage from being buried in drift sand.
Dredging of mooring facilities and anchorages
The area of sea in front is dredged to establish sea routes and anchorages. Soil and sand from dredging
is used to prepare land in the rear or reclaim land from the sea.
From the breakwater (a sand control hedge) used also as a passage, a berth is constructed to prepare
places for ships to come alongside the berth.
Maintenance
To secure the depth of water below sea routes and anchorages, maintenance dredging is conducted
periodically.
Sedimentation due to drift sand and erosion occur at the base of the breakwater (a groin).
Constructed as far as a point at which the water is deep, the breakwater protects places for ships to come
alongside the berth from the waves of the open sea.
Mooring facilities
From the breakwater used also as a passage, a berth is constructed to prepare places for ships to come
alongside it.
Maintenance
Sedimentation due to drift sand and erosion occur at the base of the breakwater.
An off-shore breakwater (a detached breakwater) is constructed to protect places at which ships come
alongside the berth.
76
Mooring facilities
The berth is constructed as far as a point at which the water is deep to provide places at which ships
come alongside the berth.
Maintenance
With the approach trestle constructed with piles and hence not stopping the flow, no coastal deformation
due to drift sand occurs.
In this analysis, distance from the coast and (c) is fixed and subjected to construction cost comparisons for each
type. If a dredged anchorage type is selected, the two bridges are required, off-shore extended berth plus off-shore
breakwater type, in order to avoid the effects of waves, as compared with other types, and require long breakwater
from the fact that it is, off-shore extending breakwater type it can be seen that less construction cost compared to
other types.
Therefore, in this project, construction cost is preliminary estimated based on off-shore extending breakwater
type, using the chart in Mawlamyine suburbs area, distance from the coast line of up to a depth of (a) that can
dock coal carrier and assuming the distance required breakwater.
Figure3-58.
Assuming type
Depth of sea water due to the availability of old chart only at present
Area for the Project along the coast line due to the view of rocky area and limited hinterland at some area
77
(g) Outline design of port facilities (a. Off-shore extended berth plus breakwater type)
Upper
concrete
Sea side
d)
po
tra
Harbor side
Co
nc
ret
ea
e
tT
n
Co
te
cre
or
arm
nit
n
sto
rm
or
mo
r
t)
r
mo
Ar
Ar
32
un
it
sto
ne
(2
78
(1
6t
(1
t)
Te
tra
po
d)
79
The items of data that will be needed to carry out detailed studies are shown below:
Boring data (soil conditions)
Sounding data (depth of water)
Weather and marine conditions data (tide, wave, and flow regime)
Market survey (prices of materials, etc.)
Target ships
Port facilities and installations (unloader specifications)
Availability factor required for the operation of facilities (calmness inside the port)
c) Other facilities required (tugboats, guard ships, oil fences, etc.)
In the coal unloading facilities, tugboats should be provided for coal transportation ships to turn round safely in
the anchorage. For safe navigation in the waters, guard ships to guide coal transportation ships should be provided
also. Oil fences are installed as a countermeasure against leakage that could occur at the time of unloading coal or
light oil, auxiliary fuel.
12) Coal unloading, storage, and transportation facilities (Coal Handling System)
(a) Conveyor systems
Coal transportation conveyors are roughly classified into a receiving system from the coal unloading berth to
the coal storage yard, a delivery system from the coal storage yard to the coal blending system, and a coal
feeding system from the coal blending system to the boiler coal banker.
In consideration of the kind of coal or of the storage period, a recycling system is provided, as required, by
which piles of coal are heaped up over again to prevent coal from heating. In addition, some plants assume an
addition of a direct feed system that feeds coal from a coal ship directly to the boiler.
Figure 3-62 shows a diagram of the coal unloading and transportation system at the time of the construction of
units 1 to 3 at the Hekinan Thermal Power Station, Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.
Receiving system: The system running from the coal unloading berth to the coal storage yard.
Delivery system: The system from the coal storage yard to the coal blending system
Coal feed system: The system from the coal blending system to the boiler coal banker
Recycling system: The system by which heaps of coal are piled up over again in the coal storage yard
Direct feed system: The system to transport coal from coal transporting ships directly to the boiler (a system
that is used when accumulation and delivery inside the coal storage yard cannot be performed.)
80
Figure3-62
Conveyor systems
The coal storage capacity of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is designed to store an amount of coal of
680,000 tons that the power station equipped with three units of 700 MW each consumes for the duration of about
45 days. The total area of the coal storage yard is 460,000 m2, with the area of the coal storing portion being about
150,000 m2. The area required for a coal storage yard is determined in consideration of the heating value of the
coal used, the efficiencies of the power generating units, and the number of days of storage required, and other
factors. In this project, facilities are planned that can store an amount of coal of about 200,000 tons for 45 days on
the assumption that the coal equivalent to that used in the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is imported. It is
accordingly estimated that an area corresponding to one occupied by approximately two piles in the coal storage
yard of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is needed.
A pile in the coal storage yard of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is 47 m in width, 13 m in stowage height,
and about 550 m in the length of a stowed pile. On the basis of this example, the configuration and dimensions of
the coal unloading and transportation system in this project are assumed as shown in Figure3-59.
81
Berth
Case 1
Approx. 500 m
Boiler
Cost: medium
Coal mixing
building
Berth
Granulating
building
Approx. 250 m
Boiler
Approx. 350 450 m
Cost: large
Coal mixing
building
Berth
(1)
Case 3
A future
Granulating
building
Approx. 500 m
Boiler
Approx. 600 700 m
addition of
accommodat
ed.
Case 1 shows the lowest-cost system. With only one stack reclaimer (S/R), coal cannot be sent if it fails. In
addition, since the stack reclaimer is used for stacking onto a pile when coal is unloaded from a coal transportation
ship, a common stack reclaimer cannot send coal to the boiler. Stack reclaimers with a function of allowing a
given proportion of coal to flow downstream during stacking are available; it is desirable to adopt stack reclaimers
with the bypass function. Furthermore, with the yard conveyor also being in a single-line configuration in this
case, doubling the conveyor line in the coal transporting and delivery system to secure redundancy does not
enable coal transportation should the yard conveyor fail.
Case 2 is a plan to provide two stack reclaimers and two yard conveyors to secure the same amount of coal
storage as in Case 1 and the redundancy alike, with the reliability increasing.
Case 3 proposes a coal storage pile whose length is the same as that proposed in Case 1, doubling the amount of
82
coal storage. When the addition of units in the future is considered, this plan is preferable.
In advancing the project actually, Case 1 will be adopted to minimize the expenses when constructing one unit,
and as units are added, consideration will be given to the securing of the site and to the layout so that piles can be
added as in Case 3. Or when the plan for an addition of units in near future is decided definitely at the time of
constructing the first unit, it may be desirable to proceed with the construction according to the plan shown in
Case 3 from the beginning. This will require more expenses than Case 2 will do; with the equipment configuration
not differing from that in Case 2, therefore, the expenses will not increase substantially.
(b) Unloader
Figure3-64 shows a bucket elevator type unloader installed in the Hekinan Thermal Power Station. The bucket
elevator section of the unloader is enclosed with a cover to prevent dust particles from flying. Figure 3-65 shows a
bridge-shaped crane unloader (a glove bucket-type unloader).
83
Stacker reclaimer
(d) Reclaimer
Figure3-67
Reclaimer
(e) Stacker
Figure 3-68
Stacker
In this project, usage of stackreclaimer was mentioned. It is recommended that stackreclaimer has a function of
by-pass system to enable to feed coal directly to the boiler from the berth.
85
86
Coal-fired power plant produces a vast amount of ashes as a result of burning coal. Ashes here refer to powdery
fly ash captured by an electrical dust precipitator or the like, clinker ash produced by ash melted in high-burning
temperatures within a boiler, pyrite discharged from a mill for crushing coal pieces as a foreign substance and so
on.
Furthermore, a desulfurization device produces gypsum as a byproduct. To collect such materials efficiently,
appropriate designed handling system should be considered.
Shown in Figure3-72 is the ash handling system for units No. 4 & 5 in Hekinan Thermal Power Station.
The system is equipped with a subsystem for sorting ash based on its granularity (system for quality control of
coal ash). Small granular ash is recycled as a high valuable substance. As for transport of ash, the system is ready
for both land transport (using tank trucks) and sea transport. At units 4 & 5 in Hekinan Thermal Power Station
shown in the figure, all ashes are reused effectively. As for gypsum, the handling system for it is ready for both
land transport and sea transport as well.
byproduct.
When constructing a power plant, a survey should be carried out to identify effective ways of utilizing its
byproducts and carry out required equipment design for it based on this survey.
Figure3-74
Clinker
90
(9%)
Annual amount of
by-product in 2013
[Thousand Ton]
Export
122,
(13%)
Fly ash
870
(91%)
Recycle
for cement
material,
583
(61%)
following ways:
Table3-17 Example of effective use of fly ash
Concrete production field
Others
<Clinker ash>
This porous substance has superior properties as a material for improving soil quality such as 1. light weight, 2.
water retention capability, 3. high permeability and is used in the following ways:
Agriculture field
Others
89
90
Table3-19
State/region
Substation [MVA]
500kV
230kV
132kV
66kV
500kV
230kV
132kV
66kV
Mon
91
100
Kayin
80
39
200
10
Tanintharyi
142
200
20
Bago
167
366
1000
Yangon
135
900
According to the power transmission line expansion plan up to fiscal 2015 of MoEP, installation of 230 kV
transmission lines between Tathon and Mawlamyine is planned. If this plan is realized, the power grid connections
between Yangon, the load center in Myanmar and Mawlamyine, an entry point to the Indochina peninsula will be
strengthened with the 230 kV transmission lines.
Other than this plan, development of a group of hydropower plants in neighboring regions to Mon State is
planned. Contingent on this plan, access to the existing power grid via Tathon Substation from the hydropower
plants is planned (see Figure3-76).
Substation
(start point)
Tathon
91
Distance
Miles(km)
50 (80.5)
92
Figure 3-77
(Wire type: 605MCM (Duck) 2 conductors)
Two 230kV transmission lines to
be newly installed
Tathon, etc.
Mawlamyine Substation
230kV
Two 230 kW power outlets to be newly
installed
230kV
740MVA
Main transformer
Start-up
transformer
6.6kV
To
distribution
board
Project site
Supplying of high-quality electric power to Mon State and its neighboring states/regions, specifically to
Tanintharyi and Kayin
Supplying of power to Yangon Region, a huge center of power consumption, and to Bago State en route to
Yangon for the transmission of power
93
Figure 3-78 Schematic diagram of power supply from planned power plant
Bago
Tanintharyi
Source: Compiled by survey delegation
Detailed analysis
i) Forecasted peak power demand
Growth rates of power demand for the respective regions included in the power grid analysis here are as shown
below:
Table3-21 Region-wise power demand growth rates forecasted by MEPE
Forecasted growth rate of power demand
[%]
in 2012 [%]
State/region
2015
2020
2025
2030
GDP
Mon
38
11
11
11
9.3
1.0
Kayin
56
11
10.6
1.2
Tanintharyi
20
8.8
1.3
Bago
12
11
11
11
10.3
1.1
Yangon
15
15
15
15
9.5
1.2
2012
Forecast
2020
2030
Mon
45
116
418
Kayin
13
70
165
Tanintharyi
52
101
290
Bago
131
180
646
Yangon
742
2,800
8,209
1,874
5,020
14,542
Nationwide
Exclusion of hydropower stations in Hyatkyi and Beelin shown in Figure3-75 (in consideration of lead
time for the development of a hydropower station, these were excluded).
Suspended operation of the existing gas-fired thermal power plant in Tathon for ciritical scene in the
analysis
Full and constant output operation for the power generation plants subjected to the analysis, which is
supplemented by the power generated solely at the planned power station
95
Forecasted peak power figures for the power grid subjected to the analysis and those at the respective key 230
kV substations are shown in Figure 3-79.
Figure 3-79
Kamarnat
Sittaung
40
Hatkyi
5
1360MW
Tathon
Beelin
Tathon
98
51MW
Potential
280MW
Mawlamyine
Mawlamyaine
13
600MW
Myeik
Myeik
46
91
Kawkareik
Elements of 230 kV transmission wires and voltage adjustment range at 230 kV are as follows:
Table3-23
Wire type
Amperage
1,124
Heat capacity
[MWA]
(PF-0.85)
447
380
Table3-24
Voltage adjustment range for
analysis
5% (11.5 kV)
iii) Result
Analysis results are shown in Figure 3-80. It is assumed for the analysis that an additional transmission line is
installed over the interval between the Mawlamyine substation and the Tathon substation to supply electricity
generated at the planned power plant. By using a reactive power regulator additionally to reduce reactive power
96
losses created when transmitting electricity over long-distance wires, it is possible to supply electricity to the
Myeik substation, which is a hub to supply power to the southern part of the Indochina peninsula and to the
Kamaranat substation, which controls supply of electricity to the Bago and Yangon regions.
Voltages are all within the adjustment range except for the 216 kV (94%) result for the bus line in the Kamarnat
substation. Here, the voltage at this substation can be considered to be affected by the reduction of the part of the
analyzed power grid further than the planned power station. It is expected that the voltage result in a more detailed
analysis will be within the adjustment range.
Figure3-80
97
(8) Others
Facilities for coexistence with local communities
Figure 3-81
Shown in Figure 3-81 are facilities built by Hekinan Thermal Power Station for coexistence with local
communities. These are part of our initiatives for gaining understanding of local residents by providing
information on coal-fired thermal power plants to them at these facilities.
Public relations hall in front and flower garden and wild bird park in back (top left)
Fishing park constructed around a water discharge channel and water discharge area (open to local residents)
(bottom)
98
Figure 3-82
Construction of a power plant brings a lot of benefits to local governments and communities:
To facilitate the construction and operation of a power plant, it is important to coexist with local communities
along with keeping up proper operation and maintenance of it by establishing appropriate environmental standards
and installing appropriate equipment.
99
a) Natural Condition
a. Topography and Geographical Features
Mon State is situated on the mouth of Sittaung River. It is surrounded by Bago Division in the North, Kayin
State in the East, Thailand and Tanintharyi Division in the South and the Andaman Sea and Gulf of Martaban in
the West. Thanbyuzayat Township is located between north latitudes 1558'N and 16 20'N and 9715' E and 97
30'E. Thanbyuzayat Township has an area of 823.62 km (318 square miles) and it stretches from Wagaru Creek in
the north and Htinyu Creek in the south.
Thanbyuzayat Township is located around 30 m (100 ft) in average above sea level according to information
from Thanbyuzayat General Administration Department (GAD) in 2014. Geographically, Thanbyuzayat Township
extends north to south along the foothill of Taungngyo Range in the east and coastal region in the west.
Taungngyo Range lies about 2 miles from Thanbyuzayat town and it has an elevation range of 100 m to 650 m.
Mawlamyine University research thesis about salt industry of Thanbyuzayat Township in 19951 cited that the
eastern hilly region, Taungngyo area occupies about 40% of the township area. The flat plains occupy 60% of the
entire township area and lie between Taungngyo Range and the Andaman Sea in the west. Apart from Taungngyo
Range, there exists hills in the north and major hills are Sin-Taung (287 m), Yesat-Taung (213 m), Dola-Taung
(186 m), Kayinthaung-Taung (145 m), Meinbala-Taung (113 m) and Mankasu-Taung (107 m) respectively. Other
hillocks are Wagaru-Taung, Kanyin-Taung, Ingyin-Taung, Sundaw-Taung and Yathae-Taung. The western coastal
plain of the southern part of the Township is usually below 30 m above sea level, except for the outcrop of
Thabutaw-Taung of which height is 108 m.
The eastern part of the township lies on a steep slope area covered with forests. Between these hill slopes and
sea coast, there are stretches of agricultural lands for fruits, rubber and paddy cultivations. According to the
available information1, crop lands occupy near the coastal areas below 3 m above sea level and rubber plantations
occupy between 30 m and 150 m above sea level.
Source: Salt Industry of Thanbyuzayat Township, Thesis report, Cho Cho Mya,1995, University of Mawlamyine
100
fertile materials deposited by running water. The Taungnyo Range consists of old hard rocks, Unnumbered
Granites (g), Carboniferous Taungnyo Series, and Paleozoic Mergui Series (P z-). Beaches and swamps are
found at the coastal line. In such area the old hard rocks, Unnumbered Granites (g) are found near Kaikkami
Town.
Figure 4-1 Geology Map of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol. 5, No. 9
2. Soil
According to FAO classification, main soil in Thanbyuzayat Township is categorized as Gleysol ().
Figure 4-2 Geographical Distribution of 10 Dominant Soil Types in Myanmar
Source: Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township -Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol. 5, No. 9
3. Hydrology
In the northern part of Mon State, Sittaung River flows into the Gulf of Mottama (Martaban). Thanlwin River
which is one of the major river in Myanmar also passes through the state and flows into the Gulf of Mottama.
Most of other rivers and creeks which flow through the state flow into the Gulf of Mottama. Thanbyuzayat
Township is one of the area in the state that has many creeks flowing from east to west. Most of the creeks start
from the easterly Thaungnyo hill, and flow into the sea in westerly direction. The most important creek is the
Wakharu Creek which forms part of the border with Mudon Township and flows into the sea near north of
Kyaikkami. Other creeks are Karupi Creek (23 km) Waekalaung Creek (8 km), Kotlay Creek, Htinyu Creek, Anin
Creek (19 km), and Thabyae Creek (21 km). These creeks are useful for transportation and salt pans are found
along the creeks1. Major rivers and creeks which flow in Thanbyuzayat Township is described in .
1
Source: Salt Industry of Thanbyuzayat Township, Thesis report, Cho Cho Mya,1995, University of Mawlamyine
102
There is not much information about ground water for the Thanbyuzayat Township. Domestic water sources in
general rural areas in Mon States are natural streams, groundwater, springs and/or the rain-fed ponds.
Figure 4-4 Major Rivers in Thanbyuzayat Township
4. Meteorology
Thanbuyzayat Township receives tropical monsoon climate, with warm temperature and large amount of rainfall.
There is no meteorological station existing in Thanbuyzayat Township, thus meteorological data of Mawlamyine
Township, which is located about 40 mile north of Thanbuyzayat Township are presented in . Mean temperature
ranges from approximately 22 oC to 32 oC throughout the year, with relative humidity of approximately 77%.
Average annual rainfall during 2001 to 2010 is 5,161 mm but there are certain fluctuations in the rainfall year by
year. According to the meteorological data from Thanbyuzayat GAD, in 2013 annual rainfall amount was 5,845
mm. In the Thanbyuzayat region, the coldest temperature observed in January 2013 was 16.8C. In April and May,
highest monthly mean temperature was found, of which value was 35C.
103
Item
2001-2010
1981-2010 Average*
Average**
2010**
2013***
4,995
5,161
3,084
5,845
31.5
32.2
33.3
33.56
22.3
22.6
23.2
20.13
77.2
76.8
TEMPERATURE (C)
40
Minimum
Temp
35
30
25
20
15
10
JAN
Source: Modified from Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol.5,
No.9
104
Figure 4-6 Month-wise Rainfall and Rainy Days in Mawlamyine (Average of 1981 to 2010)
30
1200
1000
25
Precipitation
Rainy
20
Rainy Days
Precipitation (mm)
1400
800
15
600
10
400
200
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: Modified from Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol.5,
No.9
5. Natural Disasters
Myanmar is vulnerable to a wide range of hazards, including floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides and
tsunamis. The frequency for medium to large-scale natural disasters to occur every couple of years is high,
according to historical data. For the Southeast Myanmar, flooding has affected a large area including in Mon
States.
Major natural disasters from 2008 to 2012 are summarized in .
Major Natural
Disaster
Event
May 2008 (Cyclone Nargis): Cyclone Nargis left some 140,000 people dead and missing
in the Ayeyarwady Delta region. An estimated 2.4 million people lost their homes and
livelihoods.
June 2010 (Floods in northern Rakhine State): The floods killed 68 people and affected
June 2010
29,000 families. Over 800 houses were completely destroyed
October 2010 (Cyclone Giri): At least 45 people were killed, 100,000 people became
homeless and some 260,000 people were affected. Over 20,300 houses, 17,500 acres of
October 2010
agricultural land and nearly 50,000 acres of aquaculture ponds were damaged by the
Cyclone Giri.
March 2011 (6.8 Earthquake in Shan State): Over 18,000 people were affected. At least 74
March 2011
people were killed and 125 injured. Over 3,000 people became homeless.
October 2011 (Floods in Magway Region): Nearly 30,000 people were affected to varying
October 2011
degree. Over 3,500 houses and some 5,400 acres of croplands were destroyed.
August 2012 (Floods across Myanmar): The floods in different states and regions
displaced some 86,000 people and affected over 287,000 people. Ayeyarwady Region was
August 2012
the worst affected with some 48,000 people displaced. Over 136,000 acres of farmland,
houses, roads and bridges were damaged.
November 2012 (6.8 Earthquake in northern Myanmar): At least 16 people were killed and
November 2012
52 injured, with over 400 houses, 65 schools and some 100 religious building damaged.
Source: Myanmar Natural Disaster 2012, OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)
May 2008
Detail information for natural disasters in Thanbyuzayat Township was not available but describes major
disasters occurred in the township during FY2013.
105
Table 4-3
No
Name of Disaster
Occurred Date
Died/ Lost
Damaged
Loss of Value
People List
Building
(Kyats
Numbers
Million)
23.8.2013
55 Household
6,648,000
21.1.2014
4 Household
1,657,500
Average monthly tide level at Kyaikkami (KKM) and Mawlamyine (MLM) in 2010
6
Tide level (m)
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
106
Table 4-4
Year
Protected Area
System
(square mile)
Total
2006-2007
261,228
61,354.52
10,275.52
71,630.04
2007-2008
261,228
62,489.38
10,275.52
72,764.9
2008-2009
261,228
62,801.89
10,275.52
73,077.41
2009-2010
261,228
63,048.86
10,275.53
73,324.39
20010-2011
261,228
62,748.95
14,631.17
77,380.12
Union
100
24
5.6
29.6
2006-2007
4,748
838.23
69.56
907.79
2007-2008
4,748
838.23
69.56
907.79
Mon
2008-2009
4,748
837.85
69.56
907.41
State
2009-2010
4,748
837.84
69.56
907.4
20010-2011
4,748
832.32
69.56
901.88
17.5
1.5
100
19
In Thanbyuzayat Township, there is one Reserved Forest namely Htinyu Reserved Forest which is located above
the Htinyu creek. It was established in 1920 with total area of 1,741 acres (705 ha) as shown in . According to the
report of Thabyuzayat Township Forest Department2, reserved forest area in township are converted into rubber
plantation based on 30-year concession agreed between the Forest Department and developers in 1995. Land use
inside the Htinyu Reserved Forest is rubber plantation area with about 1,580 acres (639 ha), paddy cultivation area
with about 13 acres (5 ha), the area for religious purpose with 4 acres (2 ha), and other purpose area with 144
acres (58 ha). Based on information collected up to the end of November 2014, there seems to be no Reserved
Forest and Protected Public Forest existing in the vicinity of the Project candidate sites.
107
Figure 4-8
b. Protected Areas
According to Forest Department, 43 protected areas exist in Myanmar. Thirty-five sites were designated from
1918 to 2010. Eight additional sites proposed from 1997 to 2008 are still under examination. The 35 designated
protected areas cover approximately 42,000 km of land, representing 6.2% of the total country area. In case of
establishment of eight additional protected areas, proposed from 2001 to 2008, the area would increase 7,400 km
(1.1%), and the total area would be 49,500 km,representing 7.3% of the total land area. Two protected areas were
notified in the Mon State. Their descriptions are provided in . No protected areas are designated in Thanbyuzayat
Township.
108
Outline
Sanctuary
Sanctuary
Kyaikhtiyoe
Wildlife
Sanctuary
and national heritage of Myanmar and To conserve rare wildlife and associated
habitats.
- Protected status: Managed by Park Warden Office, Nature and Wildlife
109
No
Scientific Name
Local Name
Family Name
IUCN
List
Plants
1.
2.
Tectona grandis
Dipterocarpus turbinatus/
Dipterocarpus alatus
Kyun
Lamiaceae
Ka-nyin
Dipterocarpaceae
NE
CR /
EN
3.
Pentace burmanica
Ka-shit
Malvaceae
NE
4.
Erythrina suberosa
Ka-thit
Fabaceae
NE
5.
Albizia lebbek
Kok-ko
Fabaceae
NE
6.
Salmalia anceps
Kok-he
Malvaceae
NE
7.
Xylocarpus moluccensis
Kya-na
Meliaceae
LC
8.
Taxotrophis zeylanica
Kyant-sa
Meliaceae
LC
9.
Schleichera oleosa
Gyo
Sapindaceae
NE
10.
Hevea brasiliensis
Euphorbiaceae
NE
11.
Vitex pubescens
Kyetyo
Lamiaceae
NE
12.
Barringtonia acutangula
Kyi
Lecythidaceae
NE
13.
Premna pyramidata
Lamiaceae
NE
14.
Hymenodictyon excelsum
Khu-than
Rubiaceae
NE
15.
Garuga pinnata
Chin-yok
Burseraceae
NE
16.
Spondias mangifera
Gwe
Anacardiaceae
NE
17.
Albizia procera
Sit
Fabaceae
NE
18.
Dillenia pentagyna
Zin-Byun
Dilleniaceae
NE
19.
Ficus glaberrima
Nyaung
Moraceae
NE
20.
Euphorbia neriifolia
Ta-zaung
Euphorbiaceae
NE
21.
Excoecaria agallocha
Kayaw (Tayaw)
Euphorbiaceae
LC
22.
Madhuca longifolia
Ta-laing-gaung
Sapotaceae
NE
23.
Pterospermum acerifolium
Taung-phet-wun
Malvaceae
NE
24.
Decaspermum paniculatum
Taung-thabye
Myrtaceae
NE
25.
Swintonia floribunda
Taung-thayet
Anacardiaceae
NE
26.
Ficus glabella
Taung-tha-phan
Moraceae
NE
27.
Diospyros burmanica
Te
Ebenaceae
NE
28.
Terminalia tomentosa
Tauk-kyan
Combretaceae
NE
29.
Vitex glabrata
Tauk-sha
Lamiaceae
NE
30.
Mitragyna parvifolia
Hthein
Rubiaceae
NE
31.
Bombax insigne
Didu
Malvaceae
NE
Rubber
(Kyetpaung)
Kyun-nalin
(Kyun-bo)
110
Remark
No
Scientific Name
Local Name
Family Name
IUCN
List
32.
Durio zibethinus
Du-yin
Malvaceae
NE
33.
Kydia calycina
Dwa-bok
Malvaceae
NE
34.
Eriolaena candollei
Dwa-ni
Malvaceae
NE
35.
Pterospermum semisagittatum
Na-gye
Malvaceae
NE
36.
Lannea coromandelica
Na-be
Anacardiaceae
NE
37.
Flacourtia cataphracta
Na-ywe
Salicaceae
NE
38.
Adina cordifolia
Hnaw
Rubiaceae
NE
39.
Heritiera
fomes
/Heritiera
EN
Pinle-kanazo
Malvaceae
/LC
NE
40.
Casuarina equisetifolia
Pinle-kabwe
Casuarinaceae
NE
41.
Xylocarpus gangeticus
Pinle-on
Miliaceae
LC
42.
Palaquium polyanthum
Peinne-bo
Sapotaceae
NE
43.
Xylia xylocarpa
Pyin-ka-do
Fabaceae
NE
44.
Lagerstroemia speciose
Pyin-ma
Lythraceae
NE
45.
Holoptelea integrifolia
Myauk-seik
Ulmaceae
NE
46.
Vitex peduncularis
Pet-lezin
Lamiaceae
NE
47.
Heterophragma adenophylla
Phet-than
Bignoniaceae
NE
48.
Berrya cordifolia
Petwun
Malvaceae
NE
49.
Terminalia chebula
Phan-ga
Combretaceae
NE
50.
Rhizophora mucronata
Byu-chidauk
Rhizophoraceae
LC
51.
Bruguiera conjugate
Byu-u-talon
Rhizophoraceae
NE
52.
Mitragyna rotundifolia
Bin-ga
Rubiaceae
NE
53.
Careya arborea
Bambwe
Lecythidaceae
NE
54.
Dalbergia ovate
Madama
Leguminosae
LC
55.
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Mayanin
Fabaceae
NE
56.
Markhamia stipulata
Ma-hlwa
Bignoniaceae
NE
57.
Anthocephalus cadamba
Ma-u-let-tan-she
Rubiaceae
NE
58.
Garcinia mangostana
Min-gut
Clusiaceae
NE
59.
Lophopetalum wallichii
Mone-daing
Celastraceae
NE
60.
Microcos nervosa
Mya-ya
Malvaceae
NE
61.
Homalium tomentosum
Myauk-chaw
Salicaceae
NE
62.
Duabanga grandiflora
Myauk-ngo
Lythraceae
NE
63.
Dalbergia kerrii
Yin-zat
Leguminosae
NE
64.
Anogeissus acuminate
Yone
Combretaceae
NE
65.
Bombax ceiba
Lat-pan
Malvaceae
NE
111
Remark
No
Scientific Name
Local Name
Family Name
IUCN
66.
Terminalia pyrifolia
Lein
Combretaceae
NE
67.
Lagerstroemia tomentosa
Leza
Lythraceae
NE
68.
Firmiana colorata
Wet-shaw
Malvaceae
NE
69.
Stereospermum personatum
Malvaceae
NE
70.
Eugenia mangifolia
Tha-bye
Fabaceae
NE
71.
Albizia lucidior
Than-that
Fabaceae
NE
Thaw-ka
Fabaceae
NE
72.
Saraca
indica
/Saraca
lobbiana
Thakut-pho
(Than-de)
73.
Croton oblongifolius
Thetyin-gyi
Euphorbiaceae
NE
74.
Hopea griffithii
Thin-gan
Dipterocarpaceae
VU
75.
Millettia pendula
Thin-win
Fabaceae
NE
76.
Sideroxylon burmanicum
Thit-cho
Sapotaceae
NE
77.
Terminalia belerica
Thit-seint
Combretaceae
NE
78.
Sandoricum koetjape
Thit-to
Meliaceae
NE
79.
Millettia brandisiana
Thit-pagan
Fabaceae
NE
80.
Dalbergia kurzii
Thit-pok
Leguminosae
LC
81.
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus
In
Dipterocarpaceae
LC
82.
Shorea siamensis
In-gyin
Dipterocarpaceae
LC
83.
Diospyros ehretioides
Auk-chin-sa
Ebenaceae
NE
84.
Streblus asper
Ok-hne
Moraceae
NE
85.
Litsea monopetala
On-don
Lauraceae
NE
Bamboo
1.
Bambusa bambos
Kyakat-wa
Poaceae
NE
2.
Bambusa polymorpha
Kyathaung-wa
Poaceae
NE
3.
Cephalostachyum pergracile
Tin-wa
Poaceae
NE
4.
Dendrocalamus strictus
Hmyin-wa
Poaceae
NE
5.
Oxytenanthera albociliata
Wa-gok
Poaceae
NE
6.
Dendrocalamus brandisii
Wa- new
Poaceae
NE
7.
Dendrocalamus membranaceus
Wa-phyu
Poaceae
NE
8.
Dendrocalamus brandisii
Wa-bo
Poaceae
NE
9.
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii
Wabo-myet-sangye
Poaceae
NE
Thaik-wa
Poaceae
NE
Saccharum spontaneum
Kaing
Poaceae
LC
2.
Imperata cylindrical
Thekke
Poaceae
NE
112
Remark
List
No
Scientific Name
Local Name
IUCN
Family Name
List
Remark
Rattan
1.
Calamus viminalis
Kyein-kha
Arecaceae
NE
2.
Calamus guruba
Kyein-ni
Arecaceae
NE
3.
Calamus floribundus
Ye-kyein
Arecaceae
NE
4.
Calamus latifolius
Yamata-kyein
Arecaceae
NE
5.
Zalacca beccarii
Yingan-kyein
Arecaceae
NE
6.
Calamus helferianus
Kyein-phyu-klay
Arecaceae
NE
7.
Calamus longisetus
Kabaung- kyein
Arecaceae
NE
Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU:
Vulnerable, NT: Nearly Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;
Note 2: Some species have only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.
Source: Forest Department Mawlamyine District Management Plan 2005-2009
Scientific Name
Local Name
Common Name
Family Name
IUCN
List
Mammals
1.
Elephas maximus
Sin
Asian Elephant
Elephantdae
EN
2.
Hoolock hoolock
Myauk-hlwe-kyaw
Hoolock Gibbon
Hylobatidae
EN
3.
Sus scrofa
Taw-wat
Wild boar
Suidae
LC
4.
Viverra spp
Taw- kyaung
Wild cat
Viverridae
5.
Cuon spp
Taw-kwe
Wild dog
Canidae
6.
Muntiacus muntjak
Ji
Barking deer
Cervidae
LC
7.
Axis porcinus
Da-yae
Hog Deer
Cervidae
EN
1.
Porphyrio porphyria
Mae-nyo
Purple coot
Rallidae
LC
2.
Hylobates hoolock
Si-Sali
Hoolock Gibbon
Hylobatidae
EN
3.
Egretta garzetta
Byine
Little Egret
Ardeidae
LC
4.
Ngone
Barred Buttonquail
Turnicidae
NE
5.
Streptopelia xanthocycla
Joe
Columbidae
LC
6.
Francolinus pintadeanus
Khar
Burmeese francolin
Phasianidae
LC
7.
Threskiornis spp
Ka-yu-sote
Black-headed Ibis
Threskiornithidae
8.
Caprimulgus asiaticus
Bote
Indian nightjar
Caprimulgidae
LC
9.
Caprimulgus macrurus
Bote
large-tailed nightjar
Caprimulgidae
LC
Tin-kyi-myo
Great cormorant
Phalacrocoracidae
U-Dawn
Green Peafowl
Phasianidae
Birds
Burmese
Collared-dove
113
EN
Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:
Nearly Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;
Note 2: Some species have only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.
Scientific Name
Local Name
Common Name
Family Name
IUCN List
Rhinoceros sondaicus
Kyant
Javan rhinoceros
Rhinocerotidae
NE
2.
Pavo muticus
U-Dawn
Green peafowl
Phasianidae
EN
Protected Animals
1.
Elephas maximus
Sin
Asian elephant
Elephantdae
EN
2.
Bos gaurus
Pyaung
Gaur
Bovidae
VU
Axis porcinus
Da-yae
Hog deer
Cervidae
EN
4.
Cervus unicolor
Sat
Sambar
Cervidae
VU
Other Animals
1.
Panthera tigris
Kyar
Tiger
Felidae
EN
2.
Panthera pardus
Kya-thit
Leopard
Felidae
NT
3.
Helarctos malayanus
Wat-wun
Sun bear
Ursidae
VU
Note: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:
Nearly Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;
For fish species in the Mawlamyine District, Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries
and Rural Development, has a list of major fish species existing in the district. The list is shown in .
Table 4-9 Fish Species in Mawlamyine District
No
Scientific Name
Local Name
Common Name
Family Name
IUCN
List
Fishes
1.
Lates calcarifer
Ka-katit
Giant seabass
Latidae
NE
2.
Arius thalassinus
Nga-yaung
Giant catfish
Ariidae
NE
3.
Arius venosus
Nga-yaung
Veined catfish
Ariidae
NE
4.
Arius dussumieri
Nga-yaung
Ariidae
LC
5.
Arius maculatus
Nga-yaung
Spotted catfish
Ariidae
NE
6.
Arius platystomus
Nga-yaung
Ariidae
LC
7.
Osteogeneiosus militaris
Nga-yaung
Ariidae
NE
8.
Pampus chinensis
Nga-mote-phyu
Stromateidae
NE
Flatmouth
sea
catfish
Soldier catfish
114
Chinese
silver
No
Scientific Name
Local Name
Common Name
IUCN
Family Name
List
pomfret
9.
Nga-mote-phyu
Silver pomfret
Stromateidae
NE
Pinle-nga-pyayma
Tripletail
Lobotidae
NE
Nga- kwin-shat
Scombridae
DD
Nga-kway-sha
Tongue sole
Cynoglossidae
LC
Nga-kway-sha
Bothidae
NE
Nga-kway-sha
Ocellated flounder
Bothidae
NE
Nga-kway-sha
Javan flounder
Bothidae
NE
Nga-kway-sha
Largetooth flounder
Bothidae
NE
Nga-tha-lauk
Hilsa shad
Clupeidae
LC
Nga-hnat
Bomby duck
Synodontidae
NE
Kaku-yan
Polynemidae
NE
Nga-da-gon
Trichiuridae
NE
Nga-da-gon
Trichiuridae
NE
Nga-da-gon
Trichiuridae
NE
Nga-da-gon
Trichiuridae
NE
Nga-shwe
Muraenesocidae
NE
Nga-shwe
Muraenesocidae
NE
Nga-shwe
Muraenesocidae
NE
13.
14.
Pampus argenteus
Engyroprosopon
grandisquamis
Pseudorhombus
dupliciocellatus
Indo-pacific Spanish
mackerel
Common
pike
conger
Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:
Nearly Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;
Note 2: There are only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.
Scientific Name
Common Name
Local Name
Family
IUCN Red
List Status
Remark
Ka-nyin
Dipterocarpaceae
CR
Plant
2. Dipterocarpus alatus
Ka-nyin
Dipterocarpaceae
EN
Plant
115
No.
Scientific Name
Common Name
Local Name
Family
IUCN Red
List Status
Remark
3. Heritiera fomes
Pinle-kanazo
Malvaceae
EN
Plant
4. Hopea odorata
Thin-gan
Dipterocarpaceae
VU
Plant
5. Elephas maximus
Sin
Elephantdae
EN
Mammal
6. Hoolock hoolock
Hylobatidae
EN
Mammal
7. Cuon alpinus
Taw-kwe
Wild dog
Canidae
EN
Mammal
8. Axis porcinus
Da-yae
Hog deer
Cervidae
EN
Mammal
9. Panthera tigris
Kyar
Tiger
Felidae
EN
Mammal
Si-Sali
Hoolock Gibbon
Hylobatidae
EN
Bird
U-Dawn
Green peafowl
Phasianidae
EN
Bird
Taw- kyaung
Wild cat
Viverridae
VU
Mammal
Pyaung
Gaur
Bovidae
VU
Mammal
Wat-wun
Sun dear
Ursidae
VU
Mammal
Kya-thit
Leopard
Felidae
NT
Mammal
Asian elephant
Panthera pardus
Note: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT: Nearly
Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;
c) Social Environment
1. Introduction
The Project candidate sites are located in the northwestern area of Thanbyuzayat Township in Mon State. Mon
State consists of Thaton District and Mawlamyine District, having four townships and six townships as shown in .
Thanbyuzayat Township is located in Mawlamyine District. Thanbyuzayat Township shares borders with Kyarinn
Seikgyi Township in the east, Ye Township in the south, Bay of Mottama in the west and Mudon Township in the
north.
Thanbyuzayat Township was named because a rest house with white zinc roofing (white zinc means Thanbyu
and rest house means Zayat in Myanmar). The house had been constructed in 1874, and it became a Township
Administrative Office in 19643. According to the Notices of the Department of Home Affairs dated on 10 June,
1964, Kyaikkami Township was renamed to Thanbyuzayat Township and Kyaikkami District to Mawlamyine
District as well. Thanbyuzayat Township has an area of 823.62 km (318 square miles) and it stretches from
Wagaru Creek in the north and Htinyu Creek in the south.
116
2. Administration
Thanbyuzayat Township is comprised of 15 wards and 26 village tracts, having a total of 69 villages.
Administrative breakdown of Thanbyuzayat Township is summarized in and village tract locations and their
boundaries are described in .
Table 4-11 Administrative Breakdown of Thanbyuzayat Township
Township
Type of
Town
Ward
Village
Area
Thanbyuzayat
Urban
Rural
Village
Tract
Thanbyuzayat
11
Kyaikkami
26
69
15
26
69
Total
117
118
Male
Female
Total
Male
Urban
16,126
18,679
34,805
8,797
Rural
33,167
34,788
67,905
49,293
53,467
102,710
Total
Female
Total
Total
Male
Female
Total
8,509
17,306
24,923
27,188
52,111
17,620
17,399
35,016
50,787
52,187
102,921
26,417
25,908
52,322
75,710
79,375
155,032
Kaya
Kayi
n
-
Chin
Mon
Burma
Rakhine
Shan
Others
Total
Population
7,532
322
78,957
62,475
3,228
27
2,005
152,549
Since Mon and Burma races are dominant groups, the majority of people are Buddhists (89 %) in the township.
shows the breakdown of religion in Thanbyuzayat Township.
Christian
Hindu
Islamic
Nat
Others
Total
Population
134,605
5,811
4,807
6,070
260
151,553
According to township GAD, there are 322 Buddhism related buildings within the township as shown in . Names
and locations of nine major pagodas and four major monasteries are described in .
Table 4-15 Buddhism Religious Buildings in Thanbyuzayat Township
Pagoda
Monastery
Convent School
Grand Total
85
201
36
322
Description
Location
Pagoda
Kyaikkami
Pagoda
Setse Village
Pagoda
Pagoda
Pagoda
An Khae Village
Pagoda
Setse Village
Pagoda
Pagoda
Hantharwaddy Ward
Pagoda
Sakhangyi Village
10
Myodawoo
Monasteries
11
Parama Aryone
Monasteries
Setse Village
12
Mya Thein
Monasteries
13
Kyaikami Yae Le
Monasteries
Kyaikkami
For other religions, numbers of religious monuments and buildings in the township is summarized in . Since
Buddhists accounted for about 90% of the total population, number of religious monuments other than Buddhism
is small in Thanbyuzayat Township.
6. Land Use
According to land use plans of Thanbyuzayat Township for FY2014, provided by the township Settlement and
Land Records Department (SLRD), there is 203,315 acres (822,79. ha) of land in the township and nearly half of
its lands are used as an agriculture/ cultivated land. In the agricultural / cultivated land, garden land is the
dominating land use, and 34% of total township area is occupied by the garden land.
describes breakdown of
No
Type of Land
Area (Acre)
2
3
4
5
6
7. Industry
a. Agriculture and Forestry
According to Township GAD, rubber is the most cultivated as well as harvested cash crops in Thanbyuzayat
Township as shown in . The rubber plantations exceed 80% of total cultivated area of long-term crops.
Cultivated Area
Harvested Area
Unit Yield
Production
(Acre)
(Acre)
(Baskets/ Acre?)
(Basket)
Rubber
60,605
50,106
708.98
35,524,528
Pepper
2,235
2,089
88.85
185,820
41
41
16.40
664
730
705
4,236.38
686,880
Coconut
1,600
1,435
5,420
7,779,135
Fruit Trees
7,935
6,411
73,164
60,797
Sugarcane (consumed)
Betel
Total
10,470.51
44,177,027
Source: the report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic
minorities in the south-east Myanmar
121
of rubber materials and products in the past few decades, rubber plantation area increased rapidly. In Mon States,
the rubber plantations account for approximately 14.9% of the total land area and it has the largest ration of rubber
plantation area as compared with the union level (0.7%).
In case of crops for staple foods, monsoon paddy is the most cultivated and produced crops in Thanbyuzayat
Township as shown in . The monsoon paddy occupied about 99% of total agricultural cultivated area.
Crops
Paddy
Sesame
Sunflower
Black
gram
(Bean)
Green gram
Red gram
Sugarcane (Sugar)
15
40
40
40
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014
Production
(Basket)
2,501,214
1,260
-
16.50
660
In case for forest products, hardwoods including teak, iron wood and others were exported to India and
Europe during the colonial period5. Currently, major forest products produced in the Thanbyuzayat Township
are summarized in . 1,550 cubic ton of timber is produced as firewood, and the one tenth volume of firewood
is produced as charcoal wood.
Type of Products
Unit
Production Amount
Firewood
Cubic Ton
1,550
Charcoal
Cubic Ton
147
Bamboo
Piece
194,000
Thatch
No
136,000
Bark of wood
Viss
7,660
Source: The report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic
minorities in the south-east Myanmar
122
Annual
No. of Inshore
Production
fishing boat
Thanbyuzayat
(ton)
376
60,135
No. of
Annual
Offshore
Production
vessel
(ton)
3,619,550
76
Total Tax
(kyat)
4,339
5,634,000
Detail data for the Thanbyuzayat Township was not available, but fishery industry seems to be dominated by
small-scale in-shore fishing. Inland (freshwater) fishery activities seem to be less significant in comparison with
inshore fishing. Aquaculture production status of Thanbyuzayat Township is described in . However production
amount from aquaculture was not available.
Fish
Number of Pond
Prawn
Acre
Number of Pond
Acre
2010-2011
24
109.74
45
123.66
2011-2012
24
109.74
45
c. Other Industries
Other industries are not described in Thanbyuzayat Township Fact issued by Thanbyuzayat Township GAD. The
recent Gross Domestic Product value of the Township is summarized in . Production sector serves more than
60 % of total GDP value.
Subject
Production Value
2012-2013
2013-2014
GDP
Target Value
Value
Implementati
Increased
(million Kyat)
(million Kyat)
(million
on
(%)
Kyat)
(%)
100,215.4
106,596.3
73,608.3
69.1
0.2
Services
39,065.7
44,121.4
37,480.4
84.9
21.2
Trading Value
29,216.3
31,783.8
24,180.9
76.1
0.5
168,497.4
182,501.5
135,269.6
74.1
5.3
Value
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014 (April)
123
9. Water Supply
The present principal water sources for the domestic water use in urban areas vary in natural streams,
groundwater, springs, rain-fed ponds and artifical reservoirs. In most areas, the water is taken from these water
sources and distributed through pipes but without any purification facilities. The urban water supply sources in
Mon States in 2013 are summarized in .
Water Source
Presence of Public
Water Supply
Natural Stream
Ground-
System
(River/Creak)
water
Kyaikto
Bilin
Thaton
Paung
Mawlamyine
Chaungzon
Rain-fed
Dam
Pond
Reservoir
O
O
O
O
O
Kyaikmaraw
Mudon
Spring
O
O
Thanbyuzayat
Ye
Source: The report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic
minorities in the south-east Myanmar
124
According to Township Irrigation Department, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, water supply for
Thanbyuzayat Township is mainly from individual dug wells and tube wells. Water shortages are experienced
during summer season. Small scale water supply is also available by private suppliers with trucks. There is no
dam in Thanbyuzayat Township.
Existing water reservoirs and canals in Thanbyuzayat Township for irrigation purposes are summarized in . 40%
of area against proposed area is not available as irrigation water.
No
1
2
3
4
11. Transportation
Major roads within the township and connecting outside of the township are summarized in . There is no airport
and no harbor (except for small jetties) in Thanbyuzayat Township. The main rail road is Mawlamyine- Ye rail
road, which is about 143 km (89 miles) long as listed in . The major road in the township is Mawlamyine- Ye road
which is 156 km (97 miles) long in total and runs north to south of the Township.
Road Name
Distance
(Mile/ Phalon)
Thanbyuzayat Ye
27/0
Thanbyuzayat Kyaikkami
15/0
Thanbyuzayat Setse
5/0
59
Thanbyuzayat Mawlamyine
40 / 0
Thanbyuzayat- Ye
57
Thanbyuzayat Mudon
22
Thanbyuzayat _ Kyaikkami
15 /2
roads
Thanbyuzayat _ Setse
15 / 0
1 /1
Thanbyuzayat- Ye
54
125
Type of Road
Road Name
Distance
(Mile/ Phalon)
Thanbyuzayat- Mawlamyine
35/2
Thanbyuzayat Mudon
19/6
According to Township GAD, there are 13 major bridges in Thanbyuzayat Township. There is only one bridge
that is over 180 feet in Ka Yote Pi Village.. The number of bridges in Thanbyuzayat Township is shown in .
Total Bridges
Total Bridges
Total Bridges
(Over 180')
(Under 50')
Total
13
12. Communication
Communication facilities of Thanbyuzayat Township are indicated in . Internet user is equal to about 10% of the
total township population.
Post
Fax
Number
of
Internet User
15,425
Governmental Hospital
Thanbyuzayat
Private
Rural Health
Hospital
Centers
Status of common diseases in Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in . The number of HIV/AIDS patients
identified was 94 and 16 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Two patients died from HIV/AIDS in 2012 to 2013.
Table 4-32 Common Disease of Thanbyuzayat Township
Malaria
Diarrhea
Tuberculosis
Dysentery
Enlarged Liver
Infected
Died
Infected
Died
Infected
Died
Infected
Died
Infected
Died
494
2,183
138
487
144
Abortion Rate
0.197
14. Education
According to Township GAD, there is no university, college and science school in Thanbyuzayat Township.
Educational facility of Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in .
127
Teachers
Students
High
Middle
Primary
Pre
High
Middle
Primary
Pre
Total
High
Middle
Primary
Pre
Total
109
42
360
94
551
76
1,081
8,700
2,330
17,508
905
20,743
a. Livelihood
According to Township GAD, odd-job (approximately 70,000 persons) is the major sources of income for the
township, followed by others (may include unemployed and approximately 28,000 persons), trading
(approximately 23,000 persons), and agriculture (approximately 18,500 persons). The breakdown of types of
workers in Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in . Annual average individual income was 637, 572 kyats / year
and 814,944 kyats / year for FY2011 and FY 2012, respectively. Number of unemployment was 27,269, and
Jobless rate was 18.00% in FY2012.
Table 4-35 Types of Workers in Thanbyuzayat Township
Year
Government
Services
Agriculture
Staff
Livestock
Trading
Industry
Odd-job
Others
Total
Farming
2013
1,693
5,739
18,426
2,159
22,852
3,254
69,660
27,770
151,553
2014
1,704
5,777
18,567
2,173
23,002
3,275
70,118
27,953
152,549
128
Location
Thanbyuzayat
Thanbyuzayat
Wae Yet Ywar Village
Wae Ka Li Village Tract
Thanbyuzayat
Kyaikkami
An Khae Village
Set Se Village
Kyaikkami
Set Se Village Tract?
War Kha YuVillage Tract
Wea Ka War Village
Figure 4-12
Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department
Sin Taung
Kayin Taung
Set Se
Therefore, information and data for these four village tracts (Project Village Tracts) are presented hereunder as
long as such were available. In addition to these four village tracts, Project candidate sites may fall into either
Kyon Ka Yoke, Wea Ka War, or Pa Nga Village Tract. Further conformation and collection of information will be
required when the Project site is selected from these three village tracts.
129
Figure 4-13 Village Tract Map of Three Village Tracts from Thanbyuzayat Township
a. Population
The populations of the Project Village Tracts are indicated in . There are in total of 2,819 households and 15,598
persons in the Project Village Tracts.
Ward/
Village
Tract
Mya
Mar
Lar
Sin
Taung
Kayin
Taung
79
81
107
112
219
147
156
303
254
268
522
21
23
30
34
64
31
40
71
61
74
135
279
284
342
354
696
453
488
941
795
842
1,637
379
580
388
630
479
643
500
677
979
1,320
631
1,025
684
1,078
1,315
2,103
1,110
1,668
1,842
1,755
2,294
3,423
130
Ah Nan
San
Total
Set Se Set Se
Sanngyi
Hlar Ka
Hmai
Yathay
Taung
Total
Grand Total
160
223
188
223
411
340
346
686
528
569
1,097
740
849
82
95
853
850
62
84
698
53
68
900
674
89
64
1,731
1,372
142
132
1,365
1,389
137
183
1,424
1,514
142
178
2,789
2,903
279
361
2,196
2,087
190
251
2,324
2,188
231
242
4,520
4,275
421
493
319
290
246
267
513
670
670
1,340
916
937
1,853
3,444
7,617
3,598
7,981
7,042
15,598
1,345
2,759
difficult to generalize information of different sources. However, there is a tendency that more than half of village
tract area is occupied by agricultural land in all of the Project Village Tracts.
Table 4-38 Type of Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township 1
227
30
4,542
3,148
12
4,781
3,178
535
2,130
174
2,839
10
24
602
1,394
2,494
12,314
186
3,096
13,894
77
74
50
68
64
810
136
2,362
42
257
297
1,225
Pond /Lake
10
43
19
118
2,422
2,309
3,875
3,543
8,656
6,721
15
392
487
736
2,512
5,351
24
32
477
2,028
2,652
100
5,567
2,635
12,565
5,731
26,459
Village
Land
Cemetery
and
Religious
Land
River and
Stream
Road
Pasture
land
1,297
922
Total
5
3
Mine land
Total
Dani Land
Kayin
Taung
Sin Taung
Mya Mar
Lar
(including
Kyaikkami
)
Setse
Total
No. of
Kwin
Garden and
Rubber
Village
Tract
Farm land
Grand
Total
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD) 2013
Table 4-39 Type of Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township 2
Village Tract
Net
Pasture Mine
Road
River Factory Village Cemetery Other Total
Agricultural Land
Land
and
land
Land
and
Land (acre)
Land
Stream
Religious
Land
Mya Mar Lar
2,808
7
1
29
804
10
123
362
518 4,662
Source: Village Tract GAD 2014
Breakdown of registered agricultural land use for 2014 in the Project Village Tracts are summarized in . There
are certain fluctuations of agricultural land area from 2013, but it can be concluded that majority of agricultural
lands are occupied by the rubber plantation if the Project Village Tracts.
131
Table 4-40 Breakdown Registered Agricultural Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township
Number of
Registered
Farmers
Village Tract
Kwin
No
530
Kayin Taung
1,085
Sin Taung
779
Setse
10
862
Total
23
3,256
Rubber
land
(acre)
Garden
Land
(acre)
635
765
734
44
2,178
237
3,398
40
3,679
Paddy Land
(acre)
35.81
472
1,379.81
Thatch
Land
(acre)
Total Area
(acre)
2,400.82
724.95
3,161.58
1,945
105
2,525
1,603.95
48
8,508.82
11,543.58
Within the Project Village Tracts, following kwins are located along the coastline and in the further stage of the
Project, a detail survey is required in these kwins for identifying acreage and type of land uses and users which
may be affected by the Project.
-
Kwin Number: 908, 909, 909A, 1219, 1294, OSS-2, OSS-3, 925
Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD)
c. Cultural Heritage
The Project Village Tract has 4 of cultural and regional important heritages as shown in . Especially, Kyaikkami
Pagoda is the symbol monument of the area and conserved by Kyaikkami Pagoda Association.
133
Figure 4-15 Cultural Heritage Map of the northwest Coast of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department
Livelihood related to on-shore fishery will maintain the same as now and will not be affected (which does
not always require land acquisition and involuntary resettlement)
On-shore and other transportation means along the coast line will maintain the same.
Insufficient supply of electricity to the region and to the national grid will continue
Speed of economic development in the Thanbyuzayat Township and the Mawlamyine District may be
decreased.
Due to shortage of electricity, improvement of surrounding infrastructure such as public facilities and
local employment maybe hindered.
134
Increase supply of electricity to the region for further economic development and livelihood improvement
in the township and the district.
Contribute to local employment and may improve lifestyle and livelihood of surrounding residents
135
shows the evaluation results of environmental and social impacts by mainly using Categories and
Items in Checklist 2 Thermal Power Plant attached with JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social
Considerations (April 2010) as a reference format. In addition to the Checklist 2 Thermal Power Plant, the
Checklist 6 Power Transmission and Distribution Lines, and the Checklist 10 Port and Harbors, were also
referred based on the necessity.
However, the examination made in this Study is preliminary and the factors which would give serious impacts on
environment and social aspects should be fully checked and evaluated in EIA and/or SIA studies by the Project
proponents and/or petitioners.
Table 4-42 Environmental Checklist (Coal Thermal Plant including Jetty and Transmission)
Not Clear
common
None
Small
Major
Environmental
Item
Category
Reference tableJICA s Environmental Checklist (Thermal Power Plant, Port, Transmission & Distribution )
Significance of
Potential
Possible
Confirmation of
Environmental Impacts Environ
Environmental
mental
Main Check Items
Considerations
Issues
(Reasons, Mitigation
and
Measures)
Problems
EIA have not
prepared
yet.
accordance with
Notification
No.50/2014,
Project requires
implementation
EIA.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
136
been
In
MIC
the
the
of
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Common
Common
(3)
Examinati
on of
Alternativ
es
Thermal
2 Pollution Control
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
137
Air
pollution
by
emission
gas.
No
national
quality
standards
yet
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
residential area and
dust prevention fence
will be installed to
minimize spreading of
dust.
Thermal
Port
138
Air
pollution
by
exhauste
d gases.
No
national
quality
standards
yet
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Port
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
139
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
are
predicted.
However,
if
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out.
Countermeasures to
avoid water pollution
such as waste water
treatment,
slope
protection, and etc.
will be taken.
The Project should
plan and design for
compliance
with
environmental
standards set by the
Project if national
standards are not set
yet
by
the
commencement of the
Project..
No significant serious
impacts by the Project
are
predicted.
However,
if
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out.
The Project should
plan and design for
compliance
with
environmental
standards set by the
Project if national
standards are not set
yet
by
the
commencement of the
Project.
No
significant
serious
impacts by the Project
are
predicted.
However,
if
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
will be carried out.
Ditto
Ditto.
Ditto.
Transmission/ Distribution
Ditto.
140
Pollution mitigation
measures will be
introduced and no
significant
serious
impacts by the Project
are predicted.
Significant
alternations of the
coast lines and change
in water temperature
by jetty construction
and operation are not
expected
in
the
Project.
Significant
land
reclaimation is not
expected
in
the
Project. However, if
any impact may be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out
No significant serious
impacts by the Project
are
predicted.
However,
if
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out
None
Small
Port
(3) Wastes
Thermal
(3) Wastes
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Harmful
damages
to
surround
ing
environ
ment and
residents
Harmful
damages
to
surround
ing
environ
ment
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Ditto.
Ditto.
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
Impacts on waste can
be limited because fly
ash and bottom ash
will be recycled as
by-products
and
Furthermore,
other
solid waste will be
disposed
of
on
designated dumping
site. However, if any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out.
No significant serious
impacts by the Project
are
predicted.
However,
if
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out.
No significant serious
impacts by the Project
are
predicted.
However, if dredging
is
required,
appropriate measures
will be carried out.
Ditto.
Thermal/port
141
Noise
and
vibration
problem
by
vehicles
and
thermal
plant
None
Small
Common
(2) Ecosystem
Common
Port
(7) Sediment
Thermal/port
(6) Odor
Thermal/port
(5) Subsidence
3 Natural Environment
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
142
Damages
to
structure
s
and
land
usages
by
the
Project
Harmful
effects
by
chemical
s used by
the
Project
Sediment
pollution
by
the
Project
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
Use of ground water is
limited,
thus,
no
significant
serious
impacts by the Project
are
predicted.
However,
if
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out.
Impacts on offensive
odor
caused
by
ammonia are expected
to be little because the
amount of ammonium
to
be
used
on
denitration process is
small and will be
handled appropriately.
Impact
on
sedimentation
are
expected to be limited
because
dredging
works which might
affect the surrounding
area are site specific.
However,
if
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out.
There is no protected
area in the vicinity of
the project candidate
sites.
Damages
and
destructi
on
to
nature
and
ecology
by
the
Project
Ditto.
There is no large
primeval
forests,
wetland area and tidal
flats in the Project
candidate sites as well
as their surroundings
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Ditto.
Port
(2) Ecosystem
Ditto.
At
district
level
endangered
species
are recorded. Details
need to be confirmed
by the further study
for the Project.
Currently,
no
significant impact is
predicted considering
Myanmar
environmental rules
and regulations. If any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies,
alternative
locations
will
be
examined
to
avoid/mitigate
the
predicted impacts.
No significant serious
impacts by the Project
are
predicted.
However,
if
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
143
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
Ditto.
Ditto.
None
Small
Transmission/ Distribution
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Ditto.
Port
(3) Hydrology
Ditto.
Ditto.
144
Alternati
on to
hydrolog
y and
resulting
changes
in tides
and
currents
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
There are no
situations such as
disruption
of
migration
routes,
habitat fragmentation
and traffic accident of
wildlife and livestock
in the Project sites. If
any impact may be
predicted by further
studies,
alternative
route
will
be
examined
to
avoid/mitigate
the
predicted impacts.
There may be some
threats and fears such
as
destruction
of
forests, etc. in the
Project. It is necessary
to be examined by
further study.
None
Transmission/ Distribution
Small
Port
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Alternati
on and
damages
to
topograp
hy by the
Project.
Ditto.
Thermal
(1) Resettlement
4 Social Environment
Ditto.
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
There may be less
possibility
for
alteration
and
damages
to
topography, geology,
and natural seashore
by the Project.
If any impact may be
predicted by further
studies,
alternative
route
will
be
examined
to
avoid/mitigate
the
predicted impacts.
There may be some
possibility
for
alternation
and
damage by the Project.
It is necessary to be
examined by further
study. If required
proper actions such as
slope
protection,
compaction, etc. will
be taken.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
145
Involunt
ary
resettlem
ent
by
the
Project.
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Thermal
146
Harmful
effect
and
unemplo
yment
etc.
to
residents
by
the
Project.
Adverse impacts to
people such as noise,
vibration,
air
pollution, etc. should
be
taken
into
consideration.
As
required,
necessary
measures will be
carried out.
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Harmful
effect to
living
condition
s
of
residents
by
the
Project
and
surround
ing
residents.
Accident
and
traffic
congesti
on by the
Project
Port
147
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
No significant serious
impacts by the Project
are
predicted.
However, as required,
necessary
measures
will be carried out.
Ditto.
Deteriora
tion of
Public
hygiene
by
the
Project
Contermeasures will
be taken by interal
regualtions imposed
by the Project and in
cooperation with the
related aurhorities so
that such situations
will not arisen by the
Projects.
Harmful No significant serious
effect to impacts by the Project
livelihoo are
predicted.
d
of However, as required,
surround necessary
measures
ing
will be carried out.
residents.
Ditto
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Transmission/ Distribution
Common
(3) Heritage
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
Accident
and
traffic
congesti
on by the
Project
No significant impacts
are predicted by the
Project. But it is
necessary
to
be
examined by further
study.
.
Interfere There may be some
nce
to impacts by the Project.
current
It is necessary to be
living
examined by further
study.
Ditto
Ditto.
Common
(4) Landscape
Destructi
on and
damages
by
the
Project
148
In the vicinity of
candidate sites there
are
a
few
archeological,
historical,
cultural,
and religious heritage
sites. Primarily such
locations shall be
avoided upon the
selection of the site. If
any impact may be
predicted by further
studies,
required
countermeasures will
be
examined
to
avoid/mitigate
the
predicted impacts.
Landsca Basically,
no
pe
significant impact is
inhibitio predicted, but shall
n by the confirm whether the
Project
Project inhibit views
to pagoda along the
coast. If any adverse
impacts are predicted
in further study phase,
necessary
countermeasures will
be taken based on the
Myanmar laws and
regulations.
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Common
Common
Impact
on
the
Ethnic
Minoritie
s
and
Indigeno
us
Peoples
by
the
Project
Ditto.
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
Though there are
certain
ethnic
minorities
reside
within the township,
no significant ethnic
issue in and around
the
Project
is
predicted.
If
any
impact
may
be
predicted by further
studies,
required
countermeasures will
be
examined
to
avoid/mitigate
the
predicted impacts.
Ditto.
Corrupti
on
in
occupati
onal
health
and
safety by
the
Project
The
working
conditions will be
protected
by
the
Myanmar laws and
regulations.
As
required, the Project
will prepare internal
regulations
for
occupational
health
and safety referring to
regulations imposed
by
international
organizations
and
other countries
Accident Proper instruction and
at work guidance on safety
by
the consideration will be
Project
given to workers and
other
individuals
involved
in
the
Projects.
(b)
Are
tangible
safety
considerations in place for
individuals involved in the
project, such as the installation
of safety equipment which
prevents industrial accidents,
and management of hazardous
materials?
(c) Are intangible measures
being planned and implemented
for individuals involved in the
project,
such
as
the
establishment of a safety and
health program, and safety
training (including traffic safety
and public health) for workers
etc.?
Ditto.
149
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Common
5 Others
Safety of
local
residents
inhibitio
n
compani
on by the
Project
Environ
mental
pollution
and
contamin
ation Noise &
vibration
,
turbidity,
dust,
exhauste
d
gas,
wastes,
etc..
Damages
to natural
environ
ment by
the
Construc
tions
Traffic
congesti
on,
nuisance,
150
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
Proper instruction and
guidance about safety
and hygiene will be
given to workers and
other
individuals
involved
in
the
Projects. Also public
awareness raising to
the general public will
be also implemented.
The following
measures will be
taken:
(1)
Noise &
vibration: Low noise
and vibration
methods and
constructional
vehicles and
equipment.
(2)
Turbid
water: Sediment
basins, etc.
(3)
Exhaust gas:
Less exhaust gas
constructional
vehicles and
equipment.
(4)
Construction
dusts: Spraying
water, etc.
(5)
Wastes:
Spoils, solid wastes,
etc. will be properly
disposed or
reclaimed.
It is considered that
the
construction
activities will not
affect the natural
environment adversely
in the construction
sites, but adequate
measures will be
considered to mitigate
impacts as required.
Adequate
measures
such as detours, etc.
will be taken to
mitigate impacts to
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
social environment.
Risk of
fire and
explosio
n
common
(3) Monitoring
etc
Thermal
(2) Accident
Prevention
Measures
the impacts?
Thermal
6 Note
Ditto.
Ditto.
Placeme
nt of the
transmiss
ion line
by
the
Project
Incorporated in this
checklist.
Transmission line and
relevant facilities may
be
involved
in
construction of the
coal thermal plant, but
needed
to
be
confirmed at further
study for the Project
Placeme Incorporated in this
nt
of checklist.
jetty
Limited impacts are
facilities predicted
for
by
the construction of jetty
None
Small
Not Clear
Environmental
Item
Category
Significance of
Possible
Environmental Impacts
Potential
Environ
mental
Issues
and
Problems
Project
Transmission/ Distribution
Construc
tion of
roads for
transmiss
ion line
installati
on
Common
Global
environ
mental
issues by
the
Project
Confirmation of
Environmental
Considerations
(Reasons, Mitigation
Measures)
facilities
for
the
Project,
However,
details needed to be
confirmed at further
study for the Project
Limited impacts are
predicted
for
construction of roads
for transmission line
installation, However,
details needed to be
confirmed at further
study for the Project
No serious global
issues is predicted by
the Project, since
impacts by the exhaust
gases
will
be
minimized as much as
possible
by
introducing
various
energy
saving
measures
by
the
Project.
However,
details needed to be
confirmed at further
study for the Project
Alternati No serious impacts to
on and ground
water
is
damages predicted
by
to
construction of jetty
ground
for the project
water
regimes
by
the
Project
Port
on groundwater hydrology
(groundwater level drawdown
and salinization) that may be
caused
by
alteration
of
topography, such as land
reclamation
and
canal
excavation
should
be
considered, and impacts, such
as land subsidence that may be
caused by groundwater uses
should be considered. If
significant
impacts
are
anticipated, adequate mitigation
measures should be taken.
1). Regarding the term Countrys Standards mentioned in the above table, in the event that
environmental standards in the country where the project is located diverge significantly from
international standards, appropriate environmental considerations are requested to be made. In cases
where local environmental regulations are yet to be established in some areas, considerations should
152
be made based on comparisons with appropriate standards of other countries (including Japan's
experience).
2). Environmental checklist provides general environmental items to be checked. It may be necessary to
add or delete an item taking into account the characteristics of the project and the particular
circumstances of the country and locality in which it is located.
Source: Prepared by Study Team based on JICA s Environmental Checklist
b) Alternatives and Mitigation Measures on Environmental and Social Consideration for the Project
The several alternative locations, possible designs and construction methods for the coal thermal power plant and
the jetty will be examined in further study phase. Also detail land use and socio-economic conditions of potential
project affected people (PAPs) will be verified in further study phase of the Project.
Meanwhile, detailed alternatives have not been studied or specified because basic plan and design of the thermal
power plant and regional development program are not finalized yet. To prepare and finalize those, it is necessary
to collect detailed data and information such as geological/ hydrological / bathymetric conditions of concerned
onshore area through site surveys and measurements.
Therefore, draft mitigation measures, alternative locations and design cannot be studied in details currently. If the
Project has significant influence on natural and social environmental conditions, it is necessary to identify such
impacts, and propose alternative plans for whole or a part of the Project to mitigate the predicted impacts.
At present, technically, no serious adverse impact is predicted by construction and operation of the coal thermal
power plant if appropriate mitigation measures as described in
thermal power has significantly negative impressions within Myanmar. Thus, raising public awareness about the
coal thermal power plant in general may be required to mitigate unnecessary objection and negative campaigns
toward the Project.
153
(4) Outlines of the related laws and regulations for environmental impact
assessment in Myanmar
a) Environmental Laws, Rules and Regulations of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Laws and regulations related to social welfare and occupational health, and
Key laws and regulations for land related right and land acquisition.
The Protection of Wildlife, Wild Plant and Conservation of Natural Area Law 1994
Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.10)
Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Rules 2012 (President Office Notification No 1, 2012)
e. Key Laws and Regulations for Land Related Right and Land Acquisition
Followings and their amendments/ subordinate documents are key as well as applicable laws and regulations in
respect to land related rights and land acquisition in current Myanmar. Though some laws already have been
repealed, such laws are still partially applicable depending on situations.
-
The (Lower Burma) Land and Revenue Act, 1879 (India Act II, 1876)
The Lower Burma Town and Village Lands Act 1899 (Burma Act IV, 1898)
The Law Safeguarding Peasant Rights (Agriculturists Rights Protection Law) 1963 (Union Myanmar
Revolutionary Council Law No. 91, 1963)
Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.10)
Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Rules 2012 (President Office Notification No 1, 2012)
*Law itself is already repealed but some of sections are still applied depending on respective situations.
No.
1
Law Name
Mon State Fishery
Law
(11st April 2014)
Conservation
of
Cultural
Heritage
Law, Mon State
(8th November 2013)
Systematic
Production
and
Usage of Fertilizer
Law in Mon State
(23rd
December
2014)
Salt
and
Salt
Products Law in
Mon State
(11st April 2014)
General Summarization
(A) The objectives of the law are
(i) To protect the extinct of fish species and to develop fisheries
(ii) To protect damage of freshwater fishery water expanses
(iii) To permit fishery by paying tax to the State
(iv) To manage fisheries by law and taking legal actions.
(B) The law determines about fishery water expanse for coastal water and
freshwater, committees duties, fishery franchise holding persons duties, etc,. )
The conservation of biodiversity of algae and other aquatic creatures in coastal area
is one of committees duties.
A) The objectives of the law are
(i) To develop the State by establishing village fuel-wood plantations in vacant
lands, lands under governments control, and damaged forest lands.
(ii) To increase land use price
(iii) To obtain more fuel-wood due to the systematic fuel-wood consumption
through collective plantation, production and utilization of user groups.
(iv) To protect natural disaster and to conserve natural environment
(v) To utilize the residual parts of fuel-wood such as trunk for other purposes
B)
The law determines about formation of village fuel-wood
plantation, committees duties, foresters duties and Inspections activities, etc.)
The law determines about designation of cultural heritage area, conservation and
protection of cultural heritage area, committees duties, issue of permit for
constructions of hotels, industrial buildings, and research activities in cultural area,
and inspection activities in cultural heritage area, etc.
The main objectives of the law are
(i) To support development of farming sector which is fundamental economy of
country
(ii) To supervise fertilizer enterprise
(iii) To support natural environmental conservation and soil conservation by
utilizing proper fertilizers
(iv) To conduct research and education programs for growers to provide
comprehensive knowledge of fertilizer application
(v) To enhance cultivation of organic products and to provide safe crops to public
The main objectives of the law are
(i) To produce salt and salt products without forest depletion
(ii) To extend the production capacity of salt and salt production area
(iii) To assist in salt and salt products export activities
(iv) To distribute enhanced technologies to salt and salt products entrepreneurs
156
No.
6
Law Name
Recreation Centers,
Zoological
and
Botanical
Garden
Law
(Draft version)
Mon
State
Development Law
(Amended)
(10th April 2013)
Mon
State
Loading/Unloading
Law
(19th
December
2012)
10
11
12
13
General Summarization
The objectives of the law are
(i) To protect natural plants and wild animals by establishing zoological and
botanical gardens
(ii) To protect animals and natural plants and their origin having dangers of
extinction
(iii) To support natural science researches
(iv) To conduct development programs considering environmental conservation
affairs
(v) To cooperate between government organizations, international organizations,
non-government organizations, and individuals for environmental conservation
affairs.
(vi) To provide recreation centers for public
The Law determines about management of development activities (town planning,
water supply, town cleansing, sanitation in rural and downtown area, electricity
supply, establishing of private and development committee markets, environmental
conservation activities, public health caring activities, etc.), management of vehicles
including slow moving vehicles like trishaw, management of ferry boats business,
management of killing animals, finance management, fund raising for development
activities, taxes collection, etc.
The objectives of the law are
(i) To support for improvement of trading and rapid trade flow
(ii) To provide worthy wages to loading and unloading worker for their physical
efforts
(iii)To provide social stability and occupation welfare of loading and unloading
workers
The law determines about permission of loading and unloading enterprise,
systematic supervisions on loading and unloading enterprise under rules and
regulations of this Law, Occupational safety, etc.
The objectives of the law are
(i)
To control the epidemic of alcoholic drinking habit
(ii)
To avoid illegal production and selling in the distribution of alcohols
(iii)
To attain excise on alcohols/beer/spirits for the State
The law determines about farm land to be taxed, rate of land tax, exemption of land
tax, collection of land tax, collection of unpaid land tax by opening as case file, etc.
No.
14
15
Law Name
General Summarization
Mon State Honorary The objectives of the law are
Certificates
and (i)
To develop the State and Nation
Commendations
(ii)
To develop economy and social activities
Awarding Law
(iii)
To honor persons who valiantly participate in the fields of literature,
(31st
September culture, religion, etc.
2013)
Regulation
for No fishing zone is defined for around 300 meter surrounding of Kyaikkami Yee Le
Fishery
around Pagoda and lobster protected area is defined for about 3 km2 (3 km x 1 km)
Pagoda areas
surrounding of Kyaik Saw Yee Le Pagoda area respectively. Source: Department of
Fisheries Thanbyuzayat Township.
Source: Relevant state level laws and regulations
Standard quality of water related to the use of inland water available to public places, dams, ponds,
swamps, flooded land, channel, creeks and rivers.
Standard of wastewater
As of the end of November 2014, these standards have not been set yet. Project proponents are required to set
quantitative target levels, independently at this moment.
Currently, MOECAF is in a process for establishment of National Environmental Quality Standards. However,
establishment of comprehensive and practical standards is quite difficult task and it may take certain time. In
consideration of immediate demand for waste water quality, MOECAF is planning to determine Guidelines for
National Environmental Quality Standards, and National Wastewater Quality Standard by end of FY2014.
Though industrial waste water quality has not been stipulated by MOECAF as of November 2014, Ministry of
Industry (MOI) has issued Water and Air Pollution Control Plan on 21st August, 1995. This plan has stipulated
standard values for wastewater effluent from industries before the effluent can be discharged into natural water
environment such as rivers, creeks, lakes and ponds. Currently, these values are often referred to in Myanmar, thus
until establishment of the national environmental standards or guidelines, the target industrial wastewater effluent
from the Project shall not exceeded the values presented in .
158
No.
1
2
Parameter
Temperature
pH
4
5
Dissolved solids
SS
BOD (5 days at
20oC)
COD (KMnO4)
Sulphide (as H2S)
Cyandie (as HCN)
Oil and Grease
Tar
Formaldehyde
Phenol and cresols
Free chlorine
Zinc
Chromium
Arsenic
Copper
Mercury
Cadmium
Barium
Selenium
Lead
Nickel
Insecticides
Radioactive
materials
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Unit
o
C
Allowable values
Max 40
5-9
-
mg/L
Max 2000
Max 30
mg/L
Max 20-60
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
Max 60
Max 1
Max 0.2
Max 5
None
Max 1
Max 1
Max 1
Max 5
Max 0.5
Max 0.25
Max 1.0
Max 0.005
Max 0.03
Max 1.0
Max 0.02
Max 0.2
Max 0.2
None
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
Remarks
None
Source: Ministry of Industry
regulated by the Foreign Investment Law 2012 and its subordinate laws/regulations.
Myanmar Investment Commission Notification No. 50/2014 (14 August 2014, modifications of Notification No.
1/2013), Economic Activities Which Require Environmental Impact Assessment, determines 30 sectors which
require EIA prior to business license. In the list, following are types of economic activities which require EIA and
relevant to power generation.
-
No. 4: Hydropower and other heavy electricity generation, construction of electrical power transmission
line
The Foreign Investment Rules 2013 also depicts that environmental social considerations of projects shall refer
to the Environmental Conservation Law.
Table 4-45
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Sections
1-2
3
4-6
7-8
9
10-12
13-16
17
18-20
21-25
26-27
28-30
31-34
35-42
160
Table 4-46
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Chapter
Title and Definition
Adopting Policy Relating to Environmental Conservation
Environmental Conservation
International, Regional and Bi-lateral Cooperation Relating to
Environmental Conservation
Environmental Management Fund
Environmental Emergency
Environmental Quality Standards
Management of Urban Environment
Waste Management
Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritages
Environment Impact Assessment
Prior Permission
Prohibitions
Miscellaneous
Source: Environmental Conservation Rules 2014
Sections
1-2
3-6
7-26
27-28
29-35
36-37
38-39
40
41-46
47-50
51-61
62-68
69
70-74
ECR stipulates basic policy and concept on EIA application of the development of Projects (Chapter 11);
-
To prepare the environment impact assessment report including EMP and submit to the Ministry (Section
55 (a)), and
To implement and carry out EMP within the time stipulated by the Ministry and submit the performance
situation to the Ministry (Section 55 (b)).
Prior Permission (Chapter 12) is required for categories of business, work-site or factory, workshops which may
cause an impact on the environmental quality (Section 62). Though categories of business and activities which
require the prior permission are yet to be determined as of November 2014, businesses / projects which may cause
hazardous impacts and projects which are required to conduct EIA / IEE seem to be categorized for prior
permission according to the latest draft EIA procedure.
c. Draft EIA Procedures
Though there are still considerable modifications going on by MOECAF for the EIA Procedures as of November
2014, there seems to be not much of significant changes in the overall composition of the EIA Procedures among
the different versions of drafts. describes overall composition of the latest EIA Procedure.
Table 4-47
1
2-1
2-2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Chapter
Title and Definition
Establishment of Environmental Impact Assessment Process
Requirement of Third Parties to Conduct EIA/IEE
Screening
Initial Environmental Examination
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Consideration in Project Approval
Monitoring
Penalties
Project Categorization for Assessment Purposes
IEE/EIA Procedures
Penalties Categorization
Source: Draft EIA Procedures
161
Sections
1-2
3-14
15-22
23-27
28-40
41-73
74-95
96-112
113-120
All projects undertaken in Myanmar by any organizations or individuals having the potential to cause
significant adverse impacts, are required to undertake environmental impact assessment and to obtain an
Environmental Compliance Certificate in accordance with the EIA Procedure. (Article 3, 6th draft)
The EIA Procedure does not address specific matters in relation to resettlement and indigenous people.
Projects involving resettlement or potentially affecting indigenous people shall additionally comply with
separate procedures issued by responsible ministries before issuing separate procedures by MOECAF, and
in the absence of such procedures all such projects shall adhere to international good practice on
involuntary resettlement and indigenous people.(Article 9, 6th draft)
Existing projects or projects under construction before the issuance of the EIA Procedure shall develop an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) within a time frame prescribed by the Ministry and such EMP
shall be subject to the review and approval of the Ministry. (Article 10, 6th draft)
b. Screening of Projects
According to the draft EIA Procedure, MOECAF will determine project type (scale of environmental
assessment) based on project proposals submitted by project proponents (Article 23, 6th draft, ).
Figure 4-16 Overall EIA Process in draft EIA Procedures and MIC application
IEE
EIA
On-going Projects
MIC Requirements
Environmental (IEE)
Investigation
(including Public
Consultation Process)
Scoping
(Public Consultation)
Scoping Report
Environmental / Social
Compliance Audit
& Investigation
Submission of
Environmental & Social
Consideration Related
Report
Environmental (EIA)
Investigation
Submission of
Environmental
Management Plan
(EMP)
Preparation &
Submission of IEE
Report
Review and Approval
Process
(Maximum 60days)
(Including IEE Report
Disclosure & Public
Consultation Process)
Issuance of
Environmental
Compliance Certificate
(ECC)
Submission of EIA
Report
Review and Approval
Process
(Maximum 90days)
Issuance of
Environmental
Compliance Certificate
(ECC)
163
1 MW and 10 MW
5 MW and 50 MW
10 MW
50 MW
5 MW and 50 MW
50 MW
5 MW and < 50 MW
50 MW
10 MW and 50 MW
50 MW
50 MW
All projects which IEE
recommends to conduct EIA
All projects which IEE
recommends to conduct EIA
50 km
50MW
> 10 km and < 50 km
-
All sizes
All sizes
All projects which IEE
recommends to conduct EIA
oil storage capacity 10,000 tons
- gas storage capacity 2,500
tons
50 km
All sizes
10 ha
All projects which IEE
recommends to conduct EIA
All sizes
All sizes
All sizes
All sizes
All sizes
types of project categorization are more likely applicable for the Project considered in the Study (). Considering
the current plan for the Project, EIA level study is required for the coal power plant. For the jetty component, it
shall be considered as one of subsidiary facilities of the coal power plant and to shall be assed as part of the EIA
level study for the entire coal power plant.
JICAs or JBICs Environmental Guidelines designates that any project and activity which may
give significant impacts on natural and social environments is classified as Category A. The
Category A project should disclose the EIA report and environmental approval certificate.
World Bank: The World Bank instructs to prepare a resettlement action plan in case that the large scale of
involuntary resettlement, of which PAPs are equal to more than 200 people, accompanies with
implementation of the project (Source: WB OP4.12).
165
Description
Sediment
(River Bed)
Traffic
Volume
9
10
11
Noise
Vibration
Flora
and
Fauna
12
Cultural and
landscape
13
Social*
1 time in dry
season
1 points
1 time (weekday)
2 points
1 time (weekday)
1 time (weekday)
2 times (dry and
rainy season)
2 points
2 points
proposed
project
site and
off shore
proposed
project
site
proposed
project
site
1 time
Firstly, basic surveys to determine location of the coal thermal power plant and its jetty including
alternatives will be conducted.
Concurrently to above, a census or social survey to pre-determine users as well as residents of the project
locations (project affected persons: PAPs) will be conducted.
Thereafter, EIA should be conducted to obtain the environmental approvals. As necessary, resettlement
action plan (RAP) with compensation plan and livelihood restoration plan will be prepared. Actions to be
taken are shown below;
Implement basic surveys such as meteorological measurements, soil investigation, air quality
167
survey, water quality survey, river / current flow survey, onshore and offshore fauna / flora survey,
and social survey for collecting fundamental baseline information not only for planning /
designing of the Project but also for assessing the environmental impacts of the Project,
Prepare and finalize TOR for EIA study to start EIA process promptly. As necessary, quantitative
targets for environmental conservation for the Project will be set independently if national
standards are not formulated yet by the commencement of EIA study.
Implement EIA by third party organization hired by the Project proponent to obtain
environmental permission (ECC: Environmental Compliance Certificate or equivalent) from the
government.
If necessary, obtain required environmental approvals other than ECC, such as approvals relating
to usage of on-shore area.
Commence land acquisition procedure considering predicted environmental and social impacts.
Then start negotiations on compensation with PAPs who will be affected by the Project such as
famers/residents within the project site and fishermen living around the project site.
It is recommended that the concerned government authorities will conduct followings to facilitate
implementation of coal thermal power plant related project.
MOECAF is expected to finalize the EIA Procedures and the procedure to be enacted. This will
streamline currently vague requirements for EIA.
MOECAF is expected to prepare and indicate draft national environmental quality standards/
guidelines, enabling project proponents to comply such standards for environmental and social
safeguard
Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) is expected to implement series of public awareness campaign for
coal thermal power plant development and electricity supply/ demand issues for more scientific
understandings toward the coal thermal plant by the general public. MOEP is in the position to
increase coal thermal power plants to meet the demand. However, majority of the general public have
stereotype negative impressions toward the coal thermal power plant due to inappropriate construction
and management of existing coal thermal power plant (Tigyit Power Plant in Shan State).
168
b) Harbor facilities
The sum including the estimated cost for approach pier, coal unloading pier and breakwater is as follows:
33 billion yen
d) Other expenses
The sum including the estimated expense for dispatching of engineers, credit guarantee, contingencies and
others is as follows:
6 billion yen
b) Costs associated with the Project that are paid to the outside of MoEP, such as labor costs, are demanded and
approved as an annual budget of MoEP.
169
c) Yen loan (ODA) is provided to the Ministry of Finance and is paid back by the Ministry of Finance; for this
reason, it is mandatory for MoEP to make repayments of the loan to the Ministry of Finance.
5) FIRR calculation
1.
Costs
Capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX) needed to operate a power plant are
considered in general. CAPEX as referred to here are made up of costs of engineering, procurement and
construction of the power plant, incidental facilities, consulting services and so on for the Project.
2.
Convenience/Benefit
This amounts to the product of the quantity sold to the consumers by the sales price to the consumers in
Myanmar.
a) Assumed selling tariff to MEPE
Electricity-selling tariff to sold to MEPE by a power generation business operator in Myanmar (in the case in
which the fuel expenses are passed on to MEPE) was USD0.03 0.04/kWh. In this analysis, the unit price of
170
b) Assumed income
Using the above assumed tariff, the assumed income is calculated as shown below:
(The assumed revenue: 147.168MMUS$) = (Tariff: 0.035USD/kWh) (Output: 600 MW) (7,008 hours)
6) EIRR calculation
a) Preconditions for the assumed economic convenience
1. Costs
CAPEX and OPEX needed to run a power plant are considered. The CAPEX as referred to here are made up
of costs of engineering, procurement and construction of the power plant, incidental facilities, consulting
services and so on for the Project.
2. Convenience/Benefit
Diesel-engine-generator often is used for power generation due to unstable electricity supply in Myanmar.
Therefore, the fuel cost and the maintenance cost for such diesel-engine-generated power can be considered
as the willingness to pay (WIP) of the consumers in calculating EIRR.
The economic convenience of the private diesel-engine-based power generation with a power generating
capacity of 600 MW is calculated from the viewpoint of the following willingness to pay (WIP) of the
consumers.
According to the Project for Electrification of Rural Areas by Means of Flowing-water Micro Hydropower
Generation in the Republic of Union of Myanmar, a report of the Results of Fiscal 2012 Global Warming
Countermeasure Technology Promotion Projects of NEDO, MoEP has installed diesel generators at 645
locations or so throughout the country of Myanmar for the purpose of rural area electrification, with
electricity generated at a cost as high as 50 60 yen/kWh (USD 0.42 0.5/kWh for an exchange rate of 120
yen/USD). Coal-fired power generation that replaces diesel-engine-based power generation using expensive
fuel is assumed in the calculation of EIRR for the Project.
The assumed expenditures for the operation of a diesel generator with an output of 600 MW at a capacity
factor of 80% (365 days 24 hours/day 80%) for 7,008 hours/year are as shown below, provided that the
power generating cost of the diesel generator is set at the midpoint value (55 yen/kWh, namely USD
0.48/kWh).
(WTP: 2578.944MMUS$) = (0.46USD/kWh) (Average Output: 600 MW) (7,008 hours)
8) Operating Expenditures (OPEX)
In this analysis, OPEX can be determined from the three factors, the fuel costs, the fixed costs and the variable
costs, as shown below.
With Myanmar having not imported coal, the price of coal is set by adding the premium expenses for a
long-term contract and the assumed transportation costs from Australia to Myanmar to the average FOB-based
price of Australian coal over the past five years. In addition, it is assumed that this power station with an output
171
of 600 MW consumes approximately 1.5 million tons of coal under the operation at an assumed capacity factor
of 80%.
OPEX calculation has been performed with the fixed and the variable costs assumed to be on the same level as
that of maintenance expenses of coal-fired power stations of similar size in the neighboring countries (USD 35
mil/year).
a) Fuel costs
1) (Fuel costs) = (Coal price) (Average annual coal consumption: 1.5 million tons)
The price of coal is set by adding the premium expenses for a long-term contract and the assumed
transportation costs from Australia to Myanmar to the average FOB-based price of Australian coal over the
past five years (USD 120/ton).
172
Project
Year
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
O&M cost
Plant cost
Owner's Cost
0
0
0
0
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-271
-271
-271
-271
-58
-58
-58
-58
Revenue
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
US$ million
173
Project
Year
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Coal price
(USD/ton
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
Coal
consumption
millon ton
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Fuel cost
O&M cost
Plant cost
Owner's Cost
0
0
0
0
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
-180.00
0
0
0
0
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-35
-271
-271
-271
-271
-58
-58
-58
-58
WTP
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
2,579
US$ million
174
2014
2Q
3Q
4Q
1Q
2015
2Q
3Q
4Q
1Q
2016
2Q
3Q
4Q
1Q
2017
2Q
3Q
4Q
1Q
2018
2Q
3Q
4Q
1Q
2019
2Q
3Q
4Q
1Q
2020
2Q
3Q
4Q
1Q
2021
2Q
3Q
4Q
1Q
2022
2Q
3Q
4Q
Preliminary
Feasibility Study
Yen loan Request from
Myanmar government
Feasibility Study
Review
Exchange of E/N
Exchange of L/A
Construction
COD
The schedule after the completion of the preliminary feasibility study in February 2015 is as follows: informing
the Myanmar government of the content of the study, request to be made by the Myanmar government on the
provision of an yen loan to the Japanese government, selection of project-implementing entity by the Japanese
government after the request is made, signing of a memorandum of understanding on the implementation of the
feasibility study between the implementing entity and MoEP of Myanmar, implementation of the feasibility study
in 2016, review by the Japanese government of the project after the feasibility study is completed, exchange of
notes and signing of a loan agreement with the Myanmar government. After these steps are taken, plant
175
construction is slated to begin in 2018. After 5 years or so of construction period, commencement of commercial
operation of the power plant is planned in 2022.
176
177
178
179
Therefore, when it comes to development of coal-fired power plants in Myanmar, know-how on constructing,
owning and operating ultra supercritical coal-fired power plants, operation and maintenance and training of
workers must be provided to the Myanmar Government in cooperation with Japanese utility companies, electric
power companies, with abundant experiences in them with Japanese Government.
Operators of power plants in Myanmar will have an opportunity to be trained at ultra-supercritical coal-fired
power plants and supercritical coal-fired plants in Japan as a potential operator of the plants in order to acquire
know-how on operation and maintenance so that they can operate the planned power plant with Myanmars
personnel only in the future.
181
Manufacture, etc.
182
Boiler
Steam turbine
Generator
Toshiba Corporation
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Hitachi Ltd.
ABB Bailey Japan Ltd.
183
In
order to fill the gap between demand and supply of power production capacity in Myanmar, development of a new
coal-fired power plant with a large capacity is inevitable.
Many new power plants are recently being developed with IPP scheme in Myanmar, however these projects are
relatively small size since power plant projects with large capacity find the financial difficulty to be developed
under IPP scheme with project finance due to the following issues:
1.
Laws and regulations to structure project financing and to protect the project sponsors and lenders are yet
to be implemented;
Expected internal rate of return of the project may not be high enough for private companies due to a heavy
burden for capital expenditures for the related infrastructures.
It is suggested that environmentally friendly and highly efficient ultra super critical coal-fired power plant with
clean coal technology be to be introduced in Myanmar to reduce the environmental burden and to contribute to the
increase of power supply capacity as well.
It is also suggested that the soft loan from the Japanese Government
be applicable to this kind of project with the clean coal technology as the Japanese companies have a strong
competitiveness in the technology.
High officials from MoEP expressed its understanding, to some extent, of the need for the soft loans to
construct power plants during the hearing session by the study team.
it, which secured, albeit its small scale, MoEPs guarantee concerning its selling of power. Since this case has a
possibility of being capable of structuring project financing for a large-scale power generation for the first time, it
must be watched carefully. However, it is generally believed that it takes some more times to structure project
financing for large-scale power generation in Myanmar.
(3) Expected fund source for the Project including yen loan
Since this project concerns a large-scale coal-fired power plant, while conditions for structuring project
financing is unimplemented and development based on it is not likely, ODA of yen loan by the Japanese
Government is considered to be made use of.
MoEP expressed its concern for the construction management and operation of the coal-fired power plant due to
the lack of experience and know-how and its intention to request for the technical support for such issues,
however, MoEP was convinced that they would be capable enough to manage the construction and operate the
power plant as well if such technical support is also provided.
And MoEP recognized the benefit of the application of yen loan to the Project and understand that MoEP is the
one to promote the development of the Project based on the basic understandings toward the yen loan.
Therefore,
it is advisable that the application of yen loan is possibly an efficient solution depending on the bilateral
arrangement between the related ministries of the both government of Myanmar and Japan.
185
After the result of this survey is reported to the Myanmar government, it will request the Japanese government
for an ODA yen loan. After the request is received by the Japanese government, the governments will sign a
memorandum of understanding for carrying out a feasibility study for cooperation based on the request for the
ODA yen loan. Afterwards, MoEP will sign MOU with Japanese companies selected by the Japanese government
for carrying out a project feasibility survey.