Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise SolutionCkha

Mechanical Engineering
m
o
c
.
ss
TOPICWISE GATE SOLUTION

1991-2013
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
DRONACHARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS

F-108, Katwaria Sarai, Near Mother Dairy Booth, New Delhi-16
Ph. +91-011-64551144, 9810758209
www.drona.org
this notes belongs to material2success.com
www.material2success.com
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Fluid Mechanics
m
m
o
o
c
c
ss..
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass,
momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoullis
equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary turbulent flow; flow through
pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc. Pelton-wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines - impulse and reaction
principles, velocity diagrams.
s
s
e
e
c
c
cc
u
s
2
l
a
i
i
r
r
e
e
t
at
NOMENCLATURE OF CHAPTERS
S.NO.
TOPIC
a
m
m
PAGE NO.
Fluid Mechanics
69 - 156
1. ............... Properties of Fluids ................................................................................ 71- 75
2. ............... Pressure and its Measurement ................................................................. 76 - 80
3. ............... Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces .............................................................. 81 - 84
4. ............... Buoyancy and Flotation .......................................................................... 85 - 86
5. ............... Fluid Kinematics .................................................................................... 87 - 97
6. ............... Fluid Dynamics ...................................................................................... 98 - 111
7. ............... Dimensional and Model Analysis ............................................................. 112 - 115
8. ............... Boundary Layer Theory ......................................................................... 116 - 124
9. ............... Laminar and Turbulent Flow ................................................................... 125 - 131
10. ............. Flow Through Pipes ............................................................................... 132 - 139
11. .............. Hydraulic Turbines ................................................................................. 140 - 147
12. ............. Centrifugal Pump ................................................................................... 148 - 153
13. ............. Compressible Flow ................................................................................ 154 - 155
Syllabus of GATE Examination
Statistical Analysis
S.No.
Chapter Name
03
04
05
06
Properties of Fluids
Pressure and its

Measurement
Hydrostatic Forces on
Surfaces
Buoyancy and
Flotation
Fluid Kinematics
Fluid Dynamics
Dimensional and
Model Analysis
Boundary Layer
Theory
Laminar and Turbulent
Flow
10
Flow Through Pipes
11
12
13.
11
12
13
2
1
17
16
c
.
ss
m
o
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
10
09
Hydraulic Turbines
Centrifugal Pump
08
1
1
Compressible Flow
Total
13
18
11
Conclusion
1.
2.
Fluid Mechanics has approximate 6 to 8% weightage in GATE.

From analysis it is clear that one should focus on Kinematics and Dynamics of Flow, Boundry Layer
Theory, Francis Turbine, Flow through Pipes, Laminar Flow, and Centrifugal Pump.
59
07
1
Properties of Fluids
Year 2001
1.
4.
A journal bearing has shaft diameter of 40 mm

and a length of 40 mm. The shaft is rotating at 20
rad/s and the viscosity of the lubricant is 20 mPas. The clearance is 0.020 mm. The loss of torque
due to the viscosity of the lubricant is
approximately
(a) 0.040 Nm
(b) 0.252 Nm
(c) 0.400 Nm
(d) 0.652 Nm
2.
s
l2
ria
Year 2006
e
t
a
For a Newtonian fluid

(a) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(b) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear
strain
(c) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear
strain
(d) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of
shear strain
Year 2004
3.
An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity, 7.4

x 107 m2/s, specific gravity, 0.88) is held between
two parallel plates. If the top plate is moved with
a velocity of 0.5 m/s while the bottom one is held
stationary, the fluid attains a linear velocity profile
in the gap of 0.5 mm between these plates; the
shear stress in Pascals on the surface of top
plate is:
(a) 0.651 x 103
(b) 0.651
(c) 6.51
(d) 0.651x103
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
5.
m
o
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity (v) is

(a) m2 /sec
(b) kg/(m-sec)
(c) m/sec2
(d) m3 /sec 2
A static fluid can have
(a) non-zero normal and shear stress
(b) negative normal stress and zero shear stress
(c) positive normal stress and zero shear stress
(d) zero normal stress and non-zero shear stress
Year 1999
6.
Kinematic viscosity of air at 20oC is given to be

1.6105 m2/s. It kinematic viscosity at 70oC will
be vary approximately
(a) 2.2105 m2/s
(b) 1.6105 m2/s
(c) 1.2105 m2/s
(d) 105 m2/s
Year 1996
7.
The dimension of surface tension is

(a) ML1
(b) L2 T1
1
1
(c) ML T
(d) None of these
Year 1995
8.
A fluid is said to be Newtonian when the shear

stress is
(a) directly proportional to the velocity gradient
(b) inversely proportional to the velocity gradient
(c) independent of the velocity gradient
(d) none of the above
Year 2008
73
Chapter-1
Answers
1. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (a)
2. Ans. (c)
7. Ans. (d)
3. Ans. (b)
8. Ans. (a)
4. Ans. (a)
5. Ans. (c)
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
c
.
ss
Space for Rough work
74
Chapter-1
Answer & Explanations
Q.1
Ans. (a)
Given:
Shaft diameter, d
Shaft length, L
Speed,
Viscosity,
Clearance, y
=
=
=
=
=
40 mm
40 mm
20 rad/s
20 mPa-s
0.020 mm
0.02 mm
= 20 mPas
40 mm
du
=
dy
u = r = 20 0.02 = 0.4 m/s
= 20 103
0.4
= 400 N/m2
0.02 103
s
l2
F = A = 400 d L
= 400 0.04 0.04 = 2.0106 N
Torque loss,
T = F r = 2.0106 0.02 = 0.0402 Nm
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-22, Example1.10.
Ans. (c)
Exp. Consider a fluid element in a real flow. In a real flow there exist a velocity gradient in the perpendicular
direction of the flow. The change in velocity in two conscutive layer of fluid flow is shown in the figure.
Shear force,
Q.2
e
c
uc
Here,
m
o
c
.
ss
Shear stress given by Newtons law of viscosity
a
i
r
te
a
m
u + du
du.dt
d
dy
u
Shear strain, tan d =
du dt
dy
If d is small, then tan d ~ d .

Therefore,
d =
du dt
dy
d
du
=
dt
dt
40 mm
75
From Newtons law of viscosity
du
d
= dy =
dt
Hence, for a Newtonian Fluid, the shear stress is directly proportional to rate of shear strain.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 6, 1.3.3.
or
For a Newtonian fluid, Shear stress,
du
dy
u + du
dy
y
u
x
dx

dt
dy
m
o
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
dx
dy
dx
, where
is shear strain of fluid
dt
dy
s
l2
Q.3
a
i
r
te
dx
dy
Thus is rate of shear strain
dt
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-11, 1.8.
Ans. (b)
Given, Kinematic viscosity, = 7.4107 m2/sec
Specific gravity, S = 0.88
Density of fluid, = 0.88 1000 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity, =
= 0.88 103 7.4 107 = 0.6512103 Pa.s
a
m
V = 0.5 m/s
0.5 mm
Now, from Newtons law of viscosity

=
Q.4
.du 0.6512 10 3 0.5
0.6512 N/m2
dy
0.5 10 3
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-11, Equation-1.8.
Ans. (a)
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity () is m2/s whereas CGS unit is cm2/s which is also known as Stoke.
1 m2/s = 104 stoke
du
du
, where
= velocity gradient
dy
dy
76
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
Ans. (c)
Static fluid has normal stress only. Since fluid starts flowing under the action of shear stress irrespective of
its magnitude. In static fluid, there is no flow. Therefore, there is no shear stress.
Ans. (a)
The viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature due to decrease in intermoleculer force of
attraction while the viscosity of gas increases with increase in temperature due to increase in random motion
of the molecules.
Ans. (d)
Surface tension () is defined as force per unit length. It is also equivalent to surface energy per unit surface
area. It is mainly due to force of cohesion.
Q.8
Shear stress,
a
m
fluid
astic
l
p
ham
Bing
fluid
stic
a
l
p
do
fluid
Pseu
nian
o
t
w
Ne
s
l2
a
i
r
te
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
Ideal solid
id
t flu
n
a
at
Dil
m
o
Ideal Fluid
du
dy
Velocity gradient,
MLT 2
= MT2
L
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-14, Equation1.11.
Ans. (a)
A fluid is said to be Newtonian fluid when it obeys the Newtons law of viscosity. For such fluids the viscosity
is independent from the rate of shear strain. For example water, air etc.
The other types of fluid is shown in the following figure:
Dimension of =
77
2
Pressure and its Measurement
m
o
G2
Atmospheric pressure
1.01 bar
1.
A U-tube manometer with a small quantity of

mercury is used to measure the static pressure
difference between two locations A and B in a
conical section through which an incompressible
fluid flows. At a particular flow rate, the mercury
column appears as shown in the figure. The
density of mercury is 13 600 kg/m3 and g = 9.81
m/s2. Which of the following is correct?
at
m
A
e
c
c
u
s
l2
a
i
r
e
c
.
ss
P
G1
(a) 1.01 bar

(c) 5.00 bar
(b) 2.01 bar

(d) 7.01 bar
Year 2000
3.
In figure if the pressure of gas in bulb A is 50 cm

Hg vaccum and patm = 76 cm Hg, the height of
column H is equal to
150 mm
Patm
A
H
Hg
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Flow direction is A to B and pA pB = 20 kPa

Flow direction is B to A and pA pB =1.4 kPa
Flow direction is A to B and pB pA =20 kPa
Flow direction is B to A and pB pA =1.4 kPa
Year 2004
2.
The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed on the

system show pressures of PG1 = 5.00 bar and
PG2 = 1.00 bar. The value of unknown pressure
P is
(a) 26 cm
(c) 76 cm
(b) 50 cm
(d) 126 cm
Year 1999
4.
If p is the gauge pressure within a spherical

droplet, the gauge pressure within a bubble of the
same fluid and of same size will be
(a)
p
4
(c) p
(b)
p
2
(d) 2p
Year 2005
Year 1997
5.
Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas A in

the bulb is
PA
C
10 cm
BA
F
D
5 cm
2 cm
(a) 771.2 mm Hg
(c) 767.35 mm Hg
(b) 752.65 mm Hg
(d) 748.8 mm Hg
Year 1996
6.
A mercury manometer is used to measure the

static pressure at a point in a water pipe as shown
in Fig. The level difference of mercury in the two
limbs is 10 mm. The gauge pressure at the
point A is
Water
a
i
r
te
10 mm
a
m
Hg
(a) 1236 Pa
(c) zero
e
c
uc
c
.
ss
s
l2
H2O
m
o
(b) 1333 Pa
(d) 98 Pa
Year 1994
7.
Net force on a control volume due to uniform

normal pressure alone
(a) depends upon the shape of the control volume
(b) translation and rotation
(c) translation and deformation
(d) deformation only
= 13.6 g/ml
79
Chapter-2
Answers
1. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (b)
2. Ans. (d)
7. Ans. (a)
3. Ans. (b)
4. Ans. (d)
5. Ans. (a)
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
c
.
ss
80
Chapter-2
Q.1
Ans. (a)
B
A
150 mm
150
20.012 kPa
1000
Ans. (d)
pA pB = 136000 9.81
Q.2
Atmospheric pressure
1.01 bar
e
c
uc
G1
s
l2
Absolute pressure at 2
Q.3
Q.4
P abs2 =
=
Absolute pressure at 1 Pabs1 =
=
Ans. (b)
m
o
c
.
ss
G2
PG2 + Patm
1 + 1.01 = 2.01 bar
PG1 + Patm (Atmospheric pressure for G1 becomes 2.01 bar)
5 + 2.01 = 7.01 bar
a
i
r
te
a
m
Patm
A
H
Hg
Applying pressure balancing equation at free surface

PA + PH = P atm
P atm = PA PH
Taking
P atm = 0
Therefore,
P H = 50 cm
Ans. (d)
Pressure inside spherical droplet =
4
d
8
, where is surface tension force and d is diameter..
d
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-15,
Equation-1.11.
Pressure inside soap bubble =
Writing the pressure balance equation,

pA = pB + gh
Q.5
Ans. (a)
PA
C
17 cm
BA
F
datum
D
5 cm
2 cm
= 13.6 g/ml
Gauge pressure at A,
PA + 1gh1 = 2gh2 + 1gh3 (Taking the unknown liquid as water)
2
5
17
1000 9.81
= 13600 9.81
100
100
100
PA = 2668.32 + 490.5 1667.2 = 1491.12 N/m2
P abs = Patm + PA
= 1.013105 + 1491.12 = 102791.12 N/m2
P abs = mghm
m density of mercury
h mercury column height

m
c
.
ss
102791.12
0.77055m = 771 mm
13600 9.81
Ans. (b)
e
c
uc
hm =
Q.6
m
o
Water
a
i
r
te
s
l2
a
m
H2O
10 mm
Hg
Neglecting the depth of water column, gauge pressure is given as

P gua ge = gh = 13600 9.81
Q.7
10
= 1334.16 N/m2
1000
Ans. (a)
Exp.
Force
Area
Net force = PressureArea.
Pressure =
Therefore, area defined by the shape of the control volume.

PA + 1000 9.81
82
3
Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces
1.
A hinged gate of length 5 m, inclined at 30 with

the horizontal and with mass on its left, is shown
in the figure below. Density of water is 1000 kg/
m3. The minimum mass of the gate in kg per unit
width (perpendicular to the plane of paper),
required to keep it closed is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Year 2003
2.
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
(a) 5000
(c) 7546
4.
A 3.6 m square gate provided in an oil tank is

hinged at its top edge (Figure). The tank contains
gasoline (sp. gr. = 0.7) upto a height of 1.8 m
above the top edge of the plate. The space above
the oil is subjected to a negative pressure of 8250
N/m2. Determine the necessary vertical pull to
be applied at the lower edge to open the gate.
(b) 6600
(d) 9623
A water container is kept on a weighing balance.

Water from a tap is falling vertically into the
container with a volume flow rate of Q; the velocity
of the water when it hits the water surface is U.
At a particularly instant of time the total mass of
the container and water is m. The force registered
by the weighing balance at this instant of time is
(a) mg + QU
(b) mg + 2 QU
2
(c) mg + QU /2
(d) QU2 /2
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
Year 1992
5m
m
o
Fx = ghrw and Fy = 0
Fx = 2ghrw and Fy = 0
Fx = 2ghrw and Fy = gwr2/2
Fx = 2ghrw and Fy = gwr2/2
Gasoline surface
Negative pressure (8250 N/m2)
1.8m
Gasoline (S = 0.7)
Hinge
P
Gate
45
Year 2001
3.
The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces Fx

and Fy on the semi-circular gate, having a width
w into the plane of figure, are
Year 2013
83
Chapter-3
Answers
1. Ans. (d)
2. Ans. (a)
3. Ans. (d)
4. Ans. (144.5 kN)
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
84
Chapter-3
Q.1
Ans. (d)
5m
m
2.5
G
1m
b=
30
F
30
mg
Depth of centre of gravity from free surface of water,

x = 2.5 sin 30o = 1.25 m
Hydrostatic force, F = gAx = 1000 9.81 5 1 1.25 = 61312.5 N
Depth of centre of pressure,
h = x
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
IG
sin 2
Ax
m
o
1
1 53
2
12
sin 30o = 1.67 m
= 1.25 +
5 1 1.25
s
l2
a
i
r
te
For gate to be closed, moment of all forces about the hinge point must be zero. Therefore, taking moment of
all forces about hinge point.
a
m
mg cos 30 2.5 = F h /sin 30o
Therefore,
Q.2
Q.3
m =
61312.5 1.67
Fh
=
= 9641 kg
0
9.81 cos300 1.25
g cos30 2.5 sin 30
0
Therefore, the nearest possible value is 9623 kg.

Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-132, Example3.22.
Ans. a)
Mass of water strike = AV = Q
Force on weighing balance due to strike of water = Initial momentum final momentum
= QU Q.0 = QU
Since weight of water and container = mg
Total force on weighing balance = mg + QU
Ans. (d)
Horizontal component of hydrostatic force, Fx = gAx where = density of the liquid, A = surface area, x
= depth of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid
Hence,
Fx = g A x where projected area, A = w 2r
Therefore,
Fx = 2 gwrh Projected area (ABCD),
mg cos 30
r+r
w
A
r
2r
Vertical component of hydrostatic force,

F y = Weight of water supported by the curved surface
F y = g Volume of curved portion
r2
= g r 2 w where,
= Area of semi-circle
2
2
Q.4
Ans. (144.5 kN)
m
o
Gasoline surface
c
.
ss
Negative pressure (8250 N/m2)

1.8m
e
c
c
Gasoline (S = 0.7)
u
s
l2
a
i
r
te
Hinge
Gate
45
p
8250
1.2 m
w 0.7 9810
This negative pressure will reduce the oil head above the top edge of the gate from 1.8 - 1.2 = 0.6 m of oil.
Calculations for the magnitude and location of the pressure force are thus to be made corresponding to 0.6 m
of oil.
Head of oil equivalent to negative pressure 238 N/m2, h =
a
m
Area,
Pressure,
3.6
sin 45 = 1.873 m
2
A = 3.6 3.6 = 12.96 m2
P = wAx = 0.7 9810 12.96 1.873 = 166690 N
Centre of pressure,
h =
Now,
x = 0.6 +
I G sin 2
x
Ax
1
3.6 (3.6)3 (sin 45 ) 2
12
1.873 2.16 m
=
12.96 1.873
Vertical distance of centre of pressure below top edge of the gate = 2.16 0.6 = 1.56 m
Taking moments about the hinge.
F sin 45 3.6 = P
1.56
sin 45
166690 1.56
P 1.56
=
3.6 (sin 45 ) 2 = 144465 N = 144.5 kN
3.6 (sin 45 ) 2
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-101.
Hence, vertical force,
F =
g w r 2
where, w is the width of the gate.
2
86
4
Buoyancy and Flotation
1.
For the stability of a floating body, under the

influence of gravity alone, which of the following
is TRUE?
(a) Metacentre should be below centre of gravity.
(b) Metacentre should be above centre of gravity.
(c) Metacentre and centre of gravity must lie on
the same horizontal line.
(d) Metacentre and centre of gravity must lie on
the same vertical line.
e
c
uc
c
.
ss
s
l2
a
i
r
te
Year 2003
2.
m
o
a
m
A cylindrical body of cross-sectional area A,

height H and density s, is immersed to a depth h
in a liquid of density , and tied to the bottom with
a string. The tension in the string is
(a) ghA
(c) ( s) ghA
(b) (s ) ghA
(d) (h sH) gA
Year 1994
3.
Bodies in flotation to be in stable equilibrium, the

necessary and sufficient condition is that the
centre of gravity is located below the...........
Year 2010
Chapter-4
Q.1
Ans. (b)
Condition of stability in case of Floating bodies is given as:1. For stable equilibrium,
MG > 0
2. For unstable equilibrium, MG < 0
3. For neutral equilibrium, MG = 0
Meta centre
M
Q.2
Centre of
gravity
Centre of
buoyancy
m
o
c
.
ss
Ans. (d)
e
c
uc
h
s
l2
a
i
r
te
Free body diagram of the cylindrical body will be
a
m
Q.3
B W
FB
T
At equilibrium condition
T + weight of body = Buoyancy force
T + Mg = h Ag
T + (s HA)g = h Ag
T = (h sH) gA
Ans. metacentre
For floating body the equlibrium conditionds are as follows:1. For stable equilibrium, metacentre should be above the centre of gravity.
2. For unstable equilibrium, metacentre should be below the centre of gravity.
3. For neutral equilibrium, metacentre should coincide the centre of gravity.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-129, 4.3.
G
B
88
5
Fluid Kinematics
1.
A streamline and an equipotential line in a flow

field
(a) are parallel to each other
(b) are perpendicular to each other
(c) intersect at an acute angle
(d) are identical
2.
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
Year 2009
a
i
r
te
You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows

for their suitability in a given labortory application.
The following three flow choices expressed in
terms of the two dimensional velocity field in the
xy plane are made available
P. u = 2y, v = 3x
Q. u = 3xy, v = 0
R. u = 2x. v = 2y
Which flow (s) should be recommended when
the app lication r equ ir es the flow to be
incompressible and irrotational?
(a) P and R
(b) Q
(c) Q and R
(d) R
a
m
m
o
R
r
Moving
circular plate
h
V
Stationary
surface
4.
The radial velocity vr at any radius r, when the

gap width is h, is
Vr
(a) vr =
2h
2V h
(c) vr =
(b) vr =
(d) vr =
Vr
h
Vh
r
Year 2008
3.

For the continuity equation given by V to be
5.
The radial component of the fluid acceleration at

r = R is
valid, where V is the velocity vector, which one

of the following is a necessary condition?
(a) steady flow
(b) irrotational flow
(c) inviscid flow
(d) incompressible flow
(a)
3V R
4h
(b)
4h
(c)
2h
V R
V R
(d)
V R
4h
Statement for linked answer questions

4 and 5
The gap between a moving circular plate and a
stationary surface is being continously reduced,
as the circular plate comes down at a uniform
speed V towards the stationary bottom surface,
as shown in the figure. In the process, the fluid
contained between the two plate flows out
radially. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible
and inviscid.
Year 2011
89
Year 2006
6.
Year 2003
In a two-dimensional velocity field with velocities

u and v along the x and y directions respectively,
the convective acceleration along the x-direction
is given by
(a) u
u
u
v
x
y
7.
u
v
v
x
y
8.
11.
A two-dimensional flow field has velocities along

the x and y directions given by u = x2t and v =
2xyt respectively, where t is time. The equation
of streamlines is
(a) x2y = constant
(b) x y2 = constant
(c) x y = constant
(d) not possible to determine
a
i
r
te
(a)
v
x
a
m
(c)
v
y
u
is equal to
x
(b)
v
x
(d)
v
y
Year 2004
A fluid flow is represented by the velocity field
V ax i ay j , where a is a constant. The

equation of stream line passing through a point
(1, 2) is:
(a) x - 2y = 0
(b) 2x + y = 0
(c) 2x - y = 0
(d) x + 2y = 0
The 2-D flow with velocity
V x 2y 2 i 4 y j , is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
compressible and irrotational

compressible and not irrotational
incompressible and irrotational
incompressible and not irrotational
m
o
c
.
ss
Year 1999
e
c
uc
s
l2
The velocity components in the x and and y

directions of a two dimensional potential flow are
u and v, respectively. Then
9.
Year 2001
u
u
u
(d) v
x
y
Year 2005
The vector field F xi yj (where i and j are

unit vectors), is:
(a) divergence free, but not irrotational
(b) irrotational, but not divergence free
(c) divergence free and irrotational
(d) neither divergence free nor irrotational
12.
For the function f = ax2 y y3 to represent the

velocity potential of an ideal fluid. D2 f should be
equal to zero. In that case, the value of a has to
be:
(a) 1
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 3
13.
If the velocity vector in 2-D flow field is given by
V = 2xyi + (2y 2 - x 2 )j , the vorticity vector, curl
V will be
(a) 2y 2 j
(b) 6yk
(c) zero
(d) -4xk
Year 1995
14.
The velocity components in the x and y directions

are given by
u xy 3 x 2 y, v xy 2
3 4
y
4
The value of for a possible flow field involving

an incompressible fluid is
(a)
(c)
4
3
3
4
(b)
4
3
(d) 3
v
u
v
(c) u
x
y
(b) u
10.
90
15.
The force F needed to support the liquid of density

d and the vessel on top (Fig) is
Year 1994
16.
Stream lines, path lines and streak lines are virtually

identical for
(a) Uniform flow
(b) Flow of ideal fluids
(c) Steady flow
(d) Non uniform flow
17.
In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential

lines
(a) are parallel
(b) are orthogonal everywhere in the flow field
(b) cut at any angle
(d) cut orthogonally except at the stagnation points
18.
m
o
e
c
uc
c
.
ss
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
For a fluid element in a two dimensional flow field

(x-y plane), if it will undergo
(a) translation only
(b) translation and rotation
(c) translation and deformation
(d) deformation only
Year 1992
19.
Existence of velocity potential implies that

(a) Fluid is in continuum
(b) Fluid is irrotational
(c) Fluid is ideal
(d) Fluid is compressible
20.
Circulation is defined as line integral of tangential

component of velocity about a..........
(a) gd[ha (h H) A] (b) gdHA

(c) gdHa
(d) gd (H h) A
91
Chapter-5
Answers
1.
6.
11.
16.
Ans. (b)
Ans. (a)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (c)
2.
7.
12.
17.
Ans. (d)
Ans. (a)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (b)
3.
8.
13.
18.
Ans. (d)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (c)
4.
9.
14.
19.
Ans. (a)
Ans. (c)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (b)
5.
10.
15.
20.
Ans. (c)
Ans. (c)
Ans. (a)
Ans.(closed
contour in a
fluid flow)
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
c
.
ss
92
Chapter-5
Q.1
Ans. (b)
If and are the stream function and potential function respectively representing the possible flow field.
Slope of stream line represented by is given by
d
dx
dy
v
slope (m1) =
= d =
dx
-u
dy
......(i)
d

dx
dy
slope (m2) =
= d
dy
dx

-u u
=
-v v
Now, product of the slopes,
......(ii)
s
s
e
e
c
c
cc
v u
= 1
u v
Since the product of the slope of these two lines at the point of intersection is 1, which indicates that these
two lines are prependicular to each other.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-244, Sec. 6.12.
Ans. (d)
For steady, incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v
......(i)
x y = 0
m1 m2 =
Q.2
m
m
o
o
c
c
ss..
a
m
m
z =
For P,
u
s
2
l
a
i
i
r
r
e
e
t
at
1 v u

2 x y
= 0
......(ii)
Given u = 2y and v = 3x
(2y) = 0
=
x
x
v
=
3x 3
x
x
From equation (i)
and
and
(2y) = 2
=
y
y
v
3x 0
=
y
y
u v
x y = 0 + 0 = 0
1 v u
1
- = 3 - 2 0
2 x y
2
Since the given velocity field is satifying the equation (i) only, therefore it is a possible case of steady,
incompressible and rotational flow.
From equation (ii)
z =
Slope of potential line represented by is given by
93
For Q, Given
u = 3xy and v = 0
(3xy) = 3x
(3xy) = 3y and
=
=
y
y
x
x
v
=
0 0 and y = y 0 0
x
x
From equation (i)
u v
x y = 3y 0
1 v u
-3x
- =
0
2 x y
2
Given velocity field is neither satisfying the equation (i) nor (ii), therefore the flow is neither steady nor
irrotational.
For R,
Given u = 2x and v = 2y
z =
From equation (ii)
v
=
2y 0 and y = y 2y 2
x
x
From equation (i)
e
c
uc
1 v u
=0
2 x y
Given velocity field is satisfying the equation (i) and (ii), therefore, the flow is a possible case of steady,
incompressible and irrotational flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn-6.33 a.
Ans. (d)

Given that
V = 0
z =
From equation (ii)
Q.3
m
o
c
.
ss
u v
x y = 0
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m

j k ui vj wk 0
i.e. i
Q.4
u v w
i.e.
x y z = 0
which represents the three dimensional continuity equation of steady, and incompressible flow.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page -146, Eqn. 5.4.
Ans. (a)
At radius r, volume of fluid moving out radially is equal to the volume of fluid displaced by moving plate within
radius r.
Given that
V = downward velocity of circular plate in m/s
vr = radial velocity at radius r
R
V
h
Vr
So volume displaced by moving plate

= Velocity Area
= V r2
Now, volume flow out at radius,
(2x) = 0
( 2x) = -2 and
=
=
y
y
x
x
94
r = vr 2rh
From above stated condition
vr 2rh = r2 V
Therefore,
Q.5
vr =
V r
2h
Ans. (c)
Radial component of the fluid acceleration at r = R
aR
d VR
=
=
dt
VR
d
2h
dt
VR 1
dh
V
2 ( V) as
2 h
dt
V2R
Therefore, aR =
2h 2
Q.6
ax = u
u
= 0
z
For 2-D flow
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
e
t
a
m
......(i)
u
u u
+v
+
ax = u
x
y t

Temporal or local
Thus, from equation (i),
Q.7
u
u
u u
+v
+w
+
x
y
z t
m
o
c
.
ss
Ans. (a)
Acceleration of fluid particle along x-axis is given by
Convective
acceleration
acceleration
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-232, Equation
6.27.
Ans. (a)
Given:
u = x2t and v = 2xyt
Stream line equation is given as
dx
dy
=
u
v
dy
dx
=
2
-2xyt
x t
1 dy
dx
= 2 y
x
Integrating both side
dx
1
=
x
2
dy
y
1
ln x = ln y c
2
ln x2 + ln y = c
x2y = Constant
Equation 6.2.
VR
d
2h dh
=
(ve as h is reducing with time)

dh
dt
95
Q.8
Ans. (d)
Exp. For two dimensional potential flow, the continuity equation is given as
u v
x y = 0
u
v
=
x
y
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-223, Eqn. 6.5.
Ans. (c)
The velocity field is given as,

ui
vj
=
=
ax
i
ay
j
V
Therefore,
Q.9
Integrating both side,
Q.10
......(i)
dx
dy
=
x
y
ln x = ln y + c
x
n
y = ln c
m
o
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
x
......(ii)
y = c
Since this stream line passes through point (1, 2) hence c = 1/2
Therefore, equation of stream line is (from equation (ii))
2x y = 0
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-219, Eqn. 6.2.
Ans. (c)

Given vector filed

F = x i yj
The divergence of V is defined as V
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
x
i
yj zk
It can also be written as
y
z
x
u v w x y 0

= 1-1 = 0
=
=
x y z
x y z
1 v u
=0
2 x y
Hence, the vector field is divergence free and irrotational.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page-156, Sec. 5.8.
Ans. (d)
The 2-D flow with velocity, V = x 2y 2 i 4 y j = ui vj

For incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v
......(i)
x y = 0
Rotational component,
Q.11
z =
z =
1 v u
= 0
2 x y
......(ii)
The equation of stream line

dx
dy
=
u
v
dx
dy
from equation (i),
=
ax
ay
96
Here,
(x 2y 2) = 2
(x 2y 2) = 1 and
=
=
y y
x
x
v
=
4 y = 0 and y = y 4 y 1
x
x
u v
= 11=0
x y
For irrotational flow from equation (ii),
From equation (i),
1
1 v u
= 0 2 0
2 x y
2
Hence, this flow is steady, incompressible and rotational.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-219, Eqn 6.2.
Ans. (d)
Velocity Potential,
f = ax2y y3
z =
Now
f
2f
2ay
= 2axy &
x
x 2
and
f
2f
6y
ax 2 3y 2 &
=
y
y 2
As D2f should equal to 0

or
D2 (f) = 2 (f ) 0
Q.13
2 f 2f
= 0
x 2 y 2
From euation (i) and (ii),
2ay 6y = 0
2y (a 3) = 0
Therefore,
a = 3
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid
Ans. (d)
The curl of V is defined as V .
curl of V =
x
Flow field,
c
.
ss
m
o
e
c
uc
......(ii)
s
l2
a
i
r
e
t
a
m
......(i)
Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-243, Eqn. 6.45.
v w
2
2
V = 2xyi + (2y -x )j + 0k
w v u w v u
i
It can also be written as
j k
y z z x
x y
v u
= 0 0 i 0 0 j
k
x y
= -2x - 2x k = - 4xk
Q.14
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-172, Equation 5.32.

Ans. (d)
The velocity components in the x and y directions are given by
Q.12
97
u xy 3 x 2 y, v xy 2
3 4
y
4
Continuity equation for steady, incompressible and irrotataional flow is

u v
= 0
x y
v
u
= y3 2xy & y = 2xy 3y3
x
Put these value in equation (i),
y3 2xy 2xy 3y3 = 0
y3 3y3 = 0
y3 ( 3) = 0
3 = 0
= 3
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, S.K. Aggarwal, Page No. 104.
Ans. (a)
Let Free body diagram of liquid columns due to symmetry
Aa
A 1 = a and A2 = A3 =
Here
Aa
2
e
c
uc
A1
A2
(Aa)
2
A2
H-h
m
o
c
.
ss
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
A
Now F is equal to the weight of water supported by the piston.

W = Mg
or M.g = d.g.V where d is the density of the liquid
F = d.g.V
Now
V = A1H + 2 (A1 (Hh))
a
m
Q.16
Q.17
......(i)
Aa
= aH + 2
(H h)
2
= aH + A (Hh) aH + ah
V = ah + A(H h)
= ah A (h H)
......(ii)
Put Value of V in equation (i)
F = dg [ah A(hH)]
Ans. (c)
In steady and uniform flow stream line, path line and streak line are same.
In the given problem steady flow and uniform flow are separate option. Hence option (a) & (c) both are
correct but most appropriate single answer is (c).
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page No. 160, 5.4.4.
Ans. (b)
In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential lines are always orthogonal to each other.
= equipotential lines
= stream lines
Q.15
......(i)
98
Q.18
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-245, Fig. 6.18.
Ans. (c)
For 2-D flow, irrotational component,
1 v u
=0
2 x y
Therefore, there is no variation in velocity in z-direction.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn 6.34c.
Ans. (b)
For steady, incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
z =
Q.19
u v
x y = 0
......(i)
u = From equation (i),
Q.20
and v = y
x
m
o
c
.
ss
u v
2 2
=
which is known as Laplace equation.
x y
x 2 y 2
e
c
uc
2
2
1 v u
=0
From equation (ii),
=
2 x y xy yx
The velocity potential of the flow denoted by if satisfies the continuity/Laplace equation, then it will be a
possible case of irrotational flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn 6.34c.
Ans. (closed contour in a fluid flow)
Circulation is defined as the line integral of the tangential component of the velocity taken around a closed
contour. Mathematically, the circulation is obtained if the product of the velocity component along the curve
at any point and the length of the small element containing that point is integrated around the curve.
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
C
ds
V
X
Mathematically, circulation = V cos .ds =
(udx vdy)
Area of closed curve = Vorcitity along the axis perpendicular to the plane containing the closed
curve.
= Vorticity area = 2 z area
1 v u
= 2 x y
2 x y
For irrotational flow in xy plane,
z = 0 hence vorticity which leads to circulation also equal to zero.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, K. Subramanya, Edition 2012, 108,3.5.1.
1 v u
......(ii)
= 0
2 x y
If is the potential function representing the possible flow field. Then from definition of potential function
z =
99
6
Fluid Dynamics
1.
Water is coming out from a tap and falls vertically

downwards. At the tap opening, the stream
diameter is 20 mm with uniform velocity of 2 m/s.
Acceralation due to gravity is 9.81 m/s 2 .
Assuming steady, inviscid flow, constant atmo
spheric pressure everywhere and neglecting
curvature and surface tension effects, the
diameter in mm of the stream 0.5 m below the
tap is approximately
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) 25
Year 2012
2.
a
m
A large tank with a nozzle attached contains three

immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown. Assuming
that the changes in h1, h2 and h3 are negligible,
the instantaneous discharge velocity is
h1
h h
2 gh3 1 1 1 2 2
3 h3 3 h3
(b)
2 g ( h1 h2 h3 )
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
m
o
(a)
(c)
h 2 h2 3 h3
2g 1 1
1 2 3
(d)
h h 2 h3 h1 3 h1h2
2g 1 2 3
1h1 2 h2 3 h3
Year 2011
3.
Figure shows the schematic for the measurement

of velocity of air (density = 1.2 kg/m3) through a
constant-area duct using a pitot tube and a watertube manometer. The differential head of water
(density = 1000 kg/m3) in the two columns of the
manometer is 10 mm. Take acceleration due to
gravity as 9.8 m/s2. The velocity of air in m/s is
1
Flow
h2
h3
10 mm
(a) 6.4
(c) 12.8
(b) 9.0
(d) 25.6
Year 2013
Year 2010
4.
Year 2006
A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mm carries water.

The pressure in the pipe at section S1 (elevation
: 10 m) is 50 kPa. At section S2 (elevation : 12 m)
the pressure is 20 kPa and velocity is 2 ms1.
Density of water is 1000 kgm3 and acceleration
due to gravity is 9.8 ms2. Which of the following
is TRUE
(a) flow is from S 1 to S 2 and head loss is
0.53 m
(b) flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 0.53 m
(c) flow is from S 1 to S 2 and head loss is
1.06 m
(d) flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 1.06 m
7.
h1
Consider steady, incompressible and irrotational

flow through a reducer in a horizontal pipe where
the diameter is reduced from 20 cm to 10 cm.
The pressure in the 20 cm pipe just upstream of
the reducer is 150 kPa. The fluid has a vapour
pressure of 50 kPa and a specific weight of 5
kN/m3. Neglecting frictional effects, the maximum discharge (in m3/s) that can pass through
the reducer without causing cavitation is
(a) 0.05
(b) 0.16
(c) 0.27
(d) 0.38
Year 2007
6.
a
m
Which combination of the following statements

about steady incompressible forced vortex flow is
correct ?
P : Shear stress is zero at all points in the flow.
Q : Vorticity is zero at all points in the flow.
R : Velocity is directly proportional to the radius
from the centre of the vortex.
S : Total mechanical energy per unit mass is constant in the entire flow field.
Select the correct answer using the codes given
bewlow:
(a) P and Q
(b) R and S
(c) P and R
(d) P and S
(c)
2 g (h2 h1 )
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
2gh1
Year 2005
m
o
c
.
ss
(a)
(b)
2gh2
(d)
2 g (h2 h1 )
8.
A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is used

to measure the velocity of water in a horizontal
pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the pressure difference between the pipe and throat sections is found
to be 30 kPa then, neglecting frictional losses, the
flow velocity is
(a) 0. 2 m/s
(b) 1. 0 m/s
(c) 1. 4 m/s
(d) 2. 0 m/s
9.
A leaf caught in a whirlpool. At a given instant

the leaf is at a distance of 120 m from the centre
of the whirlpool. The whirlpool can be described
by the following velocity distribution;
60 103
Vr =
m / s & V =
2 r
300 103
m / s,
2 r
angular Velocity V where r (in metres) is the

distance from the centre of the whirlpool. What
will be the distance of the leaf from the centre
when it has moved through half a revolution
(a) 48 m
(b) 64 m
(c) 120 m
(d) 142 m
h2
Year 2009
5.
A siphon draws water from a reservoir and

discharges it out at atmospheric pressure.
Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is large,
the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is
101
Year 2004
10.
A closed cylinder having a radius R and height H

is filled with oil of density . If the cylinder is
rotated about its axis at an angular velocity of ,
the thrust at the bottom of the cylinder is:
(d)
2 R 2
4
(b) R 2
13.
2
2 2
(c) R R gH
gH
I
JK
A centrifugal pump is required to pump water to

an open water tank situated 4 km away from the
location of the pump through a pipe of diameter
0.2 m having Darcys friction factor of 0.01. The
average speed of water in the pipe is 2 m/s. If it
is to maintain a constant head of 5 m in the tank,
neglecting other minor losses, then absolute
discharge pressure at the pump exit is
(a) 0.449 bar
(b) 5.503 bar
(c) 44.911 bar
(d) 55.203 bar
2
s
2
s
4
t
a
i
r
te
Air flows through a venturi and into atmosphere.

Air density is ; atmospheric pressure is Pa; throat
diameter is Dt; exit diameter is D and exit velocity
is U. The throat is connected to a cylinder
containing a frictionless piston attached to a
spring. The spring constant is k. The bottom
surface of the piston is exposed to atmosphere.
Due to the flow, the piston moves by distance x.
Assuming incompressible frictionless flow,
x is
a
m
Water flows through a vertical contraction from

a pipe of diameter d to another of diameter d/2
(see Fig.). The flow velocity at the inlet to the
contraction is 2 m/s and pressure 200 kN/m2. If
the height of the contraction measures 2 m, the
pressure at the exit of the contraction will be
very nearly
d/2
m
o
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
Year 2003
12.
2
t
2m
(a) 168 kN/m2

(c) 150 kN/m2
(b) 192 kN/m2

(d) 174 kN/m2
Year 1996
14.
A venturimeter (throat diameter = 10.5 cm) is

fitted to a water pipe line (internal diameter
= 21.0 cm) in order to monitor flow rate. To
improve accuracy of measurement, pressure
difference across the venturimeter is measured
with the help of an inclined tube manometer, the
angle of inclination being 30 (Figure). For a
manometer reading of 9.5 cm of mercury, find
the flow rate. Discharge coefficient of venturi is
0.984.
Dt
From
venturi
Ds
Pa
(a) U / 2 k
(b)
U 2 / 8k
D 2s
j FGH DD 1IJK D
2
2
t
9.5
cm
Water
Hg
30
2
s
F R
GH 4
2
11.
Year 1999
(a) R 2 gH
(d) R
j FGH DD 1IJK D
eU / 8kj FGH DD 1IJK D
e
2
(c) U / 2 k
102
Chapter-6
Answers
1. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (c)
11. Ans. (b)
2. Ans. (a)
7. Ans. (c)
12. Ans. (d)
3. Ans. (c)
8. Ans. (d)
13. Ans. (c)
4. Ans. (c)
9. Ans. (b)
14. Ans.
(0.0302
m3 /s)
5. Ans. (b)
10. Ans. (d)
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
103
Chapter-6
Q.1
Ans (b)
1
0.5m
m
o
c
.
ss
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1-1) & (2-2)
e
c
uc
P1 V12
P V2
Z1 = 2 2 Z2
g 2g
g 2g
......(i)
s
l2
P 1 = P2 = Patm. (taking section 2-2 as datum)

From equation (i)
22
V2
0.5 = 2
2 9.81
2g
a
i
r
te
V 2 = 3.716 m/sec.
From Continuity equation, 1A1V1 = 2A1V2 (since flow is incompressible, i.e. 1 = 2)
A1V 1 = A2V 2
a
m
A2 =
A1V1
V2
d12 V1
2
d2 =
4 V2
4
Therefore, d2 =
V
d12 V1
d1 1
=
V2
V2
= 0.02
Q.2
2
= 0.01467 m 15 mm
3.716
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-306, Ex.7.3.
Ans (a)
Applying Bernoullis equation, just before the exit from the tank and just after entry in the atmosphere
P1 V12
P
V2
Z1 = 2 2 Z2
3 g 2g
3g 2g
......(i)
104
h1
h2
h3
P1
V2
= 2
3
2
V2 =
2P1
3
c
.
ss
From given figure we can find pressure P1

P 1 = 1 gh1 + 2 gh2 + 3 gh3
Substitute this value of P1 in eqution (ii), we get
V2 =
Q.3
m
o
e
c
uc
2g
1h1 2 h 2 3h 3
3
......(ii)
s
l2
a
i
r
te
1h1 2 h 2
= 2gh 3 1
3 h 3 3 h 3
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-277, Eqn 7.24.
Ans. (c)
a
m
Flow
10 mm
w
Given that
Density of air,
Density of water,
a = 1.2 kg/m3,
w = 1000 kg/m3
x = 10 mm, g = 9.8 m/s2
Now
v2
h =
2g
v =
2gh
From the above figure, it is clear that

Z 1 = Z2, V1 = 0 and P2 = Atmospheric pressure = 0;
Then the Bernoullis equation reduces to :
105
1
h = x
a
where,
3 1000
1 8.32 m
= 10 10
1.2
Velocity of air, v =
Q.4
2 9.81 8.32 = 12.8 m/s
S2
S1
m
o
P2 = 20 KPa
P1 = 50 KPa
c
.
ss
12 m
10 m
e
c
uc
Datum line
s
l2
Since diameter of the pipe is constant hence velocity of the flow will be same through out the length of
the pipe. Therefore V1 = V2 = 2 m/s. Since velocity of flow is constant throughout the pipe, hence direction
of flow is decided by the piezometric head only.
a
i
r
te
P1
Total piezometric head at S1,H1 = g Z1
a
m
50 103
10 = 15.096 m
=
1000 9.81
P2
Total piezometric head at S2 , H2 = g Z2
=
Q.5
20 103
12 = 14.038 m
1000 9.81
Since H1 > H2 therefore flow direction is from S1 to S2.

Therefore, head loss = H1 H2
= 15.096 14.038 = 1.06 m
Ans. (b) Given,
Inlet diameter, d1 = 0.2 m
Inlet pressure, P1 = 150 kPa
Exit diameter, d2 = 0.1 m
Specific weight, w (g) = 5 kN/m3
Vapour pressure, P2 = Pv = 50 kPa
(To avoid cavitation, pressure at exit should not be allowed to fall below the vapour pressure of the liquid)
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-294, 295.
Ans. (c)
Given:
At section S1 :
P 1 = 50 kPa At section S2: P2 = 20 kPa
Z1 = 10 m
Z2 = 12 m
V1 = 2 m/s
V2 = 2 m/s
106
1
2
2
1
From continuity equation

a1 V1 = a2 V2
2
d1 V1 = d 2 2 V2
4
4
P1
V2
P
V2
1 Z1 = 2 2 Z2
g
2g
g 2 g
e
c
uc
2
1
16 V
2g
Therefore,
V1 = 5.114 m/s
Therefore, maximum discharge, Q = r12 V1
= 0.12 5.114 = 0.161 m3/s
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-347, Ex. 8.7.
Ans. (c)
In forced vortex flow when steady state is reached the liquid attains equilibrium condition in this position and
it rotates as a solid mass with the container at the same angular velocity. The liquid is then at rest with respect
to its container and therefore no shear stress will exist in the liquid mass.
In the forced vortex flow the stream lines are concentric circles and the velocity v of any liquid particle at
a distance r from the axis of rotation may be expressed as v = r.
Therefore, v r. In forced votex flow, velocity is directly propotional to distance from the axis of rotation.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, Page-185, 5.5 (a), Page-301, 7.62.
Ans. (c)
P vP
= 10
Q.6
m
o
c
.
ss
50 V22
150 V1
=
5 2g
5
2g
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
Q.7
h1
1
h2
z1
2
Applying Bernoullis equation between section (1) and (2)
Now
P1
V2
P
V2
1 Z1 = 2 2 Z2
g
2g
g 2 g
P 1 = P2 = Patm and Z2 = 0, (taking point 2 as datum)
Z1 = (h2 h1), V1 = 0
2
d12
V1 = 0.2 V1 = 4V
V2 =
2
1
d2
0.12
Applying Bernoullis equation between at section (1-1) and (2-2)
107
Thus from Bernoullis equation
Patm
P
V2
0 (h2 h1 ) = atm 2 0
g
g 2 g
h2 h1 =
V22
2g
V2 = 2 g (h2 h1 )
As area of siphon is constant, therefore velocity of flow is same
= V2 = 2 g (h2 h1 )
Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-274, 7.17.
= 40 mm
= 20 mm
1
m
o
2
40 mm
D2
D1
e
c
uc
From continuity equation,
A1 V1 = A2 V2
V2 =
A1
V1
A2
c
.
ss
20 mm
s
l2
a
i
r
te
2
D1
40
=
V1 = V1 = 4V1
D2
20
Now applying Bernoullis equation in between the sections 1-1 and 2-2
a
m
P1 V12
P
V2
z1 = 2 2 z 2 ( Since pipe is horizontal, hence Z = Z

2
1)
g 2g
g 2g
P1 P2
g
V22 V12
2g
(4V1 ) 2 V12 15V12
2
2
Since, P1 P2 = 30 kPa
15V12
30 103
=
1000
2
60 103
4
1000 15
Therefore, flow velocity V1 = 2 m/sec
Or
Theoretical discharge (Qth) through a venturimeter is given by
V1 2 =
Q th =
A1A 2
A12 A 22
2gh
Q.8
Hence,
VP
Reference: Hydraulics and
Ans. (d)
Given that
D1
D2
108
A1 V1 =
A1A 2 2gh
A12 A 2 2
2gh
V1 =
2gh
A1
1
A2
d1
1
d2
2 9.81 (30 / 9.81)
= 2 m/sec.
Q.9
Ans. (b)
Given,
Vr =
60 103
300 103
m / sec and V =
m / sec
2 r
2 r
Vr
1
60
V = 300
5
Now
vr
at
Therefore,
Also
s
l2
a
i
r
e
Vr =
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
D
m
o
V
5
V = r. = r.
dr
r.d
=
dt
5dt
d
dr
=
5
120 r
0
d
dr
and Vr =
dt
dt
r
=
[ln r] 120
1
( 0)
5
ln
=
120
5
r
= 0.5336
120
Therefore,
r = 120 0.5336 = 64.03 m
0.04
1
0.01
109
Q.10
Ans. (d)
Given :
Radius of cylinder = R
Height of cylinder = H
Angular speed =
Density of oil =
As the cylinder is closed and completely filled with oil, the rise of oil level at the ends and depression of oil at
the centre due to rotation of the vessel, will be prevented. Thus the oil will exert force on the complete top of
the vessel. Also the pressure will be exerted at the bottom of the cylinder.
Thrust at the bottom of cylinder = Weight of oil in cylinder + total force on the top of the cylinder
Now Weight of water = V.g
= R2 H g = gR2 H
......(i)
m
o
e
c
uc
c
.
ss
dr
s
l2
a
i
r
te
Now lets consider an elementary ring of radius r and thickness dr. Then pressure gradient in the elementary
ring in free as well as in forced vortex flow is given as
a
m
p
V 2
(r)2
r2
=
=
r
r
r
Integrating the above equation,
2
p = r r
w 2 r 2
2
Now Force on elementary ring is = pressure intensity area of elementary circular ring
dF = p 2rdr
p =
Total force on the top of the cylinder, FT = dF

0
......(ii)
w 2r2
.2rdr . (p from equation (ii)
2
r4
2
4
2
F T = w = R
4
4
0
Now, total thrust at bottom of cylinder is given by adding the equation (iii) and (i)
2
= w
......(iii)
R 4
g R2H
4
110
Q.11
2 2
2 w R
R
g H
=
4
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 180, 5.30.
Ans. (b)
Pump
1 0.2 m
1
5m
2
2
4 km
P1 V12
P
V2
Z1 = 2 2 Z2 h f
g 2g
g 2g
Since pipe is horizontal, therefore Z1 = Z2
From question, V2 = 0, V1 = 2 m/s
......(i)
m
o
f LV 2
Head loss due to friction in the pipe is given as hf =
2g d
where, f, V, L are the friction factor, mean velocity and length of the pipe respectively.
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
0.01 4000 22
=
= 40.774 m
2 9.81 0.2
from equation (i),
P1
P2
V12
f
g = g
2g
s
l2
a
i
r
te
22
= 45.57 m
2 9.81
Therefore,
P 1 = 45.57 1000 9.81 N/m2 = 447.04 kPa
Therefore, absolute discharge pressure at the pump exit = P1 + Patm.
= 447.04 + 101.325 = 548.365 kPa = 5.5 bar
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 420, Eqn. 11.1.
Ans. (d)
= 5 + 40.774
Q.12
a
m
Dt
Ds
Pa
From continuity equation at the throat and at the exit of the venturimeter
A1 V1 = A2 V2
D2
A1V1
.V1
V2 =
A 2 = D 2t
Now applying Bernoulliss equation at the throat and at the exit of the venturimeter
......(i)
P1 V12
P
V2
Z1 = 2 2 Z2
g 2g
g 2g
Since venturi is horizontal, therefore Z1 = Z2
Applying Bernoulliss equation at the section (1-1) and section (2-2)
111
P1 P2
g
V22 V12
=
2g
2
V12
V
1
2
P1 P2 =
2
2
V2
2 D4
P1 Patm. = U 1 4
2
Dt
At throat velocity is greater than U, hance pressure will be less than atmospheric
P1 =
2 D4
U 4 1
2
Dt
Now spring is elongated due to lower pressure at throat.

Therefore, in equilibrium,
Spring force = Pressure Force
Hence,
kx =
e
c
uc
Ds2 U 2 D 4
4 1
=
4
2
Dt
Q.13
m
o
c
.
ss
2
Ds (P1)
4
s
l2
U 2 D 4
2
4 1 Ds
Hence,
x =
8k D t
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 242, 6.6.
Ans. (c)
a
i
r
te
a
m
d/2
2m
1
d
From continuity equation, A1 V1 = A2 V2

2
d
2
d .2 = .V2
42
4
2d 2
4 8 m / sec
d2
Now Applying Bernoullis theorem at section (1-1) & (2-2)
V2 =
P1 V12
P
V2
z1 = 2 2 z 2
g 2g
g 2g
......(i)
2 D4
U 1 4
2
Dt
112
From question,
P 1 = 200 kN/m2 = 200103 N/m2
Taking section (1-1) as datum surface
V1 = 200 m/sec, z1 = 0, V2 = 8 m/sec, z2 = 2 m
Putting all the above values in equation (i), we get
2
P2
88
2 0 =
200 103
1000 9.81 2 9.81

1000 9.81 2 9.8
P2
3.26 2
9810
P 2 = 9810 (20.594 5.26) = 150426.5 N/m2
Therefore, pressure at the exit of the contraction,
P 2 = 150.4 kN/m2
Ans. (0.0302 m3/s)
Internal diameter,
D1 = 21.0 cm = 0.2 m;
20.39 + 0.204 =
Area of inlet,
A1 =
D 22
4
(0.21) 2 0.0346 m 2
4
= 10.5 cm = 0.105 m
Throat diameter,
D2
m
o
c
.
ss
D1 2 =
e
c
uc
D 22 = (0.105)2 = 0.0087 m2
4
4
Coefficient of discharge of venturi,
Cd = 0.984
Area at throat,
A2 =
s
l2
a
i
r
te
Pressure head,
SHg
1
h = y
Swater
13.6
1 = 59.85 cm = 0.5985 m
= (9.5 sin 30)
1
Discharge (Q) through a venturimeter is given by:
a
m
Q = Cd
A1A 2
A12 A 22
= 0.984
2gh
0.0346 0.0087
(0.0346)2 (0.0087)2
2 9.81 0.5985
= 0.984 0.008945 3.427 = 0.0302 m3/s

Reference: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, B. R. Munson, Edition 2010, Page-441, 8.37.
Q.14
113
7
Dimensional and Model Analysis
Year 2002
1.
A phenomenon is modeled using n dimensional

variables with k primary dimensions. The number
of non-dimensional variables is
(a) k
(b) n
(c) n k
(d) n + k
4.
2.
Match the following

U : Re ynolds number
V : Nusselt number
W : Weber number
S : Pipeflow
T : Heat convection
X : Froude number
Y : Mach number
Z : Skin friction coefficient
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
a
i
r
te
a
m
P-U; Q-X; R-V; S-Z; T-W

P-W; Q-X; R-Z; S-U; T-V
P-Y; Q-W; R-Z; S-U; T-X
P-Y; Q-W; R-Z; S-U; T-V
Year 1997
5.
3.
The Reynolds number for flow of a certain fluid

in a circular tube is specified as 2500. What will
be the Reynolds number when the tube diameter
is increased by 20% and the fluid velocity is
decreased by 40% keeping fluid the same?
(a) 1200
(b) 1800
(c) 3600
(d) 200
Year 1994
6.
Year 2007
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
P : Compressibleflow
Q : Freesurfaceflow
R : Boundary layer flow
m
o
If there are m physical quantities and n

fundamental dimensions in a particular process,
the number of non-dimensional parameters is
(a) m + n
(b) m n
(c) m n
(d) m/n
The ratio of inertia forces to gravity forces may

be expressed as square of non-dimensional group
known as.........
Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-symmetric developed viscous flow through a straight
circular pipe of constant cross-sectional area at
a Reynolds number of 5. The ratio of inertia force
to viscous force on a fluid particle is
1
5
(a) 5
(b)
(c) 0
(d)
Year 2010
Chapter-7
Answers
1. Ans. (c)
2. Ans. (d)
Ans. (Froude Number)
3. Ans. (a)
5. Ans. (b)
m
m
o
o
c
c
ss..
s
s
e
e
c
c
cc
u
s
2
l
a
i
i
r
r
e
e
t
at
a
m
m
4. Ans. (c)
115
Chapter-7
Q.1
Q.2
Re =
Q.4
Q.5
m
o
c
.
ss
Inertia force
5
Viscous force
e
c
uc
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-767, 17.11 (b).
Ans. (c)
Buckinghams -theorem states that if there are n total dimensional variables involved in a phenomenon
which can be completely described by m fundamental dimensions (such as mass, length, time etc.), and are
related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then the relationship among the n quantities can be expressed
in terms of exactly (n m) dimensionless and independent terms.
Ans. (b)
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
Exp. Reynolds number, Re =
vd
vd
when new diameter = 1.2 d then new velocity = 0.6v
2500 =
......(i)
1.2d 0.6v
= 0.72 Re
= 0.72 2500 = 1800
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-325, Equation 7.15.
Ans. (Froude Number)
Reynolds number, Renew =
Q.6
Reynolds number, Re =
Froude number, Fr =
VL
Vd
Inertia force
=
or
Viscous force
Inertia force
=
Gravity force
V
Lg
Q.3
Ans. (c)
Buckinghams -theorem states that if there are n total dimensional variables (dependent as well as independent
variables) involved in a phenomenon which can be completely described by m fundamental dimensions (such
as mass, length, time etc.), and are related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then the relationship
among the n quantities can be expressed in terms of exactly (n m) dimensionless and independent terms.
Ans. (d)
P. Compressible flow
Mach Number
Q. Free surface flow
Weber Number
R. Boundary layer flow
Skin friction coefficient
S. Pipe flow
Reynolds Number
T. Heat convection
Nusselt Number
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, 769 & 455, , 17.11e &
11.2.
Ans. (a)
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force and viscous force.
116
Euler number, Eu =
Weber number, We =
Inertia force
=
Pressure force
V
p/
Inertia force
=
Surface tension force
V
/ L
V
Inertia force
=
K /
Elastic force
Mach number, M =
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
117
8
Boundary Layer Theory
1.
An incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate

with zero pressure gradient. The boundary layer
thickness is 1mm at a location where the Reynolds
number is 1000. If the velocity of the fluid alone
is increased by a factor of 4, then the boundary
layer thickness at the same location, in mm will
be
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.25
a
i
r
te
Year 2007
2.
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
3.
a
m
(c)
(d) F > 1
4.
Linked Answer Questions : Q. 3 - Q. 4

Consider a steady incompressible flow through a
channel as shown below.
y
The ratio
(a)
Consider an incompressible laminar boundary

layer flow over a flat plate of length L, aligned
with the direction of an oncoming uniform free
stream. If F is the ratio of the drag force on the
front half of the plate to the drag force on the
rear half, then
(a) F 1/ 2
(b) F = 1/2
(c) F = 1
1 2
H
1
1
H
1

1
H
(d)
1
H
pressures at section A and B, respectively, and

is the density of the fluid) is
(a)
Vm
(b) 1
1 2
u 0
2
(c)
uo
Vm
is
u0
The ratio p A p B (where pA and pB are the
u0
m
o
Vm ,
0 y
u
Vm , y H
Hy
Vm
, H yH
1
2
1 H

(b)
1

1 H

(d)
1
H
The velocity profile is uniform with a value of u0

at the inlet section A. The velocity profile at
section B downstream is
Year 2012
Year 2002
Year 2006
Linked Questions 5 and 6
A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is
placed along a gas stream flowing at U = 10 m/s.
The thickness of the boundarylayer at section
r-s is 10 mm, the breadth of the plate is 1 m (into
the paper) and the density of the gas = 1.0
kg/m3. Assume that the boundary layer is thin,
two-dimensional, and follows a linear velocity
If x is the distance measured from the leading

edge of a flat plate, the laminar boundary layer
thickness varies as
(a) 1/x
(b) x4/5
2
(c) x
(d) x1/2
9.
Flow separation in flow past a solid object is caused

by
(a) a reduction of pressure to vapour pressure
(b) a negative pressure gradient
(c) a positive pressure gradient
(d) the boundary layer thickness reducing to zero
distribution, u = U , at the section r-s, where
y is the height from plate.

r
U q
Year 1994
U
u
10.
flat plate
5.
6.
The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section

q-r is
(a) zero
(b) 0.05
(c) 0.10
(d) 0.15
s
l2
The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate,

between p-s, is
(a) 0.67
(b) 0.33
(c) 0.17
(d) zero
Year 2004
7.
a
i
r
te
a
m
For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and

boundary layer thickenss () can be expressed
respectively, as
3
U 3 y 1 y
4.64x
;
U 2 2
Re x
If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has

kinetmatic viscosity of 1.5 105 m2/s and density
of 1.23 kg/m3, the wall stress at x = 1m, is
(a) 2.36 102 N/m2
(b) 43.6 103 N/m2
3
2
(c) 4.36 10 N/m
(d) 2.18 103 N/m2
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
Year 1993
11.
m
o
For air near atmosphere conditions flowing over

a flat plate, the laminar thermal boundary layer is
thicker than the hydrodynamic boundary layer.
(True/false)
The predominant forces acting on an element of

fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate in a
uniform parallel stream are :
(a) Viscous and pressure forces
(b) Viscous and inertia forces
(c) Viscous and body forces
(d) Inertia and pressure forces
Year 1991
12.
A streamlined body is defined as a body about

which
(a) The flow is laminar
(b) The flow is along the sreamlines
(c) The flow separation is suppressed
(d) The drag is zero
8.
119
Chapter-8
Answers
1. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (c)
11. Ans. (b)
2. Ans. (d)
7. Ans. (c)
12. Ans. (c)
3. Ans. (c)
8. Ans. (d)
4. Ans. (a)
9. Ans. (c)
5. Ans. (b)
10. Ans. (False)
m
o
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
120
Chapter-8
Q.1
Ans. (c)
As per Blasius result thickness of laminar boundary layer is given as
5x
Hence,
5x
Re x
vx
Q.2
e
c
uc
L/2
L/2
m
o
c
.
ss
s
l2
As we know that local drag coefficient is given by
a
i
r
te
o
0.664
2
V
Re x
2
or
o = 0.332 V2(Rex)1/2
Now drag force on the front half is given by
Cf =
a
m
L
2
F1 =
(B = width of Plate)
B dx
0
L
2
2
0.332 V (Re x ) 2 dx
0
Reynolds number is given as, Rex =
V x
V
= 0.332. V 2
0.332 V 2
V
L
2
L
1
2 2
x 2 dx
0
x 2 dx
0
1 1 1
4 2
v
Therefore, if the velocity of fluid is increase by four times then boundary layer thickness reduces by
1/2.
Ans. (d)
Therefore,
121
L
1
12 2
x
L 2
= K 2K
1
2

2 0
where,
......(i)
0.332 V 2
V
K =
Similarly, drag force on the rear half,

L
B dx
L
2
= K x
L
2
1
2
1
1
2
L
2
dx = 2K (L)
Now required ratio,
Q.3
e
c
uc
s
l2
m
o
c
.
ss
L 2
2K
F1
2
1
F =
1
F2
1
2
L
2 K L2
Ans. (c)
Given:
at
a
i
r
e
u0
Vm
uo
Vm ,
0 y
Vm , y H
u =
H y
Vm
, H y H

Assuming width of channel as unity

Applying mass conservation at section A and B. Taking density of liquid constant, the conservation of mass
principle becomes volume flow equation.
Volume flow rate incoming at section A = Volume flow rate outgoing from section B
Therefore, total volume flow rate inlet
F2 =
122
Qentry = u H B = u H
o
o
Total volume flow rate leaving,
Qexit = Volume flow rate from boundary layer + Volume flow rate from mid section
y
dy
Volume flow rate from mid section = Vm(H 2)

For boundary layer 0y
d QB = u . dy
y
dy
Integrating the above equation
QB
Vm
Vm y 2
Vm .
y
dy
=
=
=
0
2 0
2
By symmetry for H y H, Volume flow rate =
e
c
uc
Qentry = Q
exit
Therefore,
s
l2
uo H = Vm (H 2) 2
uo H = Vm(H )
a
i
r
te
Vm
uo
Q.4
m
o
c
.
ss
Vm .
2
Vm .
2
H
1
=
H 1
H
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Bansal, 4th Edition, Page-655, 13.3.
Ans. (a)
a
m
u0
Vm
uo
Applying Bernoullis equation at section A and B

p
2
p A vA2
+
= B + B (Since
g 2g
g 2g
p A - pB
2 - 2
= B A
d QB = Vm
123
p A - pB
Vm2 - u o2
=
Vm
p A - pB
1
=
uo
1 2
uo
2
1
p A - pB
1
=
2
1 2
uo
1 H
2
y
velocity distribution, u = U

s
l2
a
i
r
te
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
r
U q
m
o
flat plate
Applying mass conservation:

Mass rate entering section q p = Mass leaving section q r + mass leaving section r s
Mass rate entering
q p = Density Volume flow rate
= BU
= 1.0 1 10 103 10 = 0.1 kg/s
Mass flow rate through the element dy at section r s
dm = u B dy
a
m
y
dm = BU dy
Integrating the above equation gives,
m =
BU y
dy
BU
BU 2
=
2
1 1 10 10 103
= 0.05 kg/s
2
Thus mass flow rate leaving across the section, q r = 0.1 0.05 = 0.05 kg/s
Ans. (c)
Drag froce on the plate will be the rate of change of momentum of control volume qprs
Q.6
Q.5
7.29.
Ans. (b)
Given:Free stream velocity,
U = 10 m/s
Boundry layer thickness, = 10 mm
Breadth of plate,
B = 1m
Density of air, = 1.0 kg/m3
124
Thus, momentum rate entering section q p = mU

= 0.1 10 = 1N
Momentum rate leaving through section rs
2
y
= u B dy u = BU dy
0
0
2
BU 2 3
BU 2
=
2
3
3
1.0 1.0 102 10 103

= 0.33 N
3
Momentum rate leaving through section q r = 0.05 10 = 0.5 N
Drag force,
F = Change in momentum rate
= 1 0.33 0.5 = 0.17 N
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, R.K. Bansal, 4th Edition, Page-655, 13.3.
Ans (c)
Reynolds number at x,
Ux
2 1
Rex =
=
= 1.33 105
1.5 10-5
Boundry layer thickness,
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
4.64x
4.64 1
= 0.0127
Re x
1.33 105
s
l2
Since the velocity profile is given as,
a
i
r
te
U
U
m
o
3 y 1 y

=
2 2
3 1 1 3y 2
dU
U
Velocity gradient,
= . 3
dy
2 2
a
m
Therefore,
3 1
dU
at y 0 = . .U
2
dy
From Newtons law of viscosity,

o =
dU
at y 0
dy
3U
3 2
5
= 1.5 10 1.23
2
2 0.0127
= 435.82 105 N/m2 = 4.36 103 N/m2
Ans. (d)
=
Q.8
As per Blasius result thickness of laminar boundary layer is given as
5x
Re x
Q.7
5x
Hence,
vx
Therefore,
Q.9
1
2
1
x2
Ans. (c)
flow separation, pressure gradient is positive i.e.
Q.10
Q.11
P
= -ve, supports the fluid flow. But in case of
x
P
P
= +ve, supports the fluid separation &
= 0, it means
x
x
that the fluid is on the verge of separation.

Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-662, Equation-13.7.
Ans. (False)
Ans. (b)
m
o
c
.
ss
In a fluid flow over a flat plate, the dominant forces are inertia force and viscous force. Therefore Reynolds
e
c
uc
number decides the nature of the flow.

Q.12
Ans. (c)
s
l2
A body where flow separation is suppresed is called streamlined body. For a well stream lined body the
a
i
r
te
separation occurs only at the down stream end.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition , Page-805, 18.2.
a
m
In direction of flow usually pressure gradient is negative i.e.
126
9
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is
1.
(a)
For steady, fully developed flow inside a straight

pipe of diameter D, neglecting gravity effects,
the pressure drop p over a length L and the wall
shear stress w are related by
(a) w
pD
4L
(b) w
p D 2
4L2
(c) w
p D
2L
(d) w
4p L
D
2.
4.
1
5
(c) 0
(d)
5.
The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow

in a pipe of diameter D is given by
4r 2
u = u 0 1 2 , where r is the radial distance

D
from the center. If the viscosity of the fluid is ,
the pressure drop across a length L of the pipe is
dp
is a constant
dx
x
R 2 dp

dx
(b)
3.
(d)
(a) 5
Year 2006
R 2 dp
r2
1
u(r) =

4 dx R 2
R 2 dp

4 dx
Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-symmetric developed viscous flow through a straight
circular pipe of constant cross-sectional area at
a Reynolds number of 5. The ratio of inertia force
to viscous force on a fluid particle is
Year 2009
where
R 2 dp

2 dx
(b)
Year 2007
The maximum velocity of a one-dimensional

incompressible fully developed viscous flow,
between two fixed parallel plates, is 6 ms1. The
mean velocity (in ms1) of the flow is
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
The velocity profile of a fully developed laminar

flow in a straight circular pipe, as shown in the
figure, is given by the expression
m
o
c
.
s
s
e
(c)
c
c
su
2
l
ia
r
e
at
Year 2010
R 2 dp

8 dx
u(r)
(a)
u0 L
D2
(b)
4 u 0 L
D2
(c)
8 u 0 L
D2
(d)
16 u 0 L
D2
Year 2013
127
Year 1996
In flow through a pipe, the transition from laminar
to turbulent flow does not depend on
(a) velocity of the fluid
(b) density of the fluid
(c) diameter of the pipe
(d) length of the pipe
7.
For laminar flow through a long pipe, the pressure

drop per unit length increases
(a) in linear proportion to the cross-sectional area
(b) in proportion to the diameter of the pipe
(c) in inverse proportion to the cross-sectional
area
(d) in inverse proportion to the square of crosssectional area
Year 1995
8.
In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe,

the head loss due to friction is directly proportional
to........
(mean velocity/square of the mean velocity)
m
o
e
c
uc
c
.
ss
s
l2
Year 1994
a
i
r
te
9.
For a fully developed viscous flow through a pipe,

the ratio of the maximum velocity to the average
velocity is.......
10.
Prandtls mixing length in turbulent flow signifies

(a) the average distance perpendicular to the
mean flow covered by the mixing particles
(b) the ratio of mean free path to characteristic
length of the flow field
(c) the wavelength corresponding to the lowest
frequency present in the flow field
(d) the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy
a
m
6.
128
Chapter-9
Answers
1. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (d)
2. Ans. (c)
7. Ans. (c)
3. Ans. (a)
8. Ans.
(mean
velocity)
4. Ans. (a)
9. Ans. (two)
m
o
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
5. Ans. (d)
10. Ans. (a)
129
Chapter-9
Q.1
Ans. (a)
dp r
In a pipe flow, = =
dx 2
dp d

dx 4
dp D
Therefore, shear stress at wall, w =
dx 4
Q.2
pD
4L
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-547, Eqn.-13.3.
Ans. (c)
For the flow of fully developed between two fixed parallel plates
m
o
y
B
c
.
ss
Vmax
x
The velocity distribution for laminar flow between fixed parallel plates is given as,
V =
s
l2
B
2
a
i
r
e
Flow velocity is maximum when
t
a
m
y =
e
c
uc
1 p
(By y2)
2 x
B 2 p
Therefore,
V max =

8 x
Average flow velocity is obtained by dividing the total discharge with cross sectional area.
Hence,
Therefore,
Vmax
3
=
Vavg
2
2
2
Vmax. = 6 4 m/s
3
3
13.389.
Ans. (a)
So mean velocity,
Q.3
B2 p
Vavg. =

12 x
Vavg =
u(r)
dr
r
Consider an element ring of thickness dr at a radius of r.

Therefore, element discharge from this ring, dQ = (2r).dr. u(r)
Above equation can be written as, w =
130
Therefore, total discharge Q =
d Q = (2r ) .
0
= 2
R2 P
r2
1 2 .dr
4 x R
R
R2 P
r3
r 2 dr
4 x 0
R
R2 P R2
R4
R 2 P r2
r4
2
= 2
=
4 x 2 4 R 2
4 x 2 4 R 2 0
Total discharge,
Now,
Area Vavg.
R2
Vavg
R4 P
=
8 x
R4 P
=
8 x
Q.4
Q.5
m
o
c
.
ss
R2 P
R2 P
8 x
8 x
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-550, Eqn-13.14.
Ans. (a)
Therefore,Vavg =
e
c
uc
Inertia force vd
Reynolds number,
Re =
Viscous force

Ans. (d)
Given:
Fully developed laminar flow velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
4r 2
u = u o 1 2
......(i)
D
From Hagen-Poiseuille equation the pressure loss in fully developed laminar flow across the length of the
pipe is given as
32u L
......(ii)
d2
The ratio of maximum velocity and average velocity in case of fully developed laminar flow through a circular
p1 p 2 =
pipe is 2 i.e.
uo
=2
u
Therefore, from equation (ii), p1 p2 =
uo
L 16u o L
2
=
d2
d2
32
Or
Fully developed laminar flow velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by
4r 2
u
u = o 1 2
......(i)
R4 P
Q =
8 x
Q = Area Average velocity
131
R
r
P r
=
x 2
Now
From Newtons law viscosity, =
......(ii)
du
dy
u
=
From equation (ii) and (iii),
From equation (i) ,
P r
.
x 2
e
c
uc
s
l2
1 P r
8u o
r =
2
x 2
D
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
c
.
ss
1 P r

4r 2
u o 1 2 =
x 2
r
D
1P r
u
=
x 2
r
u
r
......(iii)
P
16 u o
=
x
D2
P =
16u o
x
D2
P2
Integrating over a length of L,
16 u o
dx
D2
o
dp =
P1
p2 p 1 =
16 u o L
D2
16 u o L
D2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17 Edition, Page-548. Equation-13.3,
13.6, 13.7.
Ans. (d)
In flow through pipe the transition from laminar to turbulent depends upon Reynolds number which is given as
Therefore, p2 p1 =
Q.6
vd
where, d is the characteristic dimension of the pipe.
Re =
Here
y = Rr
Therefore,
dy = dr
Putting the value of dy in equation (i), we get
132
Q.7
Ans (c)
From Hagen-Poiseuille equation the pressure loss in fully developed laminar flow across the length of the
pipe is given as
p1 p 2 =
Q.8
32 u avg.L
m
o
g d2
c
.
ss
Head loss in laminar flow over a length L of circular pipe varies as the first power of the mean velocity of the
flow.
Ans. (two)
In fully developed laminar flow through circular pipe of radius R mean velocity and maximum velocity are
given as
e
c
uc
s
l2
Vmean =
1 p 2
R
8 x
Vmax. =
1 p 2
R
4 x
a
i
r
te
a
m
Therefore,
Q.10
P1 P2
g
Vmax
Vmean = 2
Ans (a)
From Prandtls hypothesis
Prandtl mixing length,
l = y where = a constant of proportionality known as Karman universal
constant and y is the distance from the wall.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-507, Equation-11.5.
p1 p 2
32u
=
L
d2
Therefore, for laminar flow through a pipe, the pressure drop per unit length increases in inverse proportion
to the cross-sectional area.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-442, Equation-10.11.
Ans. (mean velocity)
The head loss due to friction in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is given as
hf =
Q.9
32u L
d2
133
10
Flow Through Pipes
m
o
Year 2004
1.
Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter horizontal

cast iron pipe (friction factor, f = 0.0225) of length
500 m. The volumetric flow rate is 0.2 m3/s. The
head loss (in m) due to friction is (assume
g = 9.81 m/s2)
(a) 116.18
(b) 0.116
(c) 18.22
(d) 232.36
a
i
r
e
Water at 25C is flowing through a 1.0 km long

G.I. pipe of 200 mm diameter at the rate of 0.07
m3/s. If value of Darcy friction factor for this
pipe is 0.02 and density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
The pumping power ( in kW) required to maintain
the flow is
(a) 1.8
(b) 17.4
(c) 20.5
(d) 41.0
at
Year 2007
3.
In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow velocity
3x
on the nozzle axis is given by v u 0 1 i,
L
where x is the distance along the axis of the nozzle

from its inlet plane and L is the length of the nozzle.
The time required for a fluid particle on the axis
to travel from the inlet to the exit plane of the
nozzle is
L
(a)
u0
(c)
L
4u 0
L
In (4)
(b)
3u 0
(d)
L
2. 5u 0
c
.
ss
For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of length

L having inlet and outlet radii of R 1 and R 2
respectively and a constant flow rate of Q,
assuming the velocity to be axial and uniform at
any cross-section, the acceleration at the exit is:
e
c
b
c
u
s
l2
Year 2009
2.
4.
(a)
(c)
5.
2Q R1 R 2
(b)
LR 32
2Q 2 R1 R 2
LR 52
(d)
2Q 2 R1 R 2
LR 32
2 Q 2 R 2 R1
LR 52
The following data about the flow of liquid was

observed in a continuous chemical process plant
Flow rate 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5

(litres / sec.) to to to to to to
7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7
Frequency
1
5 35 17 12 10
Mean flow rate of the liquid is
(a) 8.00 litres/sec
(b) 8.06 litres/sec
(c) 8.16 litres/sec
(d) 8.26 litres/sec
Year 2003
Linked Data Question 6 and 7
A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains
water and has its end a 100 mm long needle of 1
mm diameter. The internal diameter of syringe is
10 mm. Water density is 1000 kg/m3. The plunger
Year 2012
is pushed in at 10 mm/sec and the water comes

out as jet
10 mm
10 mm/sec
needle
water jet
1 mm
100 mm
Syringe
Assuming ideal flow, the force F in newtons

required on the plunger to push out the water is
(a) 0
(b) 0.04
(c) 0.13
(d) 1.15
7.
Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully

developed laminar viscous flow throughout the
needle; the Darcy friction factor is 64/Re, where
Re is the Reynolds number. Given that the
viscosity of water is 1.0 103 kg/s m, the force
F is newtons required on the plunger is
(a) 0.13
(b) 0.16
(c) 0.3
(d) 4.4
Year 1998
8.
(a)
2 gH
(c)
g Hh
Year 1994
9.
a
m
g
s
l2
a
i
r
te
(b)
2 gh
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
The dicharge velocity at the pipe exit in figure is:
m
o
(d) 0
Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V

through a pipe of diameter d. Over a length of L,
the head loss is given by
fLV 2
. The friction
2gd
factor f for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds

number (Re) is.......
6.
135
Chapter-10
Answers
1. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (b)
2. Ans. (b)
7. Ans. (c)
3. Ans. (b)
8. Ans. (b)
4. Ans. (c)
64
9. Ans.(
)
Re
5. Ans. (c)
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
c
.
ss
136
Chapter-10
Q.1
Ans. (a)
Head loss due to friction in flow through pipe is given as, head loss hL =
where,
Length of the pipe

Diameter of the pipe
Mean velocity of flow
Friction factor
Head Loss due to friction
0.2
0.0225 500
2
0.2 / 4
hL =
2 9.81 0.4
Therefore,
Q.2
=
=
=
=
=
= 116.18 m
m
m
o
o
c
c
ss..
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-536, Equation-12.3.1.

Ans. (b)
Given:
Pipe length, L = 1.0 km = 1000 m
Pipe diameter, D = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Flow rate, Q = 0.07 m3/s
Friction factor, f = 0.02
Density of water, = 1000 kg/m3
From Darcy Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction in pipe is given by
s
s
e
e
c
c
cc
u
s
l2
Q
f L
2
D
2
f LV
4
hf =
2g D
2g D
a
i
i
r
teer
t
a
a
mm
Q.3
8 0.02 0.07 2 1000

8 f Q2L
=
= 25.304 m
2 9.81 0.25
2 g D5
Therefore, pumping power to overcome this loss, P = w.Q.hf

= g.Q.hf
= 1000 9.81 0.07 25.304
= 17376.26 W = 17.4 kW
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-459, Equation11.2
Ans. (b) Given :
x
t=0
x=0
t=T
x=L
3x
Equation of motion, v = u 0 1
L
d
V
f
hL
fLV 2
2gd
137
dx
3x
= u 0 1
L
dt
or
dt =
Integrating both side,
3x
u 0 1
dt =
t 0
dx
3x
u 0 1
L
L
3x
ln 1 L
L
=
3u 0
T =
L
ln (4)
3u 0
m
o
Ans. (c)
R1
Flow direction
e
c
uc
L
Inlet velocity,
Q
R12
V2 =
Q
R 22
Acceleration =
Since,
s
l2
V1 =
a
i
r
e
t
a
m
Outlet velocity,
c
.
ss
R2
dv
dv dx
vdv
=
=
dt
dx dt
dx
dv
V2 -V1 Q 1 1
=
=
-
dx
L
L R 22 R12
dv
Q
Q R12 -R 22
=
Acceleration at exit = V2 dx R 2 L L R 2 R 2
2
1 2
Q2 (R1 -R 2 )(R1 + R 2 )
= 2 R 2 L
R12 R 22
2
Assuming velocity axial and uniform at any cross section i.e. V1 = V2

Therefore,
R1 = R2
Hence acceleration at the exit =
2Q 2 (R 1 R 2 )
2 L R 52
Q.4
dx
138
Q.5
Ans (c)
Flow rate
Q.6
frequency
fx
of flow rate (x) (f )
7.5 7.7
7.7 7.9
7.6
7.8
1
5
7.6
39
7.9 8.1
8.1 8.3
8.0
8.2
35
17
280
139.4
8.3 8.5
8.5 8.7
8.4
8.6
12
10
100.8
86
f 80
fx 652.8
Mean flow rate =
fx
652.8
8.16 litres/sec.
=
f
80
m
o
Ans. (b)
1
c
.
ss
10 mm/sec
e
c
c
2
u
s
l2
1
At section 11 & 22 from continuity equation for incompressible flow

A1V 1 = A2V 2
a
i
r
te
a
m
d12
d 22
V2 =
A1
.V1
A2
V2 =
0.01 0.01 1m / sec

2
0.001
.V1
Now applying Bernoullis theorem at sections (1-1) and (2-2)

P1 V12
P
V2
z1 = 2 2 z 2
g 2g
g 2g
P1 =
(Also P2 = 0, atmospheric pressure)
1000 2
1 0.012 499.95 N / m 2
2
= P 1 .A 1
P1 =
Force on plunger required
2
(V2 V12 )
2
(0.01) 2 = 0.04 N
4
Ans. (c)
= 499.95
Q.7
Viscosity,
= 1 103 kg/s.m
Mean value
139
m s2 1
kg.
= 1 10
. .
s 2 m s.m
= 1 103 Ns/m2
We know, Reynolds number
Re =
Darcy friction factor, f =

Head loss in needle,
V2 d 2 1000 1 0.001
1000
=
1 103
64
64
0.064
Re 1000
f .L.V22
0.064 0.1 12
hf =
=
2gd
2 9.81 0.001
1
2
10 mm/sec
Applying Bernoullis equation at sections (1-1) and (2-2)
e
c
uc
P1 V12 P2 V22
hf
=
g 2g g 2g
P1 =
a
i
r
te
a
m
Q.8
s
l2
2
V2 V12 g.h f
2
1000 2
(1 0.012 ) 1000 9.81 0.326
2
= 3702.9 N/m2
= P1 A1
=
Now Force required
m
o
c
.
ss
(0.01)2 = 0.3 N
4
Ans. (b)
= 3702.9
Applying Bernoullis equation just before the entry into the pipe and just after exit from the pipe
P1 V12
P V2
z1 = 2 2 z 2
g 2g
g 2g
Here,
V 1 = 0, P2 = Patm. = 0, z1 = 0, z2 = H h (taking 1-1 as datum)
Therefore, the above equation reduces to
H =
V22
Hh
2g
= 0.326 m of water
140
V2 =
2gh
Or
At exit, figure shows that height of liquid level above the centre of pipe is h.
Total potential energy = Total kinetic energy
m.g.h =
1 2
mv
2
V =
2gh
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-234, Section-6.6.3.

Ans.
64
Re
64
Re
Head loss in laminar flow through a circular pipe is given by
In laminar flow friction factor, f =
f Lv 2
(a) Darcy weisbach equation =
2gd
(b) Hagen - Poisullie equation =
m
o
c
.
ss
32v L
gd
e
c
uc
By equating the above two equations, we get,
s
l2
64
f =
Re
whereas, in turbulent flow friction factor,
a
i
r
te
a
m
0.3164
f = (Re)1/4
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-536, Equation-12.3.1.
Q.9
141
11
Hydraulic Turbines
1.
In order to have maximum power from a Pelton

turbine, the bucket speed must be
(a) equal to the jet speed
(b) equal to half of the jet speed
(c) equal to twice the jet speed
(d) independent of the jet speed
a
i
r
te
a
m
A hydraulic turbine develops 1000 kW power for

a head of 40 m. If the head is reduced to 20 m,
the power developed (in kW) is
(a) 177
(b) 354
(c) 500
(d) 707
e
c
c
Water having a density of 1000 Kg/m3, issues

from a nozzle with a velocity of 10 m/s and the
jet strikes a bucket mounted on a Pelton wheel.
The wheel rotates at 10 rad/s. The mean diameter
of the wheel is 1m. The jet is split into two equal
streams by the bucket, such that each stream is
deflected by 120 as shown in the figure. Friction
in the bucket may be neglected. Magnitude of
the torque exerted by the water on the wheel,
per unit mass flow rate of the incoming jet, is
120
120
Deflected jet
(a) 0 (N.m)/(Kg/s)
(c) 2.5 (N.m)/(Kg/s)
(b) 1.25 (N.m)/(Kg/s)

(d) 3.75 (N.m)/(Kg/s)
Year 2007
4.
Year 2008
3.
c
.
ss
Incoming jet
u
s
l2
Year 2010
2.
m
o
Deflected jet
5.
The inlet angle of runner blade of a Francis turbine

is 90. The blades are so shaped that the
tangential component of velocity at blade outlet
is zero. The flow velocity remains constant
throughout the blade passage and is equal to half
of the blade velocity at runner inlet. The blade
efficiency of the runner is
(a) 25 %
(b) 50 %
(c) 80 %
(d) 89 %
A model of a hydraulic turbine is tested at a head
of
1
th of that under which the full scale turbine
4
works. The diameter of the model is half of that

of the full scale turbine. If N is the RPM of the
full scale turbine, then the RPM of the model will
be
(a)
N
4
(c) N
(b)
N
2
(d) 2N
Year 2013
Year 2006
Year 1997
6.
In a Pelton wheel, the bucket peripheral speed is

10 m/s, the water jet velocity is 25 m/s and
volumetric flow rate of the jet is 0.1 m3/s. If the
jet deflection angle is 120 and the flow is ideal,
the power developed is
(a) 7.5 kW
(b) 15.0 kW
(c) 22.5 kW
(d) 37.5 kW
10.
7.
A large hydraulic turbine is to generate 300 kW

at 1000 rpm under a head of 40 m. For initial
testing, a 1 : 4 scale model of the turbine operates
under a head of 10 m. The power generated by
the model (in kW) will be
(a) 2.34
(b) 4.68
(c) 9.38
(d) 18.75
Kaplan turbine is
(a) a high head, mixed flow turbine
(b) a low head, axial flow turbine
(c) an outward flow reaction turbine
(d) an impulse inward flow turbine
8.
At a hydroelectric power plant site, available head

and flow rate are 24.5 m and 10.1m 3 /s
respectively. If the turbine to be installed is
required to run at 4.0 revolution per second (rps)
with an overall efficiency of 90%, the suitable
type of turbine for this site is
(a) Francis
(b) Kaplan
(c) Pelton
(d) Propeller
m
o
c
.
ss
Year 2004
e
c
uc
s
l2
9.
a
i
r
te
a
m
Match the following

P. Reciprocating pump
Q. Axial flow pump
R. Microhydel plant
S. Backward curved vanes
1. Plant with power output below 100 kW
2. Plant with power output between 100 kW to
1 MW
3. Positive displacement
4. Draft tube
5. High flow rate, low pressure ratio
6. Centrifugal pump impeller
(a) P-3, Q-5, R-6, S-2 (b) P-3, Q-5, R-2, S-6
(c) P-3, Q-5, R-1, S-6 (d) P-4, Q-5, R-1, S-6
143
Chapter-11
Answers
1. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (c)
2. Ans. (b)
7. Ans. (a)
3. Ans. (d)
8. Ans. (a)
4. Ans. (c)
9. Ans.(c)
5. Ans. (c)
10. Ans. (b)
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
c
.
ss
144
Chapter-11
Q.1
Ans. (b)
Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. It was invented by Lester A. Pelton, an American engineer
in 1870. It is preferably used in case of high head and low volume flow rate.
V1 = Vw1
u1
Vr1
u
Power developed
V2
u2
Vw2
Vf2
wQ
Vw1 Vw 2 u
g
c
.
s
m
o
s
e
......(i)
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 = Vr2 cos u2 = Vr1 cos u2

(If friction in the runner bucket is neglelected, then Vr2 = Vr1 )
= (V1 u1) cos u2 (since in Pelton turbine u1 = u2 = u )
2
l
ia
From equation (i), Power developed
r
e
at
Therefore,
Q.2
wQ
wQ
(V1 .u u 2 )(1 cos )
(V1 u)(1 cos ) u =
g
g
2
= K.(V1 .u u ) where K =
wQ
(1 cos )
g
......(ii)
d (Power developed)
=0
du
For maximum power,
From equation (ii),
c
c
su
wQ
= g V1 (V1 u)cos u u
=0
d K(V1u u 2 )
du
V12u = 0
u =
V1
2
For maximum power from a Pelton turbine the bucket speed u must be equal to half of the jet speed, V1 .
Ans. (b)
Given :
P 1 = 1000 kW, H1 = 40 m, H2 = 20 m
The power developed by a turbine, working under a head of one meter is called unit power of the turbine.
Vr2
145
Unit power is defined as, Pu =
......(i)
H2
3
P
H1 2
Therefore from equation (i), 1 =
P2
H2
3
H2 2
20 2
P2 =
P1 = 1000 = 353.55 W
40
H1
m
o
c
.
ss
60 =
s
l2
a
i
r
te
120
e
c
uc
V1 = Vw1
u1
a
m
Vr1
u
Vr2
V2
u2
Vw2
Vf2
Power developed by Pelton wheel means the shaft power. Since there is no mechanical loss, hence shaft
power is equal to the runner power. Runner power is equal to the work done per second by water on runner.
Power developed = Q Vw1 Vw 2 u = Q Vw1 Vw 2 R
It can be written as power developed = torque
......(i)
......(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), torque = Q Vw1 Vw 2 R
Therefore, torque exerted by water per unit mass flow rate =
Q Vw1 Vw 2 R
Q
= Vw1 Vw 2 R
......(iii)
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 = Vr2 cos u2 = Vr1 cos u2

= (V1 u1) cos u2 (since in Pelton turbine u1 = u2 = u )
= (10 5) cos 60 5 = 2.5 m/s
Q.3
Hence, power developed, P2 = 354 kW.

Reference: Hydraulic Machines, Dr. Jagdish Lal, Edition 2004, Page-69, Equation 3.3.
Ans. (d)
Given:
Water jet velocity,
V1 = 10 m/s
Diameter of wheel,
D = 1m
Radius of wheel,
R = 0.5 m
Angular speed,
= 10 rad/s
Density,
= 1000 kg/m3
Clearance angle180o - 120o = 60o
Tangential velocity,
u1 = u2 = R = 10 0.5 = 5 m/s
146
From equation (iii), torque developed = 10 2.5 0.5 = 3.75 (N.m)/(kg/s)

Q.4
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-924, Eq. 21.10.
Ans. (c)
Given: Inlet and outlet velocity triangle of Francis turbine is shown in the figure below:
Vw1 = u1
Vf1 = Vr1
V
1
V2 = Vf2
m
o
u2
V12 V22
actual conversion of kinetic head

2g 2g
Blade efficiency =
=
kinetic head available at inlet of the turbine
V12
2g
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
V12 V22
=
V12
s
l2
From question it is given that Vf1 = Vf2 = u1

2
e
t
a
ria
From inlet velocity triangle
V1
5 2
u1
= Vw1 + Vf1 = u1 + = u1
4
2
2
V
From equation (i) blade efficiency, = 1 2
V1
Q.5
......(i)
u1

2
= 1 = 0.8 = 80%
5 2
u1
4
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, Page-895, Equation-20.45, Fig. 20.9
Ans. (c)
For complete similarity to exist between the model and prototype turbines, the following conditions must be
satisfied.
gH
gH
2 2 = 2 2
N D m
N D P
Hm
g HP
4
=
2
N 2P D 2P
2 Dm
Nm
2
g
Vr2
147
Q.6
Therefore,
NP = Nm
Ans. (c)
Given: Peripheral or tangential speed, u1 = u2 = 10 m/s
Water jet velocity,
V1 = 25 m/s
Flow rate,
Q = 0.1 m3/s
Density,
= 1000 kg/m3
V1 = Vw1
u1
60 =
Vr1
u
Vr2
V2
u2
Vw2
Vf2
m
o
Power developed by Pelton wheel means the shaft power. Since there is no mechanical loss, hence shaft
power is equal to the runner power. Runner power is equal to the work done per second by water on runner.
Therefore, power developed =
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 =
=
=
e
c
uc
s
l2
9.81 0.1
25 2.510 = 22.5 kW
9.81
Ans. (a)
Given: Power generated, Pp = 300 kW
N p = 1000 rpm
H p = 40 m
Model testing head,
Hm = 10 m, Scale is 1 : 4
Specific power is same for similar turbines
from equation (i), power developed =

Q.7
c
.
ss
wQ
Vw1 Vw 2 u
......(i)
g
Vr2 cos u2
(Vr2 = Vr1, since there is no friction)
Vr1 cos u2 = (V1 u1) cos u2
(25 10) cos 60 10 = 2.5 m/s
a
i
r
te
a
m
P
Specific Power =
3
D2 H 2
P
3

D2 H 2
P
2
3/ 2
1 10 2
D H
P m = PP m m = 300
4 40
DP HP
P m = 2.34 kW
Q.8
Ans. (a)
Given, Available head,
H
Discharge,
Q
Rotation,
N
Overall effeiciency,0
=
=
=
=
24.5 m
10.1 m3/s
4 rps = 4 60 rpm = 240 rpm
90%
Shaft power
Overall effeiciency,0 = Water power
Shaft power = 0 Water power
120
148
= 0 (W Q H)
= 0.9 9.81 10.1 24.5 = 2184.74 kW
Specific speed plays an important role for selecting the type of the turbine. Also the performance of a turbine
can be predicted by knowing the specific speed of the turbine. Specific speed is defined as the speed of the
turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions etc. with actual turbine but of such size that it will
developed unit power working under unit head.
Therefore, specific speed Ns =
N P
H5/ 4
......(i)
240 2184.74
= 205.80 206.
(24.5)5 / 4
In equation (i), if P is taken in horse power (1 HP = 746 Watt) the specific speed is obtained in M.K.S. units.
But if P is taken in kilowatts, the specific speed is obtained in S.I. unit.
The type of turbine for different specific speed is given in following Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
Specific Speed
(M.K.S.)
10 to 35
35 to 60
60 to 300
300 to 1000
(S.I.)
8.5 to 30
30 to 51
51 to 255
255 to 860
Type of Turbine
Pelton wheel with single jet

Pelton wheel with two or more jets
Francis turbine
Kaplan or Propeller turbine
m
o
c
.
ss
Since the specific speed of the turbine is 206, therefore suitbale turbine is Francis turbine.
Q.9
e
c
uc
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page-832, 18.1.
Ans. (c)
Reciprocating pump - It is most common positive displacement pump. The positive displacement pumps
are those pumps in which the liquid is sucked and pushed due to the thrust exerted on it by a moving member,
which results in lifting the liquid to the required height.
Mycro-hydel Plant - The hydro plant producing up to 100 kW of power using natural flow of water. More
frequently Pelton wheel is used in micro hydel power plant.
Axial flow pump - An axial-flow pump consists of a propeller (an axial impeller) in a pipe. The main
advantage of an AFP is that it has a relatively high discharge at a relative low head. For example, it can pump
up to 3 times more water and other fluids at lifts of less than 4 meters as compared to the more common
centrifugal pump. These pumps have the smallest of the dimensions among many of the conventional pumps
and are more suited for low heads and higher discharges. In India, millions of smaller horsepower (6-15 HP)
mobile units powered mostly by single cylinder Diesel and Petrol engines are used by smaller farmers for
crop irrigation, drainage and fisheries.
Backward curved vanes - A series of backward curved vanes/blades is mounted on the impeller of the
centrifugal pump.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-1016, 1061,
Section-23.1, 24.3.
Ans. (b)
It is an axial flow reaction turbine, which is suitable for relatively low head and hence requires a large quantity
of water. It was developed by Austrian professor Victor Kaplan in 1913. The head ranges from 10 to 70
meters and used where power developed ranges from 5 to 120 MW.
The difference of pressure or pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of the runner is called reaction
pressure, and hence thses turbines are known as reaction turbines. Thomson, Francis, Propeller and Kaplan
are some important reaction turbines.
Section-22.18.
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
Q.10
S.No.
149
12
Centrifugal Pump
1.
Match the items in columns I and II

Column I
Column II
P : Centrifugal
1 : Axial flow
compressor
Q : Centrifugal pump 2 : Surging
R : Pelton wheel
3 : Priming
S : Kaplan turbine
4 : Pure impulse
(a) P 2, Q 3, R 4, S 1
(b) P 2, Q 3, R 1, S 4
(c) P 3, Q 4, R 1, S 2
(d) P 1, Q 2, R 3, S 4
e
c
uc
3.
Year 2006
2.
a
m
A centrifugal pump running at 500 rpm and at its

maximum efficiency is delivering a head of 30 m
at a flow rate of 60 litres per minute. If the rpm is
changed to 1000, then the head H in metres and
flow rate Q in litres per minute at maximum
efficinecy are estimated to be
(a) H = 60, Q = 120
(b) H = 120, Q = 120
(c) H = 60, Q = 480
(d) H = 120, Q = 30
Year 2002
A horizontal-shaft centrifugal pump lifts water at

65C. The suction nozzle is one meter below pump
centerline. The pressure at this point equals 200
kPa gauge and velocity is 3 m/s. Steam tables
show saturation pressure at 65C is 25 kPa and
specific volume of the saturated liquid is 0.001020
m3 /kg. The pump Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSH) in meters is
1m
m
o
c
.
ss
Year 2003
s
l2
a
i
r
te
(b) 26
(d) 30
Common Data Question No. 4 & 5

A centrifugal pump has an efficiency of 80%.
The specifications of the pump are : Discharge =
70 m3/hr, head = 7 m, speed = 1450 rpm and
diameter = 2000 mm. If the speed of this pump is
increased to 1750 rpm.
4.
Discharge and head developed are given

respectively:
(a) 84.48 m3/hr and 10.2 m
(b) 48.8 m3/hr and 20 m
(c) 48.8 m3/hr and 10.2 m
(d) 58.4 m3/hr and 12 m
5.
Power input required is given by

(a) 1.066 kW
(b) 1.96 kW
(c) 2.12 kW
(d) 20 kW
(a) 24
(c) 28
Year 2007
Year 2000
6.
When the speed of a centrifugal pump is doubled,

the power required to drive the pump will
(a) increase 8 times
(b) increase 4 times
(c) double
(d) remain the same
Year 1994
7.
m
o
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
In terms of speed of rotation of the impeller (N),

discharge (Q) and change in total head through
the machine, the specific speed for a pump
is.........
151
Chapter-12
Answer
1. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (a)
2. Ans. (c)
N Q
7. Ans .( 3 / 4 )
Hm
3. Ans. (b)
4. Ans. (a)
5. Ans. (a)
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o
c
.
ss
152
Chapter-12
Q.1
Column II
2. Surging
3. Priming
4. Pure impulse
1. Axial flow
Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-919 & 1061, 21.4
m
o
1m
1
c
.
ss
NPSH: Net positive suction head is defined as the absolute pressure head at the inlet to the pump minus the
vapour pressure head (in absolute units) corresponding to the temperature of the liquid pumped, plus the
velocity head at this point
Or
NPSH may be defined as the head required to make the liquid to flow through the suction pipe to the impeller.
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
2
P2 Pa PV VS
Thus, NPSH =
...................... (i)
g g g 2 g
where,
a
m
P2
Pv
Pa
Vs
=
=
=
=
Gauge pressure at the inlet of pump

Vapour pressure of the liquid in absolute unit
Atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa)
Velocity of flow in suction pipe = 3 m/s
At 65 C,
Vapour pressure,
P v = 25 kPa
Specific volume,
w = 0.001020 m3/kg
Therefore, mass density of water at 65C
1
1
= 980.39 kg/m3
w 0.001020
Now given that at suction nozzle (at point 1)
P 1 = 200 kPa (Gauge pressure)
V s = 3 m/s
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2)
=
P1 V12
P
V2
Z1 = 2 2 Z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
But
V1 = V2 = VS and Z1 = 0
(Taking (1) as datum)
Q.2
Ans. (a)
Column I
P. Centrifugal compressor
Q. Centrifugal pump
R. Pelton wheel
S. Kaplan turbine
Reference: Hydraulics and
& 24.4.
Ans. (c)
153
Z2 = 1 m
P2 VS2
200 103 VS2
0 =
g 2 g
g
2g
200 103
P2
1
=
g
g
So from equation (i) NPSH =
P
P
V2
200 103
1 a V S
g
g g 2 g
Q.3
= 28.73 1 + 0.4587 = 28.1 m

Ans. (b)
In a centrifugal pump for model testing there are following two conditions,
Hm
Hm
DN
1 DN 2
For given pump,
s
e
c
c
su
Q1
Q
32
3
D1 N1 D 2 N 2
c
.
s
m
o
......(i)
......(ii)
D1 = D2, from equation (i)
2
l
ia
2
2
N2
1000
H2 =
1 =
30 =120 m
500
N1
r
e
t
a
m
From equation (ii)
Q1
Q
32
3
D1 N1 D 2 N 2
N2
1000
60 = 120 lit/minute
Q2 = N Q 2 =
500
1
Ans. (a)
Given, Efficiency,
= 80%
Discharge, Q1 = 70 m3/hr = 0.0194 m3/s
Monometric head, Hm1 = 7 m
Diameter, D1 = 2000 mm
Speed, N1 = 1450 rPm
Increased speed, N2 = 1750 rpm
Therefore,
Q.4
Q2
Q1
= 3
3
D 2 N3
D1 N1
From question, diameter is constant, i.e. D1 = D2
For Discharge from model analysis,
From equation (i),
......(i)
Q1
Q2
=
N1
N2
70
Q2
=
1450
1750
(200 101.325 25) 103

32
NPSH =
980.39 9.81
2 9.81
154
Therefore, discharge
Q2 = 84.48 m3/hr = 0.0235 m3/s
For head from model analysis of pump
N1 Q1
3/ 4
(Hm1 )
N 2 Q2
......(ii)
(Hm2 )3/ 4
1750 0.0235
1450 0.0194
=
3/ 4
(H m2 )3/ 4
(7)
Q.5
Therefore, head
H m2 = 10.2 m
Ans. (a)
9.81 0.0235 10.2

0.8
Shaft or Input Power = 2.94 kW
Ans. (a)
m
o
Q.6
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
P
P
In a centrifugal pump for model testing, 5 3 = 5 3
D N m D N m
s
l2
From question,
a
i
r
te
P1
5 3 =
D N
P
5 2 3
D 2N
Therefore, P2 = 8P1
Q.7
N Q
Ans.
H m 3/ 4
Speed at which a geometrically similar centrifugal pump runs discharging 1 m3 of volume running under a
head of one meter is called specific speed of the pump.
a
m
N Q
H m 3/ 4
where, N = Speed of pump in rpm
Q = Discharge from the pump in m3/s
Hm= Manometric head of the pump in m
Specific speed, Ns =
WQ H m
Shaft Power
WQ H m
Shaft Power =
Overall effeiciecy of pump, =
155
13
Year 2000
1.
For a compressible fluid, sonic velocity is

(a) a property of the fluid
(b) always given by (RT)1/2 where , R and T
are respectively the ratio of specific heats,
gas constant and temperature in K
(c) always given by p /
1/ 2
s
where p, and s
2.
e
c
uc
c
.
ss
s
l2
are respectively pressure, density and entropy

(d) always greater than the velocity of fluid at
any location
Year 1999
m
o
a
i
r
te
a
m
An aeroplane is cruising at a speed of 800 km/hr

at an altitude, where the air temperature is 0oC.
The flight Mach number at this speed is nearly
(a) 1.5
(b) 0.254
(c) 0.67
(d) 2.04
Compressible Flow
Chapter-13
Q.1
Ans. (c)
Exp. In case of compressible fluid,
Sonic velocity is denoted by C which is given by
p

s
where,
Q.2
Ans. (c)
Speed of aeroplane,
V = 800 km/hr
800 1000
m/s
60 60
= 222.22 m/s.
m
o
c
.
ss
Temperature = 0 C = 273 K.
Sonic speed,
C =
RT (assuming process as Adiabatic process)
e
c
uc
= 1.4 287 273

= 331.196 m/s.
s
l2
V 222.22
= 0.67
C 331.196
Equation-19.7.
Mach number =
a
i
r
te
a
m
p = pressure intensity
= desntiy of the liquid
Reference: Fluid Mechanis, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-723, Equation 15.29.
c
.
ss
e
c
uc
s
l2
a
i
r
te
a
m
m
o

Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise SolutionCkha

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise SolutionCkha

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Mechanical Engineering

TOPICWISE GATE SOLUTION

DRONACHARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS

this notes belongs to material2success.com

this notes belongs to material2success.com

Syllabus of GATE Examination

Pressure and its

Flow Through Pipes

Fluid Mechanics has approximate 6 to 8% weightage in GATE.

this notes belongs to material2success.com

A journal bearing has shaft diameter of 40 mm

For a Newtonian fluid

An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity, 7.4

The SI unit of kinematic viscosity (v) is

Kinematic viscosity of air at 20oC is given to be

The dimension of surface tension is

A fluid is said to be Newtonian when the shear

this notes belongs to material2success.com

this notes belongs to material2success.com

Space for Rough work

u = r = 20 0.02 = 0.4 m/s

Shear stress given by Newtons law of viscosity

Shear strain, tan d =

If d is small, then tan d ~ d .

this notes belongs to material2success.com

From Newtons law of viscosity

Now, from Newtons law of viscosity

.du 0.6512 10 3 0.5

this notes belongs to material2success.com

this notes belongs to material2success.com

A U-tube manometer with a small quantity of

(a) 1.01 bar

(b) 2.01 bar

In figure if the pressure of gas in bulb A is 50 cm

Flow direction is A to B and pA pB = 20 kPa

The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed on the

If p is the gauge pressure within a spherical

this notes belongs to material2success.com

Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas A in

A mercury manometer is used to measure the

Net force on a control volume due to uniform

this notes belongs to material2success.com

this notes belongs to material2success.com

Space for Rough work

Applying pressure balancing equation at free surface

this notes belongs to material2success.com

Writing the pressure balance equation,

h mercury column height

Neglecting the depth of water column, gauge pressure is given as

Therefore, area defined by the shape of the control volume.

this notes belongs to material2success.com

A hinged gate of length 5 m, inclined at 30 with

A 3.6 m square gate provided in an oil tank is

A water container is kept on a weighing balance.

The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces Fx

this notes belongs to material2success.com

4. Ans. (144.5 kN)

this notes belongs to material2success.com

Space for Rough work

Depth of centre of gravity from free surface of water,

mg cos 30 2.5 = F h /sin 30o

Therefore, the nearest possible value is 9623 kg.

this notes belongs to material2success.com

Vertical component of hydrostatic force,