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Advanced Power System Analysis

-EEng 6065

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Introduction

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Power system analysis

Aim:

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To provide an overview of interconnected PS

operation
To study the modern methods of PS analysis
To equip with the necessary tools for analyzing
the operation and design of a PS during both
steady state and contingency situations.

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Definition

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A Power System is a system that deals with

Generation, Transmission and Distribution of
electric power
As PS provides vital service to modern society,
it should be operated with the following
requirements:
- High reliability
- Low operational cost
- Minimum environmental impact

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The structure of electrical power

system
Generation

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Power Station

Generation

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Primary
Transmission

Typical
Voltage

--Distribution

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--Transmission

High Voltage
Distribution
Secondary
Transmission

11kV, 17kV,

400kV,

66kV,

15kV,

22kV, 23kV

500kV

132kV

33kV

Yard
transformer

Regional
Substation

Zone
Substation

220/400V

Distribution
Substation

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Electric power generation

(specific features)

Hydrocarbons: oil, coal fired, natural gas, etc.

Water
Nuclear
Solar
Chemical
Wind
Tidal
Wave

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Takes place in power plants which may be

geographically dispersed.
Power plant may contain units greater than one
Generating units classified by their energy
sources may be of the following type:

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Ethiopian power system

Generation potential

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Type of energy source

Hydropower

Above 40,000MW
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Geothermal

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Wind

Potential

Above 5000MW

Supply system

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ICS supplied from hydro power plants

SCS mini hydro plants and diesel generators

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Generating capacity -Ethiopia

Type of generation

Capacity (MW)

8356

171

749

150

861

48

2179

10014

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Wind
Diesel

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Geothermal

Total

1851

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Hydro

Generation (GWh)

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Historical Generation and Peak Demand

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Electrification status

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The current national installed

interconnected capacity is 2,179 MW
Access to electriccity is 23.3%
Number of electrified towns are 48.3%
(2012 EEPCO report)
85% of the rural population is distributed in
villages.
Rate of electrification for rural Ethiopia is
1%.

 Transmission networks:

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Power transmission

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Connect generating plants (remote energy

sources) to consumers
Interconnect power pools (increase reliability and
reduces generation cost)
High voltage AC transmission
HVDC transmission

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Standard transmission voltagesEthiopia

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400 kV
230 kV
132 kV
66 kV
45kV
33 kV
HVDC transmission:

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AC transmission

500 kV (under construction)

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Minimize transmission losses

Minimum line voltage drop
Higher transmission capacity
Reduced right- of -way requirement
Low operating and capital cost

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Why high voltage transmission?

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Transformers
Transmission lines and cables
Circuit breakers and isolators
Shunt and series reactors and capacitors
Lighting arrestors
Protective relays
FACTS devices (SVC, Statcom, TCSC, etc.)
Converter/Inverter

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Transmission equipment

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Power distribution

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Receives electric energy from the HV or MV

levels
Supply energy to consumers

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At MV or LV levels
Single phase and/or three phase system

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Distribution transformers
Feeders (over head or under ground)
Switches and fuses
Protective relays
Lightning arresters
Current and potential transformers

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Equipment in distribution system

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PowerVarying
systemload
operation
Peak load for the month of February
2010

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900
850

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MW

800
750
700

600

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650

11

13

15

17

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Day of the month

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25

27

29

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Power system operation

Main operations

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Power balance: generation must be balanced with

demand

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Pg (t)= Pd (t)+ Plosses (t)

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System security: Equipment power flows should

not exceed equipment rating under normal
condition and during equipment outage

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Power quality consideration

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Frequency regulation: System frequency must

remain with in its operational range
fmin <= f(t) <= fmax
49.5Hz <= f(t) <= 50.5Hz ???
Voltage regulation: Bus voltages must remain
with in their operational limits
Vmin <= V(t) <= Vmax
0.90pu <= V(t) <= 1.1 pu ???

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Modeling of power system

components

 Loads

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Transmission lines

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Transformer

load flow study is carried out for

specific values of load (PL & QL)and
generator (PG & QG)at a particular
instant.

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Synchronous generator

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Modeling of power system components

Transmission lines

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Read chapter 5 (Ref. 2, pp 128-158)

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A transmission line is a two-port network connecting a generator circuit at

the sending end to a load at the receiving end

So far (UG courses) we have calculated the TL parameters (R, G, L and C),
now we use these distributed parameters to develop the transmission
line models

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Transmission lines (Contd)

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Transmission lines (3)

Nominal model TL connecting buses uses i and j

z = Total series impedance

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Bc =Ttotal shunt charging susceptance

Note: Long transmission line is most accurately represented by its distributed parameter
model.

Transmission lines (contd)

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Short transmission lines (TL)model (<80 km)

Z only is considered (Y is neglected)

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Medium TL model (80 250 km) (sufficiently

approximated)
Z and Y/2 considered

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Long transmission lines (>250 km) (more

accurate)
Z = Zc sinh (L)

tanh( )

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Transformers
A transformer generally is represented by its equivalent circuit
with excitation current neglected.

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Z is Per unit leakage impedance