APPENDIX 1 40 Inventive Principles

1. Segmentation
a. Divide an object into independent parts.
b. Make an object sectional.
c. Increase a degree of an objects segmentation.
Examples:
1. Sectional furniture, modular computer components, folding wooden ruler.
2. Garden hoses can be joined together to form any length needed.

2. Extraction
a. Extract (remove or separate) a disturbing part or property, from an object, or
b. Extract the only necessary part or property.
Example:
To scare birds from the airport, reproduce the sound known to excite birds using a tape
recorder. The sound was separated from birds.

3. Local Quality
a. Transition from a homogeneous structure of an object or outside environment (outside
action) to a heterogeneous structure.
b. Have different parts of the object carry out different functions.
c. Place each part of the object under conditions most favorable for its operation.
Examples:
1. To combat dust in coal mines, a fine mist of water in a conical form is applied to
working parts of the drilling and loading machinery. The smaller the droplets, the
greater an effect in combating dust, but fine mist hinders the work. The solution is
to develop a layer of coarse mist around the cone of fine mist.
2. A pencil and an eraser in one unit.

4. Asymmetry
a. Replace a symmetrical form with an asymmetrical form of the object.
b. If an object is already asymmetrical, increase the degree of asymmetry.
Examples:
1. One side of the tire is stronger than the other to withstand impact with the curb.

39

Appendix 1

2. While discharging wet sand through a symmetrical funnel the sand forms an arch
above the opening, causing irregular flow. A funnel of asymmetrical shape
completely eliminates the arching effect.

5. Combining
a. Combine in space homogeneous objects or objects destined for contiguous operations.
b. Combine in time homogeneous or contiguous operations.
Example:
The working element of a rotary excavator has special steam nozzles to defrost and
soften the frozen ground in a single step.

6. Universality
a. Have the object perform multiple functions, thereby eliminating the need for some
other objects.
Examples:
1. Sofa which converts from a sofa in the daytime to a bed at night.
2. Minivan seat which adjusts to accommodate seating, sleeping or carrying cargo.

7. Nesting
a. Contain the object inside another which in turn is placed inside a third object.
b. An object passes through a cavity of another object.
Examples:
1. Telescoping antenna.
2. Stacking chairs (on top of each other for storage).
3. Mechanical pencil with lead stored inside.

8. Counterweight
a. Compensate for the objects weight by joining with another object that has a lifting
force.
b. Compensate for the weight of an object by interaction with an environment providing
aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces.
Examples:
1. Boat with hydrofoils.
2. A rear wing in racing cars to increase the pressure from the car to the ground.

40

Appendix 1

9. Prior counter-action
a. If it is necessary to carry out some action, consider a counter-action in advance.
b. If by the problem statement an object has to have a tension, provide anti-tension in
advance.
Examples:
1. Reinforced concrete column or floor.
2. Reinforced shaft in order to make a shaft is stronger the shaft made out of several
pipes that have been previously twisted to a calculated angle.

10. Prior action

a. Carry out the required action in advance in full, or at least in part.
b. Arrange objects so they can go into action without time loss waiting for action (and
from the most convenient position).
Examples:
1. Utility knife blade made with a groove allowing the dull part of the blade to be
broken off, restoring sharpness.
2. Rubber cement in a bottle is difficult to apply neatly and uniformly. Instead, it is
formed into a tape so that the proper amount can be more easily applied.

11. Cushion in advance

Compensate for the relatively low reliability of an object by countermeasures taken in
advance.
Example:
To prevent shoplifting the owner of the store attaches a special tag containing a
magnetized plate. In order for the customer to carry out the merchandise, the plate is
demagnetized by the cashier.

12. Equipotentiality
Change the condition of work so that an object need not be raised or lowered.
Example:
Automobile engine oil is changed by workers in a pit (so that expensive lifting
equipment is not needed).

13. Inversion
a. Instead of an action dictated by the specifications of the problem, implement an
opposite action.
b. Make a moving part of the object or the outside environment immovable and the non
moving part moveable.
c. Turning the object upside down.
41

Appendix 1

Example:
Abrasively cleaning parts by vibrating the parts instead of the abrasive.

14. Spheroidality
a. Replace linear parts or flat surfaces with curved ones, cubical shapes with spherical
shapes.
b. Use rollers, balls, spirals.
c. Replace a linear motion with rotating movement, utilize a centrifugal force.
Example:
Computer mouse utilizes ball construction to transfer linear two axis motion of into
vector.

15. Dynamicity
a. Make characteristics of an object, or outside environment automatically adjust for
optimal performance at each stage of operation.
b. Divide an object into elements able to change position relative to each other.
c. If an object is immovable, make it movable or interchangeable.
Examples:
1. A flashlight with a flexible gooseneck between the body and the lamp head.
2. A transport vessel with the body of a cylindrical shape. To reduce the draft of a
vessel under full load the body, comprised of two hinged half-cylindrical parts that
can be opened.

16. Partial or overdone action

a. If it is difficult to obtain 100% of a desired effect, achieve somewhat more or less to
greatly simplify the problem.
Examples:
1. A cylinder is painted by dipping into paint, but contains more paint than desired.
Excess paint is then removed by rapidly rotating the cylinder.
2. To obtain uniform discharge of a metallic powder from a bin, the hopper has a
special internal funnel which is continually overfilled to provide nearly constant
pressure.

17. Moving to a new dimension

a. Remove problems in moving an object in a line are by two dimensional movement
(along a plane). Similarly, problems with moving an object in a plane are removed if
the object can be changed to allow three-dimensional space.
b. Use a multilayer assembly of objects instead of a single layer.
c. Incline the object or turning it on its side.

42

Appendix 1

d. Project images onto neighboring areas or onto the reverse side of the object.
Example:
A greenhouse which has a concave reflector on the northern part of the house to improve illumination of that part of the house by reflecting the sun light during the day.

18. Mechanical vibration

a. Set an object into oscillation.
b. If oscillation exists, increase its frequency, even as far as ultrasonic.
c. Use the frequency of resonance.
d. Instead of mechanical vibrations, use piezovibrators.
e. Use ultrasonic vibrations in conjunction with an electromagnetic field.
Examples:
1. To remove a cast from the body without skin injury, a conventional hand saw was
replaced with a vibrating knife.
2. Vibrate a casting mold while it is being filled to improve flow and structural
properties.
19. Periodic action
a. Replace a continuous action with a periodic one, or impulse.
b. If an action is already periodic, change its frequency.
c. Use pauses between impulses to provide additional action.
Examples:
1. An impact wrench loosens corroded nuts using impulses rather than a continuous
force.
2. A warning lamp flashes so that it is even more noticeable than if continuously lit.

20. Continuity of useful action

a. Carry out an action without a break all parts of an object should be constantly
operating at full capacity.
b. Remove an idle and intermediate motions.
Example:
A drill with cutting edges which permit cutting process in forward and reverse
directions.

43

Appendix 1

21. Rushing through

a. Perform harmful or hazardous operations at very high speed.
Example:
A cutter for thin wall plastic tubes prevents tube deformation during cutting by running
at a very high speed (cuts before the tube has a chance to deform).

22. Convert harm into benefit

a. Utilize a harmful factors or harmful effect of an environment to obtain a positive
effect.
b. Remove a harmful factor by adding it with another harmful factor.
c. Increase the amount of harmful action until it ceases to be harmful.
Examples:
1. Sand or gravel freezes solid when transported through cold climates. Over freezing
(using liquid nitrogen) embrittles the ice, permitting pouring.
2. When using high frequency current to heat metal, only the outer layer was heated.
This negative effect was later used for surface heat treating.

23. Feedback
a. Introduce feedback.
b. If feedback already exists, reverse it.
Examples:
1. Water pressure from a well is maintained by sensing output pressure and turning on
a pump if pressure is too low.
2. Ice and water are measured separately but must be combined to an exact total
weight. Because it is difficult to precisely dispense the ice, it is measured first and
the weight is fed to the water control, which precisely dispenses the needed
amount.
3. Noise canceling devices sample noise signals, phase shift them and feed them back
to cancel the effect of the noise source.

24. Mediator
a. Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry out an action.
b. Temporarily connect an object to another one that is easy to remove.
Example:
To reduce energy loss when applying current to a liquid metal, cooled electrodes and
intermediate liquid metal with a lower melting temperature used.

44

Appendix 1

25. Self-service
a. Make the object service itself and carry out supplementary and repair operations.
b. Make use out of waste of material and energy.
Examples:
1. To distribute an abrasive material evenly on the face of crushing rollers and to
prevent feeder from wearing, its surface made out of the same abrasive material.
2. In an electric welding gun, the rod is advanced by a special device. To simplify the
system, the rod is advanced by a solenoid controlled by the welding current.

26. Copying
a. Use simple and inexpensive copy instead of an object which is complex, expensive,
fragile or inconvenient to operate.
b. Replace an object or a system of objects by their optical copy, optical image. A scale
can be use to reduce or enlarge the image.
c. If visible optical copies are used, replace them with infrared or ultraviolet copies.
Example:
The height of tall objects can be determined by measuring their shadows.

27. Use an inexpensive short-lived object instead of an expensive,

durable one
Replace an expensive object by a collection of inexpensive ones, compromising other
properties (longevity, for instance).
Examples:
1. Disposable diapers.
2. A single usage mousetrap consisting of a plastic tube with bait. A mouse enters the
trap through a cone-shaped opening; the walls of the opening are angled and do not
allow the mouse to get out.

28. Replacement of a mechanical system

a. Replace a mechanical system by an optical, acoustical or odor system.
b. Use an electrical, magnetic or electromagnetic field for interaction with the object.
c. Replace fields:
1. Stationary fields with moving fields
2. Fixed to those changing in time
3. From random to structured
d. Use a field in conjunction with ferromagnetic particles.

45

Appendix 1

Example:
To increase a bond of metal coating to a thermoplastic material the process is carried
out inside an electromagnetic field to apply force to the metal.

29. Use a pneumatic or hydraulic construction

Replace solid parts of an object by gas or liquid these parts can use air or water for
inflation or use air or hydrostatic cushions.
Examples:
1. To increase the draft of an industrial chimney a spiral pipe with nozzles was
installed. When the air starts flowing through the nozzles, it creates an air like wall,
reducing drag.
2. For shipping fragile products air bubble envelopes or foam like materials are used.

30. Flexible film or thin membranes

a. Replace customary constructions with flexible membranes and thin film.
b. Isolate an object from outside environment with thin film or fine membranes.
Example:
To prevent the loss of water evaporating from the leaves of plants, polyethylene spray
was applied. After a while the polyethylene hardened and plant growth much improved
because the polyethylene film passes oxygen better than water vapor.

31. Use of porous material

a. Make an object porous or use additional porous elements (inserts, covers etc.).
b. If an object is already porous fill the pores in advance with some substance.
Example:
To avoid pumping coolant to a machine, some of the parts of the machine are filled
with porous material (porous powdered steel) soaked in coolant liquid which
evaporates when the machine is working, providing short-term uniform cooling.

32. Changing the color

a. Change the color of an object or its surroundings.
b. Change the degree of translucency of an object or surroundings.
c. Use colored additives to observe objects or processes which are difficult to see.
d. If such additives are already used, employ luminescent traces or tracer elements.
Examples:
1. A transparent bandage enabling a wound to be inspected without the dressing being
removed.
2. In steel mills a water curtain was designed to protect workers from overheating.
But this curtain only protects from infrared rays, so the bright light from the melted
46

Appendix 1

steel can easy get through the curtain. A coloring was added to the water to create a
filter effect while remaining transparent.

33. Homogeneity
Make objects interacting with a primary object out of the same material or material that is
close to it in behavior.
Example:
The surface of a feeder for abrasive grain is made of the same material that runs
through the feeder allowing to have a continuous restoration of the surface without
being worn out.

34. Rejecting and regenerating parts

a. After it has completed its function or become useless reject or modify (e.g., discard,
dissolve or evaporate) an element of an object.
b. Restore directly any used up parts of an object.
Examples:
1. Bullet casings are ejected after the gun fires.
2. Rocket boosters separate after serving their function.

35. Transformation of physical and chemical states of an object

Change an aggregate state of an object, concentration of density, the degree of flexibility,
the temperature.
Example:
In a system for brittle friable materials, the surface of the spiral feedscrew was made
from an elastic material with two spiral springs. In order to control the process the
pitch of the screw could be changed remotely.

36. Phase transition

Implement an effect developed during the phase transition of a substance. For instance,
during the change of volume, liberation or absorption of heat.
Example:
To control the expansion of ribbed pipes, they are filled with water and cooled to a
freezing temperature.

37. Thermal expansion

a. Use expansion or contraction of material by heat.
b. Use various materials with different coefficients of heat expansion.

47

Appendix 1

Example:
To control the opening of roof windows in a greenhouse, bimetallic plates are
connected to the windows. With a change of temperature, the plates bend and make the
window open or close.

38. Use strong oxidizers

a. Replace normal air with enriched air.
b. Replace enriched air with oxygen.
c. Treat in air or in oxygen with ionizing radiation.
d. Use ionized oxygen.
Example:
To obtain more heat from a torch, oxygen is fed to the torch instead of atmospheric air.

39. Inert environment

a. Replace the normal environment with an inert one.
b. Carry out the process in a vacuum.
Example:
To prevent cotton from catching fire in a warehouse, it is treated with inert gas during
transport to the storage area.

40. Composite materials

a. Replace a homogeneous material with a composite one.
Example:
Military aircraft wings are made of composites of plastics and carbon fibers for high
strength and low weight.

48

Appendix 1

15, 8,
29, 34

Weight of moving
object

Weight of
stationary object

Length of moving
object

Length of
stationary object

Area of moving
object

Area of stationary
object

Volume of moving 2, 26,

object
29, 40

Volume of
stationary object

Speed

29, 17,
38, 34
10, 1,
29, 35

35, 30,
13, 2

35, 28,
40, 29

35, 8,
2, 14

28, 10

Stability of object

Shape

Tension,
pressure

13

1, 14, 13, 14, 39, 37,

35
15, 7
35

29, 30, 19, 30, 10, 15, 5, 34, 11, 2,

4, 34 35, 2 36, 28 29, 4 13, 39

26, 7,
9, 39

1, 18, 10, 15,

35, 36 36, 37
1, 7,
4, 17

13, 14,
8

12

8, 10, 13, 29, 13, 10, 26, 39,

19, 35 10, 18 29, 14 1, 40

2, 38

29, 4, 15, 35, 6, 35, 1, 15, 28, 10,

38, 34 36, 37 36, 37 29, 4 1, 39

35, 10,
35, 8,
19, 14
19, 14
2, 14
2, 28,
13, 38

11

13, 4, 17, 10, 1, 8, 1, 8, 1, 8,

8
4
35 10, 29 15, 34

7, 14,
17, 4

1, 7,
4, 35

10

Force

Speed

5, 35,
14, 2

17, 7,
10, 40

30, 2,
14, 18

2, 8, 8, 10, 10, 36, 10, 14, 1, 35,

15, 38 18, 37 37, 40 35, 40 19, 39

7, 17,
4, 35

14, 15,
18, 4

2, 17
29, 4

29, 2,
40, 28

15, 17,
4

8, 15,
29, 34

Volume of
stationary object

Volume of
moving object

Area of
stationary object

Area of moving
object

Length of
stationary object

Length of
moving object

Feature
to Improve

Weight of
stationary object

Undesired
Result
(Conflict)

Weight of
moving object

APPENDIX 2 Contradiction Matrix

2, 18,
7, 2, 34, 28,
24, 35
37
35 35, 40
29, 30,
34

7, 29,
34

13, 28, 6, 18, 35, 15, 28, 33,

15, 19 38, 40 18, 34 1, 18
18, 21, 10, 35, 35, 10,
11 40, 34 21

10 Force

8, 1, 18, 13, 17, 19,

19, 10, 1, 18, 15, 9, 2, 36, 13, 28,
28, 10
37, 18 1, 28 6, 36
15 36, 37 12, 37 18, 37 15, 12

11 Tension, pressure

10, 36, 13, 29, 35, 10, 35, 1, 10, 15, 10, 15, 6, 35,
6, 35, 36, 35,
35, 24
37, 40 10, 18 36 14, 16 36, 25 35, 37 10
36
21

12 Shape

8, 10, 15, 10, 29, 34, 13, 14, 5, 34,

29, 40 26, 3 5, 4 10, 7 4, 10

13 Stability of object

21, 35, 26, 39, 13, 15,

2, 39 1, 40 1, 28

14 Strength

1, 8, 40, 26, 1, 15, 15, 14, 3, 34, 9, 40, 10, 15, 9, 14, 8, 13, 10, 18, 10, 3, 10, 30, 13, 17,
40, 15 27, 1 8, 35 28, 26 40, 29 28
14, 7 17, 15 26, 14 3, 14 18, 40 35, 40 35

15

Durability of
moving object

16

Durability of
stationary object

37

2, 19,
9

19, 5,
34, 31
6, 27,
19, 16

2, 11,
13

3, 17,
19

35, 4, 35, 33,

15, 10 2, 40

14, 4, 7, 2, 35, 15, 35, 10, 34, 15,

15, 22 35 34, 18 37, 40 10, 14
39

33, 1,
18, 4

28, 10, 34, 28, 33, 15, 10, 35, 2, 35, 22, 1,
19, 39 35, 40 28, 18 21, 16 40
18, 4

10, 2,
19, 30

1, 10,
35

3, 35, 19, 2, 19, 3, 14, 26, 13, 3,

5
16
27 28, 25 35
35, 34,
38

39, 3,
35, 23

17 Temperature

36, 22, 22, 35, 15, 19, 15, 19, 3, 35,

34, 39, 35, 6, 2, 28, 35, 10, 35, 39, 14, 22, 1, 35,
35, 38
6, 38
32
9
9
39, 18
40, 18
4
36, 30 3, 21 19, 2 19, 32 32

18 Brightness

19, 1, 2, 35,
32
32

19

Energy spent by
moving object

20

Energy spent by
stationary object

12, 18,
28, 31

19, 32,
26
12, 28

15, 19,
25

19, 9,
6, 27

35, 13,
18

8, 15, 16, 26, 23, 14, 12, 2, 19, 13,

35
21, 2
25
29 17, 24
27, 4,
29, 19

36, 37

49

Appendix 2

25

26

Amount of
substance

24

Waste of time

23

Loss of
information

Energy spent by
stationary object

22

Weight of moving 28, 27, 5, 34,

18, 40 31, 35
object

Weight of
stationary object

28, 2,
10, 27

Length of moving
object

8, 35,
29, 34

Length of
stationary object

15, 14,
28, 26

Area of moving
object

3, 15,
40, 14

Area of stationary
object

Volume of moving 9, 14, 6, 35,

object
15, 7
4

Volume of
stationary object

9, 14,
17, 15

Speed

8, 3, 3, 19,
26, 14 35, 5

28, 30, 10, 13, 8, 15,

36, 2
19 35, 38

10 Force

35, 10,
19, 2
14, 27

35, 10,
24

19, 17, 1, 16, 19, 35,

8, 35,
14, 15
10 36, 37 18, 37
40, 5

10, 37, 14, 29,

36 18, 36

11 Tension, pressure

9, 18, 19, 3,
3, 40
27

35, 39,
19, 2

14, 24,
10, 37

37, 36, 10, 14,

4
36

12 Shape

30, 14, 14, 26,

10, 40 9, 25

22, 14, 13, 15, 2, 6,

19, 32 32 34, 14

13 Stability of object

17, 9, 13, 27, 39, 3, 35, 1, 32, 3,

27, 4, 32, 35, 14, 2, 2, 14,
13, 19
15 10, 35 35, 23 32 27, 15
29, 18 27, 31 39, 6 30, 40

Durability of
moving object

16

Durability of
stationary object

2, 27, 28, 19, 19, 32,

19, 6 32, 22 35
10, 15,
19

19

Energy spent by
stationary object

2, 19,
6

5, 19, 28, 35,

9, 35 6, 18
35

6, 28

30, 10,
19, 35,
35, 19
40
10

10, 39,
35, 34

35, 16,
35, 3
32, 18

19, 35, 14, 20, 10, 13,

13, 26
38, 2 19, 35 28, 38

10, 35, 2, 36, 10, 36,

14
25
3, 37
4, 6,
2

35

32, 30, 19, 15,

21, 16 3, 17
32, 35,
19

10, 28,
30, 29,
24, 26
24, 35
14

17, 7, 10, 14,

10, 35, 2, 18,
30, 16
30 18, 39
4, 18 40, 4

30, 6

19, 18,
36, 40

35, 19

12, 8

35, 6, 7, 15, 36, 39,

2, 6, 29, 30,
2, 22
13, 18 13, 16 34, 10
34, 10
7

35

19, 35, 2, 19, 28, 6,

39
4, 35 35, 18

27, 3,
10

7, 2, 4, 29,
15, 2,
1, 24
29, 35
35, 39 23, 10
29

19, 10, 15, 17, 10, 35,

29, 30,
30, 26 26, 4
32, 18 30, 26 2, 39
6, 13

35, 34, 35, 6,

38
4

27, 3,
26

1, 35

17, 32

34, 39, 2, 13,

10, 18 10

18 Brightness

20

8, 35,
24

2, 10, 35, 39,

19, 30 38

10, 30, 19, 13, 19, 18,

22, 40 39 36, 40

Energy spent by
moving object

18, 19, 15, 19, 18, 19, 5, 8, 10, 15, 10, 20, 19, 6,
28, 1 18, 22 28, 15 13, 30 35 35, 26 18, 26

2, 15, 15, 32,

19, 32
16 19, 13

6, 3

17 Temperature

19

32

12, 36, 6, 2, 5, 35, 10, 24, 10, 35, 3, 26,

18, 31 34, 19 3, 31
35 20, 28 18, 31

1, 40, 3, 35,
3, 25
35 38, 18

40

14 Strength
15

6, 20, 19, 1, 35, 12,

4, 38
32 34, 31

21

Waste of
substance

20

Waste of energy

19

Power

18

Energy spent by
moving object

Durability of
stationary object

17

Brightness

16

Temperature

15

Durability of
moving object

Feature
to Improve

14

Strength

Undesired
Result
(Conflict)

32, 1, 32, 35,

19
1, 15

10, 26,
35, 28

14

35

18, 19,
29, 38

14, 10,
36, 22
34, 17

35, 29,
3, 5

35, 27

15, 32,
35

29, 3, 29, 10,

28, 10 27

35, 28,
31, 40

19, 10,
35, 38

28, 27,
3, 18

10

20, 10, 3, 35,

28, 18 10, 40

16

27, 16,
18, 38

10

28, 20, 3, 35,

10, 16 31

2, 14, 21, 17, 21, 36,

17, 25 35, 38 29, 31
32

19, 16,
13, 1
1, 6

35, 28, 3, 17,

21, 18 30, 39
1, 6

19, 1,
1, 19
26, 17

19, 24, 2, 15,

3, 14
19

6, 19, 12, 22, 35, 24,

37, 18 15, 24 18, 5

35, 38, 34, 23,

19, 18 16, 18

19, 2,
35, 32

28, 27,
18, 31

3, 35,
31

50

Appendix 2

36

37

38

39

Productivity

35

Level of
automation

Harmful side
effects

34

Complexity of
control

Harmful factors
acting on object

33

Device
complexity

Manufacturing
accuracy

32

Adaptability

31

Repairability

30

Convenience of
use

29

Manufacturability

28

Measurement
accuracy

Feature
to Improve

27

Reliability

Undesired
Result
(Conflict)

Weight of moving
object

3, 11, 28, 27, 28, 35, 22, 21, 22, 35, 27, 28, 35, 3, 2, 27, 29, 5, 26, 30, 28, 29, 26, 35, 35, 3,
1, 27 35, 26 26, 18 18, 27 31, 39 1, 36 2, 24 28, 11 15, 8 36, 34 26, 32 18, 19 24, 37

Weight of
stationary object

10, 28, 18, 26, 10, 1, 2, 19, 35, 22, 28, 1, 6, 13, 2, 27, 19, 15, 1, 10, 25, 28, 2, 26, 1, 28,
8, 3
28 35, 17 22, 37 1, 39
9
1, 32 28, 11 29 26, 39 17, 15 35 15, 35

Length of moving 10, 14, 28, 32, 10, 28, 1, 15,

1, 29, 15, 29, 1, 28, 14, 15, 1, 19, 35, 1, 17, 24, 14, 4,
17, 15
object
29, 40
4
29, 37 17, 24
17
35, 4
10
1, 16 26, 24 26, 24 26, 16 28, 29

Length of
stationary object

Area of moving
object

Area of stationary 32, 35, 26, 28, 2, 29, 27, 2, 22, 1,

40, 16 16, 4
40, 4 32, 3 18, 36 39, 35 40
object

16

15, 16

Volume of moving 14, 1, 25, 26, 25, 28, 22, 21, 17, 2, 29, 1, 15, 13,
object
40, 11 28
2, 16 27, 35 40, 1
40 30, 12

10

15, 29 26, 1

Volume of
stationary object

2, 35,
16

1, 31

Speed

11, 35, 28, 32, 10, 28, 1, 28, 2, 24, 35, 13, 32, 28, 34, 2, 15, 10, 10, 28, 3, 34,
10, 18
27, 28 1, 24 32, 25 35, 23 35, 21 8, 1 13, 12 28, 27 26
4, 34 27, 16

15, 29, 32, 28, 2, 32,

1, 18
28
3
10
29, 9

15, 17,
2, 25
27

1, 35

1, 26

30, 14,
7, 26

26

26, 28,
22, 33, 17, 2, 13, 1, 15, 17, 15, 13,
14, 1, 2, 36, 14, 30, 10, 26,
2, 32
15, 30
32, 3
28, 1 18, 39 26, 24 13, 16 10, 1
13 26, 18 28, 23 34, 2

35, 10, 34, 39, 30, 18,

25 19, 27 35, 4

35

1, 18, 2, 35,
36 30, 18

23

10, 15,
17, 7

29, 26, 35, 34, 10, 6,

4
16, 24 2, 34
2, 17,
26

35, 37,
10, 2

10 Force

3, 35, 35, 10, 28, 29, 1, 35, 13, 3, 15, 37, 1, 28, 15, 1, 15, 17, 26, 35, 36, 37,
3, 28,
2, 35
13, 21 23, 24 37, 36 40, 18 36, 24 18, 1 3, 25
11 18, 20 10, 18 10, 19
35, 37

11 Tension, pressure

10, 13, 6, 28,

22, 2, 2, 33, 1, 35,
3, 35
19, 35 25
37 27, 18 16

12 Shape

10, 40, 28, 32, 32, 30, 22, 1,

16
1
40
2, 35

13 Stability of object
14 Strength

13
11, 3

35

19, 1, 2, 36,
10, 14,
35, 24
35
37
35, 37

1, 32, 32, 15, 2, 13, 1, 15, 16, 29, 15, 13, 15, 1, 17, 26,
17, 28 26
1
29
1, 28
39
32 34, 10

35, 24, 35, 40,

32, 35, 2, 35, 35, 30, 2, 35, 35, 22, 1, 8, 23, 35,
35, 19
30, 18 27, 39
30 10, 16 34, 2 22, 26 39, 23 35
40, 3

3, 27,
18, 35, 15, 35, 11, 3, 32, 40, 27, 11, 15, 3, 2, 13, 27, 3,
3, 27
16
37, 1 22, 2 10, 32 28, 2
3
32
28 15, 40

15

Durability of
moving object

11, 2,
13

16

Durability of
stationary object

34, 27, 10, 26,

6, 40
24

17 Temperature

18

35, 1

11

19, 35, 32, 19,

3, 10
24

15

29, 35,
10, 14

3, 27, 22, 15, 21, 39, 27, 1,

29, 10, 1, 35, 10, 4, 19, 29,
35, 17,
12, 27
6, 10
16, 40 33, 28 16, 22
4
27
13 29, 15 39, 35
14, 19
17, 1,
40, 33
24

22

35, 10

25, 34,
6, 35

10, 20,
16, 38

22, 33, 22, 35,

4, 10, 2, 18, 2, 17, 3, 27, 26, 2, 15, 28,
26, 27 26, 27
35, 2 2, 24
16
27
16 35, 31 19, 16 35

11, 15,
35, 19, 19, 35, 28, 26, 15, 17, 15, 1, 6, 32,
2, 26, 2, 25,
3, 32 15, 19
32, 15
32
32, 39 28, 26 19 13, 16 1, 19
13
10
16

18 Brightness
19

Energy spent by
moving object

19, 21, 3, 1,
11, 27 32

1, 35, 2, 35, 28, 26,

1, 15, 15, 17, 2, 29,
12, 28,
19, 35
35, 38 32, 2
6, 27
6
30
17, 28 13, 16 27, 28
35

20

Energy spent by
stationary object

10, 36,
23

10, 2, 19, 22,

1, 4
22, 37 18

51

19, 35,
16, 25

Appendix 2

1, 6

21 Power

8, 36, 19, 26, 1, 10,

38, 31 17, 27 35, 37

22 Waste of energy

15, 6, 19, 6, 7, 2, 6, 38, 15, 26, 17, 7, 7, 18,

19, 28 18, 9 6, 13
7
17, 30 30, 18 23

19, 38

11

12

13
Stability of object

10

Shape

Tension,
pressure

Force

Speed

Length of
stationary object

Volume of
stationary object

Length of
moving object

Volume of
moving object

Area of
stationary object

Area of moving
object

2
Weight of
stationary object

Feature
to Improve

Weight of
moving object

Undesired
Result
(Conflict)

17, 32, 35, 6, 30, 6, 15, 35, 26, 2, 22, 10, 29, 14, 35, 32,
13, 38 38
25
2
36, 35 35
2, 40 15, 31
7

16, 35,
36, 38
38

14, 2,
39, 6

23

Waste of
substance

35, 6, 35, 6, 14, 29, 10, 28, 35, 2, 10, 18, 1, 29, 3, 39, 10, 13, 14, 15, 3, 36, 29, 35, 2, 14,
23, 40 22, 32 10, 39 24 10, 31 39, 31 30, 36 18, 31 28, 38 18, 40 37, 10 3, 5 30, 40

24

Loss of
information

10, 24, 10, 35,

1, 26
35
5

25 Waste of time
26

Amount of
substance

27 Reliability

26

30, 26 30, 16

2, 22 26, 32
10, 37, 37, 36, 4, 10, 35, 3,
36, 5
4
34, 17 22, 5

10, 20, 10, 20, 15, 2, 30, 24, 26, 4, 10, 35, 2, 5, 35, 16,
37, 35 26, 5
29
14, 5 5, 16 17, 4 34, 10 32, 18
35, 6, 27, 26, 29, 14,
18, 31 18, 35 35, 18

15, 14, 2, 18, 15, 20,

29
40, 4
29

35, 29, 35, 14, 10, 36,

15, 2,
35, 14
34, 28
3
14, 3
17, 40

3, 8, 3, 10, 15, 9, 15, 29, 17, 10, 32, 35, 3, 10, 2, 35, 21, 35, 8, 28, 10, 24, 35, 1,
10, 40 8, 28 14, 4 28, 11 14, 16 40, 4 14, 24 24 11, 28 10, 3 35, 19 16, 11

28

Measurement
accuracy

32, 35, 28, 35, 28, 26, 32, 28, 26, 28, 26, 28, 32, 13,
26, 28, 25, 26 5, 16 3, 16 32, 3 32, 3
6

29

Manufacturing
accuracy

28, 32, 28, 35, 10, 28, 2, 32, 28, 33, 2, 29, 32, 28, 25, 10, 10, 28, 28, 19,
32, 30,
3, 35
30, 18
13, 18 27, 9 29, 37 10 29, 32 18, 36
2
35
32 34, 36
40

30

Harmful factors
acting on object

22, 21, 2, 22, 17, 1,

22, 1, 27, 2, 22, 23, 34, 39, 21, 22, 13, 35, 22, 2, 22, 1, 35, 24,
1, 18
27, 39 13, 24 39, 4
33, 28 39, 35 37, 35 19, 27 35, 28 39, 18 37
3, 35 30, 18

31

Harmful side
effects

19, 22, 35, 22, 17, 15,

15, 39 1, 39 16, 22

32 Manufacturability
33

Convenience of
use

28, 13,
6, 28, 6, 28, 32, 35,
32, 2
32, 24
32
32
13

17, 2, 22, 1, 17, 2, 30, 18, 35, 28, 35, 28, 2, 33,
35, 40,
35, 1
18, 39 40
40
35, 4 3, 23 1, 40 27, 18
27, 39

28, 29, 1, 27, 1, 29, 15, 17, 13, 1,

13, 29,
16, 40
15, 16 36, 13 13, 17 27 26, 12
1, 40

35

35, 13,
35, 19, 1, 28, 11, 13,
35, 12
8, 1
1, 37 13, 27
1

1, 17, 18, 16, 1, 16, 4, 18, 18, 13, 28, 13, 2, 32, 15, 34, 32, 35,
13, 16 15, 39 35, 15 39, 31 34
35
12 29, 28 30

25, 2, 6, 13, 1, 17,

13, 15 1, 25 13, 12

34 Repairability

2, 27, 2, 27, 1, 28, 3, 18, 15, 13,

25, 2,
16, 25
35, 11 35, 11 10, 25 31
32
35, 11

35 Adaptability

1, 6, 19, 15, 35, 1, 1, 35, 35, 30,

15, 35,
15, 16
15, 8 29, 16 29, 2
16
29, 7
29

34, 9

1, 11,
10

13

1, 13,
2, 35
2, 4

35, 10, 15, 17,

15, 37, 35, 30,
35, 16
14
20
1, 8
14

36 Device complexity

26, 30, 2, 36, 1, 19,

34, 36 35, 39 26, 24

26

14, 1,
34, 25,
34, 10,
19, 1, 29, 13, 2, 22,
6, 36
1, 16
26, 16
13, 16
6
28
35 28, 15 17, 19

37

Complexity of
control

27, 26, 6, 13, 16, 17,

28, 13 28, 1 26, 24

26

2, 13, 2, 39, 29, 1, 2, 18, 3, 4, 36, 28, 35, 36, 27, 13, 11, 22,
15, 17 30, 16 4, 16 26, 31 16, 35 40, 19 37, 32 1, 39 39, 30

38

Level of
automation

28, 26, 28, 26, 14, 13,

18, 35 35, 10 17, 28

23

17, 14,
13

39 Productivity

35, 13,
16

35, 26, 28, 27, 18, 4, 30, 7, 10, 26, 10, 35, 2, 6, 35, 37,
24, 37 15, 3 28, 38 14, 26 34, 31 17, 7 34, 10 10, 2

52

28, 10 2, 35 13, 35

15, 32,
18, 1
1, 13

28, 15, 10, 37, 14, 10, 35, 3,

10, 36 14 34, 40 22, 39

Appendix 2

21 Power
22 Waste of energy
23

Waste of
substance

24

Loss of
information

25 Waste of time
26

Amount of
substance

27 Reliability

16

Power

24

10

19

15, 18, 6, 3,
35, 10 10, 24

14, 35, 3, 35, 3, 35, 3, 17,

34, 10 10, 40 31
39
11, 28

24, 26, 24, 28,

28, 32 35

10, 19 10, 19

29, 3, 20, 10, 28, 20, 35, 29, 1, 19, 35, 38,
28, 18 28, 18 10, 16 21, 18 26, 17 19, 18

26

35, 27,
10, 18, 7, 18,
19, 10
2, 37
32, 7
25

3, 38

35, 28, 28, 27, 27, 16, 21, 36, 1, 6, 35, 18, 28, 27, 28, 27, 35, 27,
31, 40 3, 18 18, 38 39, 31 13
24, 5 12, 31 18, 38 2, 31
10

25

10, 35, 28, 27,

35, 20, 4, 34,
10, 19
38 18, 38
10, 6
19

19, 38, 1, 13,

7
32, 15

26

23

Amount of
substance

Energy spent by
stationary object

2, 14, 16, 6, 16, 6,

17, 25 19 19, 37

22

Waste of time

21

Loss of
information

20

Waste of
substance

19

Waste of energy

18

Energy spent by
moving object

Durability of
stationary object

26, 10, 19, 35,

28 10, 38

17

Brightness

16

Temperature

15
Durability of
moving object

Feature
to Improve

14

Strength

Undesired
Result
(Conflict)

34, 29, 3, 35,

16, 18 31

35, 38,
18, 16

35, 20, 10, 5, 35, 18, 24, 26,

10, 6 18, 32 10, 39 28, 32
35

7, 18, 6, 3, 24, 28, 35, 38,

25 10, 24 35 18, 16

2, 35, 34, 27, 3, 35, 11, 32, 21, 11,

21, 11, 10, 11, 10, 35,
10, 30, 21, 28,
36, 23
10, 28
3, 25 6, 40
10
13 27, 19
26, 31 35 29, 39
4
40, 3

28

Measurement
accuracy

28, 6, 28, 6, 10, 26, 6, 19,

32
32
24 28, 24

29

Manufacturing
accuracy

3, 27

30

Harmful factors
acting on object

18, 35, 22, 15, 17, 1, 22, 33, 1, 19, 1, 24, 10, 2, 19, 22, 21, 22, 33, 22, 22, 10, 35, 18, 35, 33,
37, 1 33, 28 40, 33 35, 2 32, 13 6, 27 22, 37 31, 2 35, 2 19, 40
2
34 29, 31

31

Harmful side
effects

15, 35, 15, 22, 21, 39, 22, 35, 19, 24, 2, 35, 19, 22, 2, 35, 21, 35, 10, 1, 10, 21,
3, 24,
1, 22
22, 2 33, 31 16, 22 2, 24 39, 32
6
18
18
2, 22
34
29
39, 1

32 Manufacturability
33

Convenience of
use

3, 27,
40

6, 1,
32

3, 6,
32

3, 6, 26, 32, 10, 16,

32
27 31, 28

19, 26 3, 32

32, 2

32, 2

1, 3 27, 1,
27, 26, 28, 24, 28, 26,
35, 16
10, 32
4
18
27, 1 27, 1

11, 1 11, 29,

2, 9 28, 27

35 Adaptability

35, 3, 13, 1,
32, 6
35

2, 16

36 Device complexity

2, 13, 10, 4,
28 28, 15

32, 26,
32, 30
28, 18

13, 32, 35, 31,

2
10, 24

27, 1,
15, 34, 32, 24, 35, 28,
19, 35
12, 24
33 18, 16 34, 4
28, 32,
35, 34, 2, 19,
4, 10, 4, 28,
2,
2, 10
13
27, 22 10, 34
24
15, 10, 15, 1, 2, 35,
32, 1,
32, 2 32, 19 34, 27
10, 25

35, 23,
1, 24

27, 2, 6, 22, 19, 35,

3, 35 26, 1 29, 13

19, 1, 18, 15, 15, 10,

29
1
2, 13

35, 28

3, 35,
15

2, 17, 24, 17, 27, 2,

13
13 29, 28

20, 19, 10, 35, 35, 10,

30, 34 13, 2 28, 29

6, 29

13, 3,
27, 10

1, 4

32, 40, 29, 3, 1, 16, 26, 27, 13, 17, 1, 13,

3, 28 8, 25
25
13
1, 24
24

34 Repairability

24, 34, 2, 6,
28, 32 32

4, 10

15, 1, 15, 1,
13 28, 16

12, 35
2, 28,
10, 25

37

Complexity of
control

27, 3, 19, 29, 25, 24, 3, 27, 2, 24,

19, 35, 19, 1, 35, 3, 1, 13, 35, 33, 18, 28, 3, 27,
35, 38
15, 28 39, 25 6, 35 35, 16 26
16 16, 10 15, 19 10, 24 27, 22 32, 9 29, 18

38

Level of
automation

25, 13

39 Productivity

6, 9

26, 2, 8, 32, 2, 32,

19
19
13

29, 28, 35, 10, 20, 10, 35, 21, 26, 17, 35, 10,
10, 18 2, 18 16, 38 28, 10 19, 1 38, 19

53

28, 2,
35, 10,
24, 28,
23, 28
35, 33
35, 13
27
18, 5
35, 30
1

35, 20, 28, 10, 28, 10, 13, 15,

10 29, 35 35, 23 23

Appendix 2

35, 38

36

Adaptability

Device
complexity

37

38

39

Productivity

35

Level of
automation

34

Complexity of
control

33

Repairability

32

Convenience of
use

31

Manufacturability

Manufacturing
accuracy

30

Harmful side
effects

29

Harmful factors
acting on object

28

Measurement
accuracy

Feature
to Improve

27

Reliability

Undesired
Result
(Conflict)

21 Power

19, 24, 32, 15,

19, 22, 2, 35, 26, 10, 26, 35, 35, 2, 19, 17, 20, 19, 19, 35, 28, 2, 28, 35,
32, 2
26, 31
2
31, 2
18
34
10 10, 34 34 30, 34 16
17
34

22 Waste of energy

11, 10,
35

23

Waste of
substance

32

21, 22, 21, 35,

35, 2 2, 22

35, 22,
2, 19
1

7, 23

35, 3,
15, 23

10, 29, 16, 34, 35, 10, 33, 22, 10, 1, 15, 34, 32, 28, 2, 35, 15, 10, 35, 10, 35, 18, 35, 10, 28, 35,
39, 35 31, 28 24, 31 30, 40 34, 29 33
2, 24 34, 27
2
28, 24 10, 13 18 10, 23

24 Loss of information

10, 28,
23

25 Waste of time

10, 30, 24, 34, 24, 26, 35, 18, 35, 22, 35, 28, 4, 28, 32, 1,
18, 28, 24, 28,
35, 28 6, 29
4
28, 32 28, 18 34 18, 39 34, 4 10, 34 10
32, 10 35, 30

26

Amount of
substance

28, 10,
29, 35

22, 10, 10, 21,

1
22

32

27, 22

35, 33

35

13, 23,
15

18, 3, 13, 2,
35, 33, 3, 35, 29, 1, 35, 29, 2, 32, 15, 3, 3, 13, 3, 27,
13, 29,
33, 30
8, 35
28, 40 28
29, 31 40, 39 35, 27 25, 10 10, 25 29 27, 10 29, 18
3, 27
32, 3, 11, 32, 27, 35, 35, 2,
11, 23
1
2, 40 40, 26

27 Reliability

27, 17,
13, 35, 13, 35, 27, 40, 11, 13, 1, 35,
1, 11
40
8, 24
1
28
27 29, 38

28

Measurement
accuracy

5, 11,
1, 23

28, 24, 3, 33, 6, 35, 1, 13, 1, 32, 13, 35, 27, 35, 26, 24, 28, 2, 10, 34,
22, 26 39, 10 25, 18 17, 34 13, 11
2
10, 34 32, 28 10, 34 28, 32

29

Manufacturing
accuracy

11, 32,
1

26, 28, 4, 17,

10, 36 34, 26

30

Harmful factors
acting on object

27, 24, 28, 33, 26, 28,

2, 40 23, 26 10, 18

31

Harmful side
effects

24, 2, 3, 33, 4, 17,

40, 39 26 34, 26

32 Manufacturability

1, 35,
12, 18

33

Convenience of
use

1, 32,
25, 10
35, 23

26, 2,
18

24, 35, 2, 25, 35, 10, 35, 11, 22, 19, 22, 19, 33, 3, 22, 35,
2
28, 39
2
22, 31 29, 40 29, 40 34 13, 24
19, 1, 2, 21,
31
27, 1

2, 5,
12

17, 27, 25, 13, 1, 32, 2, 25,

8, 40 2, 34 35, 23 28, 39

1, 34, 15, 1,
12, 3
28

7, 1, 35, 1,
4, 16 13, 11

34, 35, 1, 32,

7, 13
10

1, 35, 1, 12,
11, 10 26, 15

35 Adaptability

35, 13, 35, 5,

8, 24 1, 10

36 Device complexity

13, 35, 2, 26, 26, 24, 22, 19,

27, 26, 27, 9,
29, 15,
19, 1
1, 13
1
10, 34 32 29, 40
1, 13 26, 24
28, 37

35, 11,
32, 31

1, 13, 15, 34, 1, 16,

31
1, 16 7, 4

22, 19,
5, 28,
2, 21
29, 28
11, 29

Complexity of
control

27, 40, 26, 24,

28, 8 32, 28

38

Level of
automation

11, 27, 28, 26, 28, 26,

2, 33
32 10, 34 18, 23

22, 35,
18, 39

12, 26, 15, 34, 32, 26,

1, 32 1, 16 12, 17

11, 10, 10, 2,

35, 10,
25, 10
1, 16
13
2, 16

37

2, 5, 35, 1, 2, 13, 27, 26, 6, 28, 8, 28, 35, 1,

13, 16 11, 9
15
1
11, 1
1
10, 28

24, 2

34 Repairability

39 Productivity

26, 28, 10, 18,

18, 23 32, 39

2, 5

12, 26 1, 15

15, 29,
37, 28

27, 34, 35, 28,

35
6, 37

15, 10, 15, 1, 12, 17,

37, 28 24
28
15, 10,
37, 28

34, 21 35, 18

1, 26, 1, 12, 1, 35, 27, 4, 15, 24, 34, 27,

13
34, 3
13
1, 35
10
25

1, 35, 1, 10, 18, 10, 22, 35, 32, 22, 35, 28, 1, 28, 1, 32, 1, 35, 12, 17, 35, 18, 5, 12,
10, 38 34, 28 32, 1 13, 24 18, 39 2, 24 7, 19 10, 25 28, 37 28, 24 27, 2 35, 26

54

Appendix 2

5, 12,
35, 26