3

ESO
ppendix
CE Grammar A

LOM

Linda Marks | Charlotte Addison

Burlington Books
BBBurlington
Books

Real English

ESO 3 LOMCE Grammar Appendix

Burlington Books
P.O. Box 54411
3721 Limassol
Cyprus
Burlington Books is an imprint of the Burlington Group.
The publisher gratefully acknowledges the following for providing photographs:
Ingram Publishing: page 4 (woman in dress); Shutterstock, Inc.: pages 4 (all except woman in dress and shelves of milk), 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12,
15 (house), 16, 17, 18

Copyright 2015 Burlington Books

Contents
Pages

Suggested Use After:

Used to

Unit 2

5-6

Past Perfect Simple

Unit 3

Present Simple with Future Meaning,

Unit 5
Revision of Future Tenses

8-9

Future Continuous,
Revision of Future Tenses

Unit 5

10-11

Second and Third Conditionals

Unit 5

12

Temporals

Unit 5

13-14

Modals, Revision of Modals

Unit 6

15-16

Relative Clauses

Unit 9

17-18

Reported Speech

Unit 9

Used to

4 Look at the pictures. Then copy and complete the

When we talk about habits and situations in the past, we use

used to. These habits or situations are not true today.
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I used to run.

I didnt use to run.

Did I use to run?

You used to run. You didnt use to run.

Did you use to run?

He used to run.

Did he use to run?

He didnt use to run.

sentences. Use the correct form of used to and the

verbs below. You can use one verb twice.

 uy bring drive light ride send watch

b
write wear listen have

She used to run. She didnt use to run. Did she use to run?
It used to run.

It didnt use to run.

Did it use to run?

We used to run.

We didnt use to run.

Did we use to run?

You used to run. You didnt use to run.

Did you use to run?

1.
People used to ride horses.
They didnt use to drive cars.

They used to run. They didnt use to run. Did they use to run?

1 Copy and complete the sentences. Use the correct

form of used to and the verbs in brackets.

1. Mark (take) the bus to work, but now he

takes his car.
2. Fran (not eat) broccoli, but now she loves it.
3. Sue (study) ballet.
4. Roberta (have) short hair, but now her hair
is very long.
5. Keith and Joe (be) friends before they had a
fight.
6. When we were young, we (not go) to the
beach we always went to the swimming
pool.
7. Bob (play) tennis when he was at school.
8. Holly (exercise) at the gym, but now she
plays tennis every week.

2. People candles.
They electric lights.

3. Women only dresses and skirts.
They trousers.

2 Write questions to ask your parents about the

things they used to do. Use the words below.

1. play / the piano

2. have / a dog
3. live / in Seville
4. read / teen magazines
5. ride / a bike / to school
6. do / judo
7. get / good marks
8. enjoy / horror films

3 Ask your parents the questions in Exercise 2 and

write their answers in your notebook.

4. People letters.
They e-mails.


5. People to the radio.
They TV.

6. Milkmen milk to peoples homes.
People milk at the supermarket.
4

Past Perfect Simple

When we talk about a past event, such as a journey, we
sometimes want to refer back to something that happened
earlier. We generally use the Past Perfect Simple to refer
to this earlier event.
Affirmative

Negative

I had arrived

I hadnt arrived

You had arrived

You hadnt arrived

He had arrived

He hadnt arrived

She had arrived

She hadnt arrived

It had arrived

It hadnt arrived

We had arrived

We hadnt arrived

You had arrived

You hadnt arrived

They had arrived

They hadnt arrived

Interrogative

Short answers

Had I arrived ?

Yes, I had. / No, I hadnt.

Had you arrived ?

Yes, she had. /

No, she hadnt.

Had he arrived ?

2 Jack enjoys travelling around the world. Copy and

complete the sentences about his trips. Use the
Past Perfect Simple. Then match the sentences to
the pictures below.

1. Jack went on a safari to South Africa. He

(never be) on this kind of tour before.
2. He went to an elephant camp in India after he
(hear) about it from a friend.
3. Jack flew to Mexico because he
(always dream) about visiting ancient temples.
4. He went diving in Australia after he (read)
about the Great Barrier Reef, the worlds
largest coral reef.
5. Jack (visit) Paris a number of times, but last
month he went there again to climb the Eiffel
Tower.
6. He visited China because he (always want)
to see the Great Wall of China.

Had she arrived ?

Had it arrived ?
Had we arrived ?
Had you arrived ?
Had they arrived ?

Time expressions

before, after, as soon as,

by the time, until, when,
already, yet

1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in

brackets. Use the Past Perfect Simple.

1. By the time Amy arrived, the children (go)

to bed.
2. Greg was very thirsty because he (not have)
anything to drink all day.
3. Gina answered the e-mail that Kevin (send)
her the day before.
4. Dan was upset because he (lose) his wallet.
5. After the rain (stop), the children went
outside to play.
6. Mark was excited about his trip to Paris
because he (not fly) before.
7. The writer (write) two books by the time
she was 20 years old.
8. Jane washed the dishes as soon as she
(finish) dinner.

3 Copy and complete column B using the Past Perfect

Simple. Then match column A to column B to form
sentences.

A

1. Before I read the book Twilight,

2. I could answer the question

3. My brother was worried that

4. Ben was upset because

5. Ellen couldnt see the board because

6. Dave left the classroom as soon as

B

a. he (finish) the maths test.

b. he (forget) to lock the front door.

c. his friend (shout) at him.

d. I (see) the film.

e. after the teacher (explain) it.

f. she (leave) her glasses at home.
5

 7 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in

When we talk about two past actions, we use the

Past Perfect Simple for the action that happened
first and the Past Simple for the action that
happened second.
By the time I arrived, Jill had already left.

brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Perfect

Simple.

4 Copy and complete the sentences using the time

expressions below. Use each time expression only

once.

before when already for all day

after by the time
1.  Tom had taken a course in film making,
he made a short film of his own.
2.  Betty finished school, she had studied
French for seven years.
3. We ran to catch the bus, but it had left.
4. Our team played very well because we had
practised several weeks.
5. I had never seen a kangaroo I went to
Australia.
6. Dave was tired because he had worked .
7. We had already finished studying for the test
the teacher decided to cancel it.

5 Rewrite the sentences. Use the words in bold.

1. I got up to open the door, but my mother

opened it first. already
By the time I got to the door, my mother
had already opened it.

2. The students left the classroom when the bell
rang. had
After the bell , the students left the
classroom.

3. They finished studying, so they went to the
beach. had
They went to the beach because they
studying.

4. We had no food left at the end of the picnic.
eaten
By the time the picnic ended, everyone all
the food.

6 Copy and complete the sentences. Make them true

for you.

1. My friend bought a video game after he had .

2. By the time I got to school this morning, I had
already .
3. Last weekend, I was tired because I had .
4. Last night, I went to bed after I had .
5. Before my friend gave me the present, she
had .

1. Sally (just get) to school when the bell

(ring).
2. The film was boring and by the time it
(end), Billy (fall) asleep.
3. I (buy) a new bike after I (save) enough
money.
4. Sally (travel) to France after she (study)
French.
5. After the children (do) their homework,
they (go) to the park.
6. Richard (be) happy because his
grandparents (buy) him a puppy.

8 Write sentences with the words below. Use the

Past Simple and the Past Perfect Simple.

1. Adam / have / a stomach ache / because / he /

eat / too much chocolate
Adam had a stomach ache because he had


eaten too much chocolate.


2. Mary / start to drive / after / she / look /
at the map

3. The bus / leave / before / I / arrive

4. We / finish / the game / by the time / it /
begin / to rain

5. Carl / come / home / as soon as / he / finish /
his lesson

6. Sam / get wet / because / he / not take /
an umbrella

7. Lisa / call / the police / because / someone /
steal / her car

9 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs

below. Use the Past Perfect Simple or the Past
Simple.

 ecide bring start not study spend

d
not want
1. John was nervous. He had a test but he
for it.
2. After they had worked hard all year, they
to go on a long holiday.
3. Jennifer was delighted because her parents
home a dog.
4. She the magazine because she had already
read it.
5. Henry was very clever. By the age of 16, he
university.
6. By the end of our trip, we all our money.

Present Simple with Future Meaning

3 Copy and complete the dialogues. Use will, be going to

or the Present Simple with future meaning.

We use the Present Simple to talk about

timetables and programmes in the future.
The next train leaves at 4 oclock.
It doesnt leave at 4.15.

Dont worry. I

1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in

brackets. Use the Present Simple. Then tick (3) the

sentences with a future meaning.

1. Hurry! Your violin lesson (start) in 10

minutes, doesnt it?
2. Where is your passport? (not forget) it.
3. The bus from London (arrive) at seven
oclock.
4. That box of books (belong) to my brother.
5. What time (the film / end)?
6. Kathy (not work) in a bank.
7. Bill (play) football every afternoon at 4.00.
8. Two trains (leave) at 7.00 one to London
and one to Paris.

Are you busy tonight?

Yes, I

I havent eaten all day.

You must be starving. I

4

Revision of Future Tenses

2 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs

Ill meet you at the

station at 8.
That s too late.
The train .

in brackets. Use will, be going to or the Present

Simple with future meaning. There may be more
than one possible answer.

I recently won a first-class ticket on the

Eurostar, the train that connects Paris and
London. So tomorrow, I 1. (travel) to Paris
to visit my cousin and to see an international
football match. The train 2. (leave) at 9.00
am, and since the journey takes two hours,
I 3. (probably be) in Paris before lunch. My
cousin 4. (meet) me at the Gare du Nord
station in Paris at 11.00 am. I think the journey
on the Eurostar 5. (be) very enjoyable,
dont you? After arriving, my cousin and I 6.
(go) straight to the football stadium, the Stade
de France. The match between England and
France 7. (start) at 3.00 pm, so Im sure we
8.
(have) plenty of time to get across the city.

I cant afford to buy the CD.

Ive got a dentist s

appointment tomorrow.
What time

Why dont we go to
the beach tomorrow?
I dont think that s a good idea.
According to the newspaper, .

4 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct

form of the verbs in brackets. Use will, be going to or

the Present Continuous or Present Simple with future
meaning.

1. My uncle is going on holiday next week.

Im sure he (have) a great time.
2. My father has got a new job. He (work)
at a bank in the city.
3. Dont be late! The bus (leave) at 6.30.
4. Dont forget! We (play) tennis at 3.00
tomorrow.
5. I hope I (do) well in the exam.
6. My parents (buy) a new car next month.
7

Future Continuous

3 Copy and complete the sentences with the

verbs below. Use the correct form of the Future

Continuous.

When we talk about an action in progress at a

specific time in the future, we use the Future
Continuous.
We will be travelling all week.
Dan wont be going with us.
Will you be visiting Paris?

1 Copy and complete the sentences with the

Future Continuous affirmative form of the verbs

in brackets.

1. Dont call me until after 12.00. I (attend) a

meeting from 10.00 to 11.45.

2. How can we reach him to give him the
news?
He (stay) at the Paradise Hotel tomorrow
night.

3. What a boring life! This time next week, I
(do) exactly what Im doing now.

4. Why dont you meet me at two tomorrow?
I (shop) in town during the afternoon.

5. This time next month, I (fly) to Australia.

2 Complete the dialogue with the verbs in brackets.

Use the Future Continuous.

Rob: Can we meet to plan the

surprise party this evening?

Ann: Sorry, but my cousin 1. (visit)

us this evening. What about
Saturday? I 2. (not do)
anything special then.
Rob: Sounds good. We can meet
in the afternoon.
Ann: Why, what 3.
morning?

Rob: I 4.

you

(do) all

(sleep), wont you?

Ann: No ... so can you come over to

my house at 4.00?
Rob: Fine.

Ann: Good. I 5. (wait) for you.

See you then.

 ork sleep do not visit not travel

w
watch
1. I dont know what I at 8.00 this evening.
2. My sister in Europe next month. Shell be in
South America.
3. Please dont call after 10 pm tonight
I . Im very tired.
4. My dad sport on TV tonight.
5. Sara her aunt this weekend. Shes too busy.
6. My mother cant drive us home. She late
this evening.

4 Write questions with the words below. Use the

Future Continuous. Then answer the questions

using the words in bold.

1. Maggie / study / this afternoon

visit / her friend in hospital
Will Maggie be studying this afternoon?

No, she will be visiting her friend in hospital.


2. James / sit / on the beach / this afternoon
work / on his project

3. Simon / practise / his violin / from nine to
ten oclock
probably / watch / TV

4. David and Mark / travel / around England /
this time next week
travel / around France

5. Jill / work late / tonight
work out / at the gym

6. Mary and Tim / play computer games /
between seven and eight oclock tonight
have dinner

5 Write questions with the words in A below. Use the

Future Continuous. Then match the questions in A
to the answers in B.

A

1. you / use / your bike / tomorrow

2. what time / you / leave / for the station

3. where / Vera / stay / in London

4. how many people / come / to the party

5. what / you / do / at six this evening

6. when / Larry / paint / his room
B

a. 15

b. at 7 oclock

c. all day tomorrow

d. at a small hotel

e. judo

f. No, you can borrow it.

Write questions with the words below. Use the

Future Continuous.

Revision of Future Tenses

1. you / go / anywhere special / this weekend

2. what / you / do / at this time next year
3. you / sleep / at this time tomorrow
4. where / you / live / in ten years time
5. what / you / do / at 7.00 this evening

10 Choose the correct answer.

7 In your notebook, answer your questions from

Exercise 6.

Complete the mini-dialogues with the verbs in

brackets. Use the Future Continuous.

1.
A: What are your plans for tomorrow
morning?

B: I (cook) all morning.

1. Can I use your skateboard tomorrow morning

or ?
a. will you use it b. will you be using it

2. Oh, no! Ive spilt the sauce.
I you clean it up!
a. will help
b. will be helping

3. I all morning on Friday, so please dont call
me then.
a. will be studying b. will study

4. Please dont call round tonight. We our
favourite soap opera.
a. will watch
b. will be watching

5. Dont leave the meat on the table. The cat
it.
a. will be eating b. will eat

2.
A: Why dont we have lunch together
tomorrow?

B: OK. I (shop) in town all morning
tomorrow. We can meet at 2.00.

11

3.
A:  you (use) your computer tomorrow
morning?

B: No, you can use it.

A


1. Can I use the car this evening?

2. I cant wait to see that new film.

3. They need some music for the party.

4. There have been many great YouTube videos,
but this one is amazing!

5. Do you have to get up early tomorrow?

6. Dave and I are going out for dinner tonight.

7. Can you help me out tomorrow afternoon?

4.
A: Can we meet at 9.00 tonight?

B: Sorry, I (play) basketball until 9.30.
5.
A: How long they (travel) in Italy?

B: I think theyre going for two weeks.

Copy and complete the second sentence so that

it means the same as the first. Use no more than
three words.

1. You cant leave hospital for another three days.
You staying in hospital for another three
days.

2. Im going to the library to work on my project
this afternoon.
I on my project at the library all afternoon.

3. Helen plans to take an online course next
month.
Helen an online course next month.

4. How long will your trip be?
How long will you be ?

5. Do you need your bike this afternoon?
using your bike this afternoon?

Match A and B to make mini-dialogues. Then

copy and complete the sentences with the verbs
in brackets. Use will, be going to, the Present
Continuous or the Future Continuous. There may be
more than one possible answer.

B


a. Im waiting to see it, too. it (come out)
next week?

b. Yes, we (leave) at 6.00 am.

c. Yes, its unusual. Im sure many people (see)
it.

d. I (use) it between 6.00 to 8.00, but you can
take it after that.

e. Im sorry. I (study) for my physics test
tomorrow. How about Tuesday?

f. I (bring) my brother hes a DJ.

g. Thats nice. Which restaurant you (eat)
at?

Second Conditional

4 Write the words in the correct order to make

When we talk about imaginary or unreal situations, we

use the Second Conditional.
I would be nervous if I took part in a TV show.
If I were you, I would hurry.
We sometimes use could instead of would.
She could win the competition if she tried.

sentences.

1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in

brackets. Use the Second Conditional.

A

1. If you tidied your cupboard,

2. If you helped me wash the dishes,

3. Tom would look very nice

4. It would save time

5. If you were friendlier,

B

a. I could finish quicker.

b. people would like you more.

c. if we worked together.

d. you would find things more easily.

e. if he cut his hair.

3 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct

form of the verbs below. You can use one verb
twice.

10

5 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in

1. I would do the work myself if I (have) time.

2. They would go to the concert if you
(not come) to visit.
3.  you (buy) the book if you saw it in the
shop?
4. If they (not travel) on the same bus, they
wouldnt meet.
5. If you called first, they (hold) a ticket for
you.
6. If he (hear) the song, he would recognise it.
7. I would complete the project if she
(not disturb) me.
8. If you wrote the address down, you
(remember) it.

2 Match A to B to make sentences.

see have can practise be buy

1. If I you, I wouldnt buy those trousers.
Theyre too big.
2. She speaking English if she visited Britain.
3. He would help you if he time.
4. If Richard lived nearby, we him more often.
5. Heather a pet if her parents agreed.
6. The air would be cleaner if there fewer cars
on the road.

1. you would / did aerobics / if you / be stronger

2. wore that dress / if you / you would /
look beautiful
3. read the book / if you / you wouldnt /
understand it
4. you would / went to bed earlier / if you /
get up on time
5. see better / cut your hair / if you / you would
brackets. Use the Second Conditional.

1. If you (wear) glasses, you (not get) a lot

of headaches.
2. I (tell) you the answer if I (know) it.
3. If Angela (buy) a dog, she (not feel)
lonely.
4. If they (be) outgoing, people (invite)
them more often.
5. If he (not go) to restaurants all the time,
he (have) more money.
6. Sue (read) more books if she (have) time.
7. If I (sing) well, I (join) a band.
8. If James (study) harder, he (can do) better
at school.
9. My parents (be) happy if I (not spend) so
much time on the computer.
10. If children (go) to bed earlier, they (feel)
less tired.

6 Copy and complete the sentences so they are true

for you. Use would or could.

1. If I had more time, I .

2. If I had a lot of money, I .
3. If I lived in the USA, I .
4. If I saw someone stealing a car, I
5. If I were a famous person, I .
6. If I tried harder, I .

Third Conditional
When we talk about a past situation that cant be
changed, we use the Third Conditional.
If he hadnt dropped the ball, he would have
won the competition.

1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in

brackets. Pay attention to the words in bold.

1. If we (have) enough time, we would have

visited the castle.
2. If I (not feel) ill, I would have gone up to
the top of the tower.
3. Margaret would have been late for school if
she (not hurry).
4. I (enjoy) the concert more if I hadnt been
so tired last night.
5. If we hadnt looked at the map, we
(not find) the museum.

4 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in

brackets. Use the Third Conditional. Then match the

sentences to the situations below.

A

1. If I (check) my voicemail, I (call) you.

2. If she (phone) them, she (receive) an
answer sooner.

3. His trip (cost) more if he (fly).

4. We (project) them onto a large screen if
we (buy) a projector.

5. He (repair) your car if he (bring) his
tools.

6. If she (put) it out, the fire (not start).

B

a. Jake took the train.

b. Not everyone could see the photos.

c. I forgot to turn on my phone.

d. Tess forgot about the cigarette.

e. Sue wrote a letter to the company.

f. John didnt bring the right equipment.

2 Match A to B to make sentences. Then copy and

complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.

Use the Third Conditional.

5 Write sentences with the words below. Use the

Third Conditional.

A

1. He would have bought a new treadmill

2. If he had worn elbow guards,

3. If we had scored one more point,

4. She wouldnt have screamed

5. If I hadnt gone to the cinema with Ann,

B

a. we (win) the game.

b. if she (not see) blood.

c. if he (have) enough money.

d. I (go) to the bowling alley.

e. he (not break) a bone.

6 Read the text about surfer Laird Hamilton. Then

copy and complete the sentences with the Third

Conditional.

 aird Hamilton has always loved adventure. At age

L
seven, he jumped into the ocean from an 18-metrehigh mountain. Laird became interested in surfing as
a young boy, after moving to Hawaii with his
mother. He grew up on Oahu, a Hawaiian island
with some of the best surfing in the world. His life
really changed when he met Bill Hamilton, a
professional surfer. Bill taught Laird to surf and
became his coach. Laird became known for riding
the biggest and most complex waves ever ridden.

3 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs

below. Use the Third Conditional.

1. you / enjoy / the party / if / you / come

2. if / my phone / not be cheap / I / not buy it
3. what / you / tell her / if / she / ask / you
4. if / the bus / be late / I / not be / here /
on time
5. I / probably / get / a higher mark / if / I /
study / more

 ot be catch make go not fall

n
1. If he the ball, his team would have won.
2. They jogging if it had stopped raining earlier.
3. If she had worn a comfortable pair of shoes,
she .
4. I would have won an award if I an effort.
5. If she so tired, she would have played better.

1. If he , he wouldnt have jumped off a high

mountain.
2. If Laird hadnt moved to Hawaii, he probably
.
3. If he had lived on a different island, he .
4. If he hadnt met Bill Hamilton, his life .
5. If he , he wouldnt have become so famous.
11

Temporals
We use temporals or time clauses to talk about future
actions. In these clauses, we use words such as when,
after, as soon as, before, once and by the time.
As soon as I arrive at the airport, Ill call you.
Dont forget to close the window when you leave.

1 C hoose two correct answers.

1.
When / If / Once I need help, Ill ask Jane.

2. It will be dark when / unless / by the time
we get home.

3. I think youll like Steve once / after / before
you get to know him better.

4. I wont borrow your MP3 player before / if /
unless I ask you.

5. I will call you the moment / as soon as /
by the time I get my exam results.

2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct

time expression below.

as long as before by the time

the moment until
1. I finish eating, I will call you.
2. Make sure you read the instructions carefully
you start to use the equipment.
3. I will love you I live!
4.  you arrive in England, you will be
exhausted.
5. I wont go out this programme finishes.

3 Mikes mum will be home late. Use temporals to

complete the note she left for him.

Hi Mike,
Ill be home quite late tonight, so I need your help.
As soon as Maria 1. (come) home from school,
please help her with her homework. Once she
2.
(finish) her homework, shell probably want to
watch some TV.
You can phone Aunt Jane if you 3. (want) some
help. She will come over as soon as you 4. (call)
her. Shell also make dinner when you and Maria
5.
(be) hungry.
Dont forget to do the washing up after you 6.
(eat). Remember to turn off all the lights when you
7.
(go) to bed.
Thanks for your help!
Love,
Mum

12

4 Write the words in the correct order to make

sentences. Use time clauses.

1. the rain / go shopping / after / we / stop

2. as soon as / the dog / I / walk / get home / I
3. try / she / this product / once / it / love / she
4. in the freezer / when / put / you / water /
turn into / ice / it
5. the drinks / go / we / to the party / we / buy /
before

5 What would you say in the following situations?

Copy and complete the sentences. Use the correct

form of the words in bold. Pay attention to the
words in italics.

1. Its time for your little brother to go to bed,

but he wants you to read him a story.
go to bed
OK, Ill read you a story before .

2. Your father is using the computer. You want to
use it after him. finish
Can I use the computer after ?

3. Your friend Bob has been on holiday. Hes
arriving home tomorrow. get home
I hope Bob calls me as soon as .

4. Your sister wants to eat dinner, but your dad
hasnt come home yet. arrive
Well eat once .

5. Your brother always leaves for school and
forgets to take the dog for a walk.
go to school
Dont forget to take the dog for a walk before
.

6 Answer the questions. Use full sentences.

1. What will you do when you get home?

2. What will you do once you finish school?
3. What is the first thing you will buy when you
have some money?
4. What would happen if there were no
electricity tomorrow morning?
5. What would you like to do before you are 30?
6. What would you do if you found 100?

Modals

3 Copy and complete the sentences with may or

might affirmative or negative. There may be
more than one possible answer.

may, might

talk close bring come snow
1.
I the window, please?

2. Look at the dark sky! It tomorrow.

3. No, you to the professor right now.

4. Uncle Josh for dinner tomorrow. He has
been ill all week.

5. They their new dog with them. We all
want to see it.

When we talk about possibility, we often use may

or might. May is also used to express permission.
We may go.

She might go.

We may not go.

She might not go.

May we go?

Might she go?

Yes, we may. /
No, we may not.

Yes, she might. /

No, she might not.

4 Copy and complete the sentences. Use the

affirmative or negative form of need to.

need to

When we talk about obligation, we often use

need to. We can use need to in different tenses.
He needs to leave now.
He didnt need to leave yesterday.
Will he need to leave soon?
be able to
When we talk about ability and possibility, we
often use be able to. We can use be able to in
the past, present or future.

5 Match A to B.

I am able to go. / He is able to go.

A
1. I might get hungry on the journey.
2. I cant find my shampoo.
3. We might not arrive on time.
4. No, you may not wear that skirt for
school.
5. I think you need to take a sweater.

She is not able to go. / You are not able to go.

Is he able to go? / Are they able to go?
Short answers
Yes, you are. / No, you arent.
Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.

B
a. May I use yours, please?
b. We should call and tell someone.
c. But I might not need it.
d. I should take some food with me.
e. You need to find something else. Its too
tight.

1 Copy and complete the sentences with may or

may not.

1.  I leave the room, please?

2. No, you eat while you are using the
computer.
3. Sandy go to the concert with us. I hope she
will.
4. Yes, you wear your elegant new dress at the
party.
5.  I bring a friend to the party?
6. Alan come for dinner tonight. He has got
too much homework.

6 Copy and complete the sentences with the

correct form of be able to and the verbs in

brackets. Make the sentences true for you.

2 Which sentences in Exercise 1 can also be

completed with might or might not ? Write the

sentences in your notebook.

1. Greg cant go out. He study for a test.

2. Helen leave soon. She has got a piano
lesson.
3. I can do this by myself. You help me.
4. Peter get up early last week. He was on
holiday.
5. We are going to a restaurant tonight, so
we cook.
6. What the gymnasts do if they want
to be in the team?

1. My parents (speak) French.

2. I (run) quickly.
3. My best friend (play) the violin.
4. I (do) maths easily.
5. My family (travel) every summer.
6. I (drive) a car.

13

 8 In your notebook, rewrite the sentences. Use the

7 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

words in bold.

Use the affirmative or negative form of be able to.

1. Susan has hurt her foot, so she

walk very well.

2. Jack and Sue arent so busy this afternoon.

They help their grandfather.

1. Jason is probably going to start taking

swimming lessons in the summer. might
Jason swimming lessons in the summer.

2. It was sunny yesterday, so we went to the
beach. able
It was sunny yesterday, so we to the beach.

3. All visitors must buy tickets before they go
into the park. to
All visitors tickets before they go into the
park.

4. I dont think we will go to the concert. may
We to the concert.

5. You can cross the street here. are
You the street here.

Revision of Modals
9 Choose the correct answers.
1. You should / may wear a coat. Its cold
outside!

2. When Tim was younger, he can / could speak
French.

3. Frank needs to / may come to the party
tonight. Hes not sure yet.

4. Tracy shouldnt / couldnt stay up late. She
has to get up early tomorrow for a school trip.
5.
May / Must I open the window? Its very hot
in here.

6. We might / must leave in 10 minutes if we
want to catch the bus.
7.
Can / Should you help me carry these heavy
bags, please?

8. Thats an old bicycle. You should / might have
problems riding it.

9. Children may / have to go to school.
10. Sarah hurt her arm. She isnt able to /
shouldnt play tennis this week.

3. It took a long time but in the end,

the police officer catch the thief.

4. Mr Bellows

open his car door yesterday.

10 Choose the correct modals to complete the

sentences. Use each modal once.

14

5. Dont worry about the ketchup on your shirt.

Im sure I wash it off.

6. Mrs Henry speak to you at the moment.

She is in a meeting.

 ust might not should dont have to

m
may couldnt is able to

1. It snow tomorrow. Im not sure if it will be
cold enough!

2. You stop driving in the middle of the road.
Its very dangerous!

3. You help me. Im all right.
I please come in?
4.

5. He take an umbrella. Its raining.

6. He cant play the piano but he play the
guitar.

7. I jump very high when I was a child, but
now I can!

Relative Clauses
When we talk about people, things, places and
events, we often use relative clauses to describe
and define nouns. A relative pronoun always
comes after the noun it describes.
Winter is a time when many animals hibernate.
(defining clause)
Winter, when many animals hibernate, lasts for
four months. (non-defining clause)

1 Choose the correct relative pronoun to complete

each sentence.

1. The star who / which won the Oscar was so

excited that she cried.
2. Well come in the week which / when the
schools are on holiday.
3. Is there anything where / that you need?
4. We like to visit places which / where there are
good beaches.
5. Many people who / whose children have left
home move to smaller flats.
6. Did you know any of the people who / where
Jenny introduced to us at the party?
7. I remember the year which / when you first
went to university.
8. This is the longest book in English that /
which I have ever read.
9. Give me all the papers which / when you
want to throw away.
10. The headmaster wants to speak to all the
parents who / whose children are in the
basketball team.
11. How many of the books that / whom Mary
borrowed were returned to the library?
12. 1995 was the year when / which Dad was
so ill.
13. The corner that / where the accident
happened is very dangerous.
14. I know the name of an English town where /
which is near a river and has got a famous
university.
15. Can you help the neighbours who / whose
house was damaged by the fire?

2 Match the sentence beginnings in A to the

correct relative clauses in B. Add suitable relative

pronouns. Write the sentences in your notebook.

A
1. She loves lipstick
2. She doesnt like the big earrings
3. Ray Brown is a fashion designer
4. Hell never forget the day
5. This is the hotel
6. Everyone looked at the woman
B
a. fashion shows are often held.
b. clothes are worn by rock stars.
c. she got for her birthday.
d. is bright red.
e. he wore two different shoes.
f. was wearing a strange yellow hat.

3 Copy and complete the sentences so that they are

true for you.

1. A person who / that makes me laugh is .

2. The place I was born is .
3. An animal I would like to have as a pet is .
4. A film I saw and liked last year is .
5. An actor films I really like is .
6. A food I love to eat is .

4 Complete the text with the correct relative

pronouns.

The History
of Sunglasses
 he first sunglasses were worn
T
in the 12th century, by people
1.
lived in the Arctic. The
Arctic is an area 2. a lot of snow
falls. Sunlight 3. shines on white snow
is very bright and can hurt your eyes. The
sunglasses 4. people in the Arctic wore were
made from wood and had small openings in them to
let in some light. Glasses with coloured lenses were
first made in 1752. The English designer 5. made
them, James Ayscough, believed they could help
correct some eye problems. Since Ayscough lived in
a place 6. it often rained, he wasnt worried about
the sun. Modern sunglasses first appeared in the early
20th century. Film stars 7. didnt want people to
bother them wore big dark glasses when they went
out. They also wore them because the light 8. was
used in films at that time made their eyes red.
Sunglasses became popular in 1929, the year 9. the
inventor, Sam Foster, started selling them on beaches
in Atlantic City, New Jersey in the USA. By the 1930s,
people were wearing them everywhere.

15

 5 Copy and complete the sentences Katie used to describe her holiday pictures. Use relative pronouns and the words
under the pictures.

1. Thats me with my diving equipment.

You can see the beach where I went diving.
2. Here is the restaurant
3. Look at the stadium

4. This is the fantastic hotel

5. Here is the amusement park
6. These are the people

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6 Join the sentences with a suitable relative pronoun. Use who, which, where or whose. Make any necessary
changes. Pay attention to the words in bold.

1. A market is a place. People can buy things cheaply there.

A market is a place where people can buy things cheaply.
2. I saw a photo of the thief. He was caught yesterday.
3. Here is the boy. His mother is the headteacher.
4. This is the textbook. We use it for French.
5. Yesterday I met someone. His father lives in England.
6. There are two bedrooms upstairs. Billy and Kate sleep there.

7 Copy and complete the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun. Tick () the sentences where the relative
pronoun can be left out.

16

1. The DVD we bought yesterday is damaged.

2. William, mother is a nurse, hates hospitals!
3. This is a photo of the town my pen-pal lives.
4. The book you are talking about has been made into a film.
5. The office James works has got a view of the sea.
6. The shoes I bought last week were expensive.
7. At 6.00, my father comes home, we have dinner.
8. The music you are listening to was written by Mozart.
9. Florence, is visited by many tourists, is known for its great museums.

Reported Speech
When we want to tell someone what someone else
said, we use reported speech. In reported speech,
we change the verb tense and other words such
as time expressions and pronouns. We can report
statements, questions, commands, suggestions and
offers.
Statement
I want to go on safari.
He said that he wanted to go on safari.
Question
Does he speak English?
She asked if / whether he spoke English.
What do you want to do now?
He asked what we wanted to do then.
Command
Move your car now!
He told us to move our car then.
Suggestion
You should buy your new computer here.
He suggested that we buy our new computer there.
Offer
Ill help you with your homework tomorrow.
She offered to help me with my homework the next
day.

1 Match the direct speech in A to the reported speech

in B.

A
1. I am having lunch, he said.
2. I am going to have lunch, he said.
3. I wont have lunch, he said.
4. I cant have lunch, he said.
5. I must have lunch, he said.
B
a. He said that he couldnt have lunch.
b. He said that he had to have lunch.
c. He said that he wouldnt have lunch.
d. He said that he was having lunch.
e. He said that he was going to have lunch.

2 Copy and complete the chart below.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

3 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in

the chart in Exercise 2.

1. I said that I out.

2. Tom said that he rock n roll music.
3. She said that she a present on her way
home.
4. Her parents said that she home early.
5. We said that we you later.

4 Match the expressions.

Direct Speech
1. tomorrow
2. today
3. next week
4. here
5. now
6. this year

Reported Speech
a. the following week
b. that year
c. there
d. the following day
e. that day
f. then

5 Choose the correct answer.

1. He said that he had to leave now / then.

2. Lets go to the park tomorrow / the next
day, she said.
3. Jane told us to buy this / that CD.
4. Bob said that he was flying to London later
today / that day.
5. The party is tonight / that night, said Pam.

6 Copy and complete the sentences. Use reported

speech.

1. The aeroplane is landing now, the pilot said.
The pilot said that the aeroplane was landing
.

2. Ill call you tomorrow, John said.
John said that he would call me .

3. You must walk the dog today, Mum said.
Mum said that I had to walk the dog .

4. Paul doesnt live here, the man said.
The man said that Paul didnt live .

5. Andrea cant wear this, Anne said.
Anne said that Andrea couldnt wear .

6. We are moving to Paris next month, Tim
and Bill said.
Tim and Bill said that they were moving to
Paris .

1. likes
2. must return
3. will meet
4. am going
5. can buy

17

 7 Copy and complete the sentences. Use reported

10 Write sentences in reported speech with the words

1. I cant see anything. Its too dark! he said.
He said that he couldnt see anything. It was
too dark.

2. Ill lend you my new CD. Im sure youll like
it, he said.
He said that he me his new CD. He sure
I it.

3. Im really happy today because its my
birthday, she said.
She said that she really happy that day
because it her birthday.

4. I cant listen to this music. Its very noisy, she
said.
She said that she to that music. It very
noisy.

5. Were going to the beach tomorrow. You
must come! they said.
They said that they to the beach the next
day. They said that I .

6. It will be the first day of spring the day after
tomorrow, he said.
He said that it the first day of spring in two
days time.

below.

speech.

8 Copy and complete the sentences in reported

speech. Pay attention to all the changes.

1. The band will play tomorrow, he said.
He said that the band would play the next day .

2. We can meet here, Sam said.
Sam said that they .

3. Pat is having a party this weekend. Lynn said.
Lynn said that Pat .

4. There is a good film today, the teacher said.
The teacher said that .

5. I want to leave now, Jon said.
Jon said that he .

6. I must study tonight, said Nancy.
Nancy said that she .

9 Rewrite the sentences below in reported speech.

18

1. Im doing some revision for the English exam

tomorrow, he said.
2. I hope I wont miss the beginning of the
concert, she said.
3. Well be home by midnight, they said.
4. I really want to see Frozen 2, she said.
5. I cant do my English homework because its
too difficult, he said.
6. Were working in the garden today, so our
hands are dirty, they said.

1. that / his / was doing / Dan / said / he /

homework
2. Mum / watch / I / said / that / my / had to /
sister
3. said / I / I / the / would / that / at / be / party
4. could / tickets / for / Amy / that / she / get /
the / said / concert
5. every / beach / Joey / that / said / went to /
he / the / day

11 Write the questions in reported speech.

1. Do you like ice cream? Maggie asked.
Maggie asked if .

2. Can the class do the homework? Don asked.
Don asked if .

3. Will he complete the project by tomorrow?
Sheila asked.
Sheila asked if .

4. Where are the boys going? he asked.
He asked where .

5. What time does the party start? Mandy
asked.
Mandy asked what .

12 Copy and complete the sentences in reported

speech.

1. Dont go to bed late, my mother said.
My mother told .

2. Lets go to the cinema tomorrow, Tom said.
Tom suggested that .

3. Ill bring you some coffee, he said.
He offered .

4. Dont worry, Jane said.
Jane told us .

5. You can recycle the bottles, he said.
He suggested that .

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