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Phase Shifters
Alfonso Muoz-Acevedo1, Pablo Padilla2, Manuel Sierra-Castaer3
Grupo de Radiacin, Departamento de Seales, Sistemas y Radiocomunicaciones, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid
Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Espaa
1
alfonso@gr.ssr.upm.es
ppadilla00@gr.ssr.upm.es
3
m.sierra.castaner@gr.ssr.upm.es
2
B. Subsystems Implementation
The radio interfaces are bidimensional arrays. Both TX and
RX arrays have the same hierarchical structure. The radio
array is constructed with N2 independent radiating cells
forming a NxN radiating cells square. As well, each radiating
cell is a square sub-array of 4 radiating elements separated
07 0. Thus, the global separation between radiating cells is
140. Each radiating element is a broadband multilayer
microstrip antenna working at 12 GHz. Design keys were
taken from [4]. We can see a scheme of the radio interface in
figure 2.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Idea of Transmitarray
A transmitarray is a novel structure whose function consists
of changing a propagating wave into another with particular
new features (spherical to plane wave translation, new
steering direction, etc.).
Our structure is constructed with microwave subsystems
designed to work at 12 GHz. These subsystems are two radio
interfaces and microwave circuitry which connects them. In
this way, one radio interface (RX) works as back end while
the other one (TX) acts as front end. The RX interface is
illuminated with a feeding horn whose phase centre is placed
at 120 mm from the interface.
The transmitarray scheme is presented in figure 1.
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A. Wave Sampling
One first step is to sample the horn radiation pattern with
the radiating cells in the RX radio interface. Therefore, we
have spatially-sampled radiation in N2 points.
A spherical pattern reaches the RX radio interface. As the
interface is plane and the incident wave received has a
spherical distribution, a non negligible phase shift is obtained
to each radiation sample because of the different path length
from the feeding horn to each cell. This can be solved with
spherical to plane wave error correction, as in [1] and [8].
B. Signal Processing
The processing of the sampled wave consists of weighing
and phase modification for each one of these samples
individually, sending the processed wave sample to the
corresponding radiating cell in the TX radio interface, as in
[11].
The Wm,n weight set to each port is a complex number with
amplitude and phase information. The processing introduced
in this work is only based on phase variation, so all the
complex weights Wm,n will have a common amplitude value.
According to this, the architecture of the described
transmitarray is shown in figure 3.
sin ( p ) =
k d
W m , n = C m , n e j m x e j n y
Formula 2. Complex weight coefficients
TABLE I
SPHERICAL WAVE CORRECTION COEFFICIENTS
Cm,n
C1,1 ,C1,3, C3,1 ,C3,3
C1,2 ,C2,1, C2,3 ,C2,3
C2,2
Value
1
e
e
180
j 69
180
j 141
III. PROTOTYPES
We describe the implementation of the
throughout its subsystems.
prototype
A. Radio Interface
Both TX and RX radio interfaces are identical. They have
N2=9 radiating cells of 4 radiating elements each one. In
figure 5 we can see the whole interface with the ground plane
around and a detail of the upper layer of the microstrip
structure. A copper ground plane is placed around in order to
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C. Operative Prototype
The constructed prototype is shown in figure 10, in the RX
interface side view. A mechanical support is required for the
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Fig. 13 Tridimensional far field radiation pattern plot for phase correction
configuration.
V. CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
Fig. 15 Prototype far field radiation pattern normalized cuts for 10 tilt
configuration (B).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work has been carried out in the Radiation group of
the SSR department thanks to two grants of the Government
of Spain. One of them for undergraduate students and the
other one (FPU) for Ph.D. students.
The electromagnetic simulations were accomplished with
CST Microwave Studio 6.0 under a cooperation agreement
between CST and UPM (Technical University of Madrid). NY
substrate used in the prototype was kindly given by NELTEC
S.A.
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