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Pressure

Force and area


• The amount of pressure exerted depends on
the size of the force and the area over which it
is exerted.

Exert = to apply a force to an object


• Pressure is
measured in
newtons per
square metre,
also known as
Pascal.
• One pascal [Pa] is
the same as one
N/m².
Calculating pressure
Remember that the weight of a body
is equal to the product of its mass
and gravitational acceleration.
W= mg
Applications of increased pressure
• The smaller the area that a given force acts
upon, the greater the pressure that it exerts.
Applications of decreased pressure
• The larger the area that a given force acts
upon, the lower the pressure that it exerts.
• All these objects work by spreading force over
a large area in order to reduce pressure.
Pressure of a liquid
The pressure due to the weight
of a liquid is called
the hydrostatic pressure.
• The pressure exerted by a liquid at the bottom
of a cuboid vessel can be calculated in the
same way as the pressure of a cuboid block,
by finding the ratio of the weight of the liquid
to the area of the bottom of the vessel.
• The pressure exerted by a liquid on the
bottom of a container is the product of the
density of the liquid, the gravitational
acceleration and the depth of the container.
Hydrostatic pressure and the density of a liquid
Pressure , depth and density
• For a given liquid, its • ii. increases with
pressure: density
i. increases with depth
Pressure of liquids
• It is independent of the
- the shape of the container.
- the size of the container.
- the area of its surface

Pressure in liquid depends only


on its vertical distance from
the surface of the liquid.
Applications of pressure in liquids
• Dam holds water at • The wall of the dam is
high altitude. The wall built thicker at the
of the dam has to be bottom to withstand a
thicker at the base. higher pressure.
Explain.
Applications of pressure in liquids
• Water is stored in water
tank at higher level.
• The water tower is
Why?
built at high place so
that the water has
sufficient pressure to
flow to consumer’s
house.
Applications of pressure in liquids
• Submarine is built with • Submarine is built with
thick wall. Explain. thick wall so as to
withstand enormous
pressure at greater
depth
Work example 1
Work example 2
Atmospheric Pressure
GAS PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
GAS PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

• Gas pressure is the force per unit area


exerted by the gas molecules as they collide
with the walls of their container.
• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused
by the weight of the air above us.
Atmospheric pressure
• Atmospheric pressure decreases with the
altitude or the height above sea level.
• At higher altitudes, the density and the
temperature of the air are lower.
• As a result, the frequency of collisions of the
molecules is lower.
• Hence, atmospheric
pressure is lower
Unit of atmospheric pressure

• The units of atmospheric pressure used in the SPM


syllabus include:
- Pascal (Pa)
- centimetre/milimetre mercury (cmHg/mmHg)
- atmosphere (atm)
- metre water
• Notes:
• - Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level = 1atm
- 1 atm = 76cmHg
Show existence of atmospheric pressure
• The cardboard does not fall and the
water remains in the glass even
though it’s not supported by
anything.

• Explanation:
The force caused by the
atmospheric pressure acts on the
surface of the cardboard is greater
than the weight of the water in the
glass.
Show existence of atmospheric pressure

• When a can filled with hot


water is closed and is cooled
down rapidly by pouring cold
water on it, it will crash
instantly.
• Explanation:
When the air inside the can is
cooled, its pressure decreases.
The high atmospheric pressure
outside exerts a great force on
the can and causes it crashes.
Instrument Used to Measure Atmospheric Pressure

-Fortin Barometer
-Anaroid Barometer
-Simple Barometer
Problem solving -> simple barometer
More About Simple Barometer
The height, h will remains unchanged when
i) the glass tube is lifted up from the dish
ii) the glass tube is lowered further into the dish
iii) the diameter of the glass tube increases
iv) the glass tube is tilted
v) the quantity of mercury in the dish is increased
Spring barometer
Application of atmospheric pressure
• Drinking straw
• Rubber sucker
• Syringe
• Vacuum cleaner
• Lift pump
Low pressure or high pressure
• If in some area the pressure is higher than it is
in the surrounding area, we say that it is an
area of high pressure.
Gas pressure
Instruments used to measure gas pressure

- Manometer
- Bourdon Gauge
Using Manometer
Problem solving Manometer
• Figure above shows the water levels in a water manometer used to measure the
pressure of a gas supply. Find the pressure of the gas in unit of
i) cm water
ii) Pa
[Atmospheric Pressure = 1000cm Water; Density of water = 1000kg/m3]
• Answer:
i)
Gas Pressure,
P = Patm + Pwater
P = 1000 + (30-5) = 1025 cm Water

ii)
h = 1025cm = 10.25m
ρ = 1000kgm3
g = 10ms-2

Gas Pressure,
P = hρg
P = (10.25)(1000)(10)
P = 102500 Pa
U-Tube
• A U-tube can be used to determine density
Problem solving
solving U-tube
• Figure above shows a U-tube filled with 2 liquids X and Y that do not mix.
Given that the density of liquid Y is 1.6g/cm3. Find the density of liquid X.
• Answer:
Gas Pressure In A Capillary Tube
Pgas = gas pressure in the capillary
tube
Patm = atmospheric pressure
h = length of the captured mercury
column
ρ = density of mercury
g = gravitational field strength
Problem solving  Capillary Tube

• Figure above shows a capillary containing a column of


mercury. If the atmospheric pressure is 100,000Pa, find the
pressure of the gas trapped in the capillary tube. [Density of
mercury = 13,600kg/m3]

• Answer:
Gas Pressure,
P = Patm + hρg
P = 100,000 + (0.005)(13600)(10)
P = 100680Pa
Bourdon Pressure Gauge
• If pressure is applied, the
copper tube will be
straightened slightly.

• The copper tube pushes the


lever system and hence
rotates the pointer.

• Gas pressure can be read


directly from the scale.
Pascal's Principle
• Pascal's principle states that any change in
pressure applied to an enclosed liquid will be
transmitted to every point of the fluid
without any change in magnitude.
Pascal's Principle - Prove

• When the plunger is pushed in, the water


squirts equally from all the holes. This shows
that the pressure applied to the plunger has
been transmitted uniformly throughout the
water.
A simple hydraulic machine
• Hydraulic machines make it possible to transfer
forces through pipes filled with a liquid.
• The hydraulic system acts as a force multiplier
Problem solving  Pascal's Principle
• In a hydraulic system the large piston has cross-
sectional area A2 = 200 cm2 and the small piston has
cross-sectional area A1 = 5 cm2. If a force of 250 N is
applied to the small piston, what is the force F, on
the large piston?
• Answer
Hydraulic Jack
• When the handle is pressed down, valve A is closed whereas
valve B is opened. The hydraulic fluid is forced into the large
cylinder and hence pushes the piston moving upward.
• When the handle is raised, valve B will be closed while vale A
will be opened. Hydraulic fluid from the buffer tank will be
suck into the small cylinder.
• This process is repeated until the
load is sufficiently lifted up.
• The large piston can be lowered
down by releasing the hydraulic
fluid back to the buffer tank through
the release vale.
Hydraulic Brake
• When the brake pedal is pressed, the piston of the master
cylinder applies a pressure on the brake fluid.
• This pressure is transmitted uniformly to each cylinders at the
wheel, cause the pistons at the wheels to push the brake
shoes to press against the surface of the brake.
• The friction between the brakes and brake shoes causes the
vehicle to slow down and stop.
Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes' Principle
• Archimedes Principle states that when a body
is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid it
experiences an upthrust equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced.
The upthrust in water
• The upthrust (i.e. buoyant force)
force is an upward
force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed
in it.

Thrust=
The force
due to
fluid
pressure.
Principle of Floatation:

• Displaced volume of fluid = volume of the object that


immerse in the fluid.

• If weight of the object > upthrust, the object will sink


into the fluid.

• If weight of the object = upthrust, the object is in


balance and therefore float on the surface of the
fluid.
Partially Immerse
• Density of Object < Density of water
Upthrust = Weight
• Upthrust, F
= ρliquidVliquidg

• Weight, W
= mg
=ρobjectVobjectg
Fully Immerse
• Density of Object < Density of water
F = Upthrust
T = Tension of the string F=T+W
W = Weight

• Upthrust, F
= ρliquidVliquidg

• Weight, W
= mg
=ρobjectVobjectg
Fully Immerse
• Density of Object > Density of water
F = Upthrust
T = Tension of the string T+F=W
W = Weight
• Upthrust, F
= ρliquidVliquidg

Weight, W
= mg
=ρobjectVobjectg
Problem solving  Archemedes Principle
A block that has volume of 0.2 m3 is hanging in a water tank as shown in
the figure above. Find the tension of the string? [ Density of the metal = 8
× 103 kg m-3, density of water = 1 × 103 kg m-3]

Answer:
Volume of metal block, Vblock = 0.2 m3
Density of metal block, ρblock = 8 × 103 kg m-3
Density of metal block, ρwater = 1 × 103 kg m-3

The system is in equilibrium, hence


Upthrust + Tension = Weight

ρwaterVwaterg + T = ρblockVblockg
T = ρblockVblockg - ρwaterVwaterg
T = (8000)(0.2)(10) - (1000)(0.2)(g)
T = 14000 N
Applications of Archimedes' Principle

• Submarine
• Hot air balloon
• Hydrometer
• Hydrometer is an instrument used to measure
the relative density of liquids.
• Ship – Plimsoil line

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