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Howtowriteanemulator(CHIP8
interpreter)
Thisguideisintendedtogiveabriefintroductiontotheworldofemulationandwillalsoteach
youhowtowriteoneyourselffromscratch.
PersonallyIhavebeenexcitedaboutemulatorssincethelate90s.AsIdidntownaconsole
backinthedays(onlyhadaC64),IwaspleasantlysurprisedwhenIlearnedthatyoucoulduse
anemulatortorunconsolegamesonthePC.IstillrememberplayingSuperMario3onthePC
usingaSNES/SuperFamicomemulatorSnes9xandafewyearslatercompletingMetalGear
SolidusingBleem!(PSXemulator).

About
I'mLaurenceMuller(M.Sc.)

,aformerFellowofthe

Scientists'DiscoveryRoomLab(SDRLab)atHarvard
University/SchoolofEngineeringandAppliedSciences
(SEAS),whereIworkedoninnovativescientificsoftware
formultitouchdevicesanddisplaywallsystems.
I'malsothefounderofEpicWindmill,asoftwarecompany
thatdevelopsappsandgamesformobiledevices.

ThesedayshoweverImmorefocussedonprovidingsupporttoemulatorprojectsofrecent
consolessuchas:PCSX2(SonyPlaystation2),Dolphinemu(NintendoGamecubeandWii)
andnullDC(SegaDreamcast).
Whilethisguideexpectsyoutohavesomebasicknowledgeofcomputersystemsandassumes
youknowaprogramlanguage,itshouldalsobeaninterestingreadforpeoplewhoare
interestedinemulationingeneral.

Twitter
RT@teh_skmpNewblogpost.
blog.nillware.com/post/148787
About3monthsagofromLaurenceMuller'sTwitter

#defineemulator
Ithinkitsimportanttofirstunderstandwhatanemulatorisandisnt.

Follow@LaurenceMuller

303followers

Anemulatorisacomputerprogramthatmimicstheinternaldesignandfunctionalityofa
computersystem(SystemA).Itallowsuserstorunsoftwaredesignedforthisspecificsystem
(SytemA)onatotallydifferentcomputersystemorarchitecture(SystemB).

Randomquotes
Friend:someonewholikesyouevenaftertheyknow

Oftenpeopleconfuseasimulatorwithanemulatorandviceversa.Justrememberthatthese

you.

wordsarentsynonyms.
Letstakealookatthefollowingexample:
Pongisa2DtennisgamewhichwasdevelopedbyAtariandranontheirownhardware.
However,thegamewasntjustavailableonAtarisystems,butalsoonrivalplatformssuchas
Amstrad,AmigaandtheC64.
SincenoteveryPonggamewaslicensedbyAtaritorunontheseplatforms,italsomeantthat
noteverygamewasrunningthecodefromAtari.Basicallywhathappenedisthatpeople
createdtheirownimplementation(clones)ofthegamePong.Inthiscasetheysimulatedthe
looksandgamebehaviorofPong.
Incaseofanemulator,wechoosenottoreimplementthegamePongforournativesystem.
Instead,werecreatetheenvironmentwithacomputerprogramwhichallowsustorunthe

HCIConferences
ACMTabletop2010(Saarbrucken,Germany)
ACMTabletop2011(Japan)
ACMTabletop2012(Cambridge,MA,USA)
CHI2009(Boston,MA,USA)
CHI2010(Atlanta,GA,USA)
CHI2011(Vancouver,BC,CA)
CHI2012(Austin,TX,USA)
IDC2009(SanJose,CA,USA)
IEEETabletop2008(Amsterdam,NL)
IEEETabletop2009(Banff,Canada)
SuperComputing2008(Austin,TX,USA)

originalmachinecodeofPong.AbenefitofthisisthatitwontjustallowustorunPong,butalso

TEI2010(Cambridge,MA,USA)

anyotherapplicationdevelopedforthatplatform.

TEI2011(Funchal,Portugal)

Multitouch
DavidWallin(whitenoise)
HarryvanderVeen(gravano)
JimiHertz
JohannesHirche(xwolf)
JoshuaBlake

WhatisaCHIP8?
TheChip8actuallyneverwasarealsystem,butmorelikeavirtualmachine(VM)developedin
the70sbyJosephWeisbecker.GameswrittenintheChip8languagecouldeasilyrunon
systemsthathadaChip8interpreter.

WhystartwithaCHIP8emulator?
WritingaChip8emulatorisprobablytheeasiestemulationprojectyoucanundertake.Dueto
smallnumberofopcodes(35intotalforChip8)andthefactthatalotofinstructionsareusedin
moreadvancedCPUs,aprojectlikethisiseducational(getabetterunderstandingofhowthe
CPUworksandhowmachinecodeisexecuted),manageable(smallnumberofopcodesto
implement)andnottootimeconsuming(projectcanbefinishedinafewdays).

JustinIreland
LynnMarentette
MathieuVirbel(Tito)
PaulDIntino(Fairlane)
RalphDas
RichardMonsonHaefel(clevermonkey)
SebastianHartman
SethSandler(cerupcat)
SharathPatali
SOCOAmsterdam
TahaBintahir
ThomasHansen
TimRoth
Touchlib

Multitouch(commercial)
AppleiPad
AppleiPhone
MERLDiamondTouch
MSSurface
PerceptivePixel

Beforeyoustart
Pickaprogramminglanguageyourefamiliarwith(C/C++orJavaarecommon).
TheexamplesbelowwilluseC/C++
Dontusethisprojectasawaytolearnhowtoprogram.
(Ifbitwiseoperationsconfuseyou,studythemfirst)
Youwillprobablyneedtouse3rdpartylibrariestohandleaudio/videooutputand
userinput(GLUT/SDL/DirectX)
OKGO!

Science
Dr.C.Shen
Dr.R.G.Belleman
HarvardSEAS
HarvardUniversitySDRLab
Prof.PeterSloot
ScientificVisualizationandVirtualRealityResearch
Group
UniversiteitvanAmsterdam

Archive

Category

August2012(1)

Android

April2012(1)

Application

February2012(2)

BlackBerry

November2011(1)

Blogroll

Whenyoustartwritinganemulator,itisimportantthatyoufindasmuchinformationaspossible

March2011(1)

Featured

aboutthesystemyouwanttoemulate.Trytofindouthowmuchmemoryandregistersareused

December2010(4)

Howto

inthesystem,whatarchitectureitisusingandseeifyoucangetholdoftechnicaldocuments

November2010(2)

Infovis

thatdescribetheinstructionset.

April2010(2)

Multitouch

CPUSpecifications

February2010(1)
InthecaseoftheChip8,IwouldrecommendtakingalookattheChip8descriptionon

December2009(1)

Wikipedia.

August2009(1)
July2009(3)

IllgiveyouabriefoverviewoftheChip8systemandsomehintsonhowtoimplementthe

February2009(1)

essentialparts:

December2008(1)
November2008(1)
September2008(2)

TheChip8has35opcodeswhicharealltwobyteslong.Tostorethecurrent

July2008(1)

opcode,weneedadatatypethatallowsustostoretwobytes.Anunsignedshort

May2008(3)

hasthelengthoftwobytesandthereforfitsourneeds:

March2008(1)
February2008(1)

unsignedshortopcode;

January2008(1)
November2007(2)

TheChip8has4Kmemoryintotal,whichwecanemulatedas:

September2007(5)
July2007(1)

unsignedcharmemory[4096];

June2007(1)
May2007(5)

CPUregisters:TheChip8has158bitgeneralpurposeregistersnamedV0,V1up
toVE.The16thregisterisusedforthecarryflag.Eightbitsisonebytesowecan
useanunsignedcharforthispurpose:
unsignedcharV[16];
ThereisanIndexregisterIandaprogramcounter(pc)whichcanhaveavalue
from 0x000 to 0xFFF
unsignedshortI;
unsignedshortpc;
Thesystemsmemorymap:
0x0000x1FFChip8interpreter(containsfontsetinemu)
0x0500x0A0Usedforthebuiltin4x5pixelfontset(0F)
0x2000xFFFProgramROMandworkRAM
Thegraphicssystem:Thechip8hasoneinstructionthatdrawsspritetothescreen.
DrawingisdoneinXORmodeandifapixelisturnedoffasaresultofdrawing,the
VFregisterisset.Thisisusedforcollisiondetection.
ThegraphicsoftheChip8areblackandwhiteandthescreenhasatotalof2048
pixels(64x32).Thiscaneasilybeimplementedusinganarraythatholdthepixel
state(1or0):
unsignedchargfx[64*32];
Interuptsandhardwareregisters.TheChip8hasnone,buttherearetwotimer
registersthatcountat60Hz.Whensetabovezerotheywillcountdowntozero.
unsignedchardelay_timer;
unsignedcharsound_timer;
Thesystemsbuzzersoundswheneverthesoundtimerreacheszero.
ItisimportanttoknowthattheChip8instructionsethasopcodesthatallowtheprogramtojump
toacertainaddressorcallasubroutine.Whilethespecificationdontmentionastack,youwill
needtoimplementoneaspartoftheinterpreteryourself.Thestackisusedtorememberthe
currentlocationbeforeajumpisperformed.Soanytimeyouperformajumporcallasubroutine,
storetheprogramcounterinthestackbeforeproceeding.Thesystemhas16levelsofstackand
inordertorememberwhichlevelofthestackisused,youneedtoimplementastackpointer
(sp).

unsignedshortstack[16];
unsignedshortsp;
Finally,theChip8hasaHEXbasedkeypad( 0x00xF ),youcanuseanarraytostorethe
currentstateofthekey.

unsignedcharkey[16];

GameLoop
Togiveyouanideaonhowtodesignyouremulator,Imadeasmallexampleofalayout.Itdoes
notteachyouhowtouseGLUTorSDLtohandlegraphicsandinputbutmerelyshowsyouhow
theflowofyouremulatorshouldbe.

April2007(3)

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#include
#include//OpenGLgraphicsandinput
#include"chip8.h"//Yourcpucoreimplementation

chip8myChip8;

intmain(intargc,char**argv)
{
//Setuprendersystemandregisterinputcallbacks
setupGraphics();
setupInput();

//InitializetheChip8systemandloadthegameintothememory
myChip8.initialize();
myChip8.loadGame("pong");

//Emulationloop
for(;;)
{
//Emulateonecycle
myChip8.emulateCycle();

//Ifthedrawflagisset,updatethescreen
if(myChip8.drawFlag)
drawGraphics();

//Storekeypressstate(PressandRelease)
myChip8.setKeys();
}

return0;
}

Line35:Inthisexampleweassumeyouwillcreateaseparateclasstohandlethe
opcodes.
Line1011:Setupthegraphics(windowsize,displaymode,etc)andinputsystem
(bindcallbacks)
Line14:Clearthememory,registersandscreen
Line15:Copytheprogramintothememory
Line21:Emulateonecycleofthesystem
Line24:Becausethesystemdoesnotdraweverycycle,weshouldsetadrawflag
whenweneedtoupdateourscreen.Onlytwoopcodesshouldsetthisflag:
0x00E0 Clearsthescreen
0xDXYN Drawsaspriteonthescreen
Line28:Ifwepressorreleaseakey,weshouldstorethisstateinthepartthat
emulatesthekeypad

Emulationcycle
Nextwewilllookintotheemulationcycle.
voidchip8::initialize()
{
//Initializeregistersandmemoryonce
}

voidchip8::emulateCycle()
{
//FetchOpcode
//DecodeOpcode
//ExecuteOpcode

//Updatetimers
}
Everycycle,themethodemulateCycleiscalledwhichemulatesonecycleoftheChip8CPU.
Duringthiscycle,theemulatorwillFetch,DecodeandExecuteoneopcode.
Fetchopcode
Duringthisstep,thesystemwillfetchoneopcodefromthememoryatthelocationspecifiedby
theprogramcounter(pc).InourChip8emulator,dataisstoredinanarrayinwhicheach
addresscontainsonebyte.Asoneopcodeis2byteslong,wewillneedtofetchtwosuccessive
bytesandmergethemtogettheactualopcode.
Todemonstratehowthisworkswewillbeusingopcode 0xA2F0 .

//Assumethefollowing:
memory[pc]==0xA2
memory[pc+1]==0xF0
Inordertomergebothbytesandstoretheminan unsignedshort (2bytesdatatype)wewill
usethebitwiseORoperation:
opcode=memory[pc]<<8|memory[pc+1];
Sowhatdidactuallyhappen?
Firstweshifted 0xA2 left8bits,whichadds8zeros.
0xA20xA2<<8=0xA200HEX
101000101010001000000000BIN
NextweusethebitwiseORoperationtomergethem:
1010001000000000|//0xA200
11110000=//0xF0(0x00F0)

1010001011110000//0xA2F0
Decodeopcode
Aswehavestoredourcurrentopcode,weneedtodecodetheopcodeandchecktheopcode
tabletoseewhatitmeans.Wewillcontinuewiththesameopcode:
0xA2F0//Assembly:mvi2F0h
Ifwetakealookattheopcodetable,ittellsusthefollowing:
ANNN:SetsItotheaddressNNN
WewillneedtosetindexregisterItothevalueofNNN(0x2F0).
Executeopcode
Nowthatweknowwhattodowiththeopcode,wecanexecutetheopcodeinouremulator.For
ourexampleinstruction 0xA2F0 itmeansthatweneedtostorethevalue 0x2F0 intoindex
registerI.Asonly12bitsarecontainingthevalueweneedtostore,weuseabitwiseAND
operator(&)togetridofthefirstfourbits(nibble):
1010001011110000&//0xA2F0(opcode)
0000111111111111=//0x0FFF

0000001011110000//0x02F0(0x2F0)
Resultingcode:
I=opcode&0x0FFF;
pc+=2;
Becauseeveryinstructionis2byteslong,weneedtoincrementtheprogramcounterbytwo
aftereveryexecutedopcode.Thisistrueunlessyoujumptoacertainaddressinthememoryor
ifyoucallasubroutine(inwhichcaseyouneedtostoretheprogramcounterinthestack).Ifthe
nextopcodeshouldbeskipped,increasetheprogramcounterbyfour.
Timers
Besidesexecutingopcodes,theChip8alsohastwotimersyouwillneedtoimplement.As
mentionedabove,bothtimers(delaytimerandsoundtimer)countdowntozeroiftheyhave
beensettoavaluelargerthanzero.Sincethesetimerscountdownat60Hz,youmightwantto
implementsomethingthatslowsdownyouremulationcycle(Execute60opcodesinone
second).

Gettingstarted
Nowthatyouknowthebasicsofemulationandhowthesystemworks,itistimetoputallpieces
togetherandstartcodingtheemulator.
Initializesystem
Beforerunningthefirstemulationcycle,youwillneedtoprepareyoursystemstate.Start
clearingthememoryandresettingtheregisterstozero.WhiletheChip8doesntreallyhavea
BIOSorfirmware,itdoeshaveabasicfontsetstoredinthememory.Thisfontsetshouldbe
loadedinmemorylocation 0x50==80 andonwards.Moredetailsabouthowthefontset

workscanbefoundattheendofthisguide.
Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthatthesystemexpectstheapplicationtobeloadedat
memorylocation 0x200 .Thismeansthatyourprogramcountershouldalsobesettothis
location.
voidchip8::initialize()
{
pc=0x200;//Programcounterstartsat0x200
opcode=0;//Resetcurrentopcode

I=0;//Resetindexregister
sp=0;//Resetstackpointer

//Cleardisplay

//Clearstack
//ClearregistersV0VF
//Clearmemory

//Loadfontset
for(inti=0;i<80;++i)
memory[i]=chip8_fontset[i];

//Resettimers
}
Loadingtheprogramintothememory
Afteryouhaveinitializedtheemulator,loadtheprogramintothememory(usefopeninbinary
mode)andstartfillingthememoryatlocation: 0x200==512 .
for(inti=0;i<bufferSize;++i)
memory[i+512]=buffer[i];
Starttheemulation
Oursystemisnowreadytoexecuteitsfirstopcode.Asmentionedabove,weshouldfetch,
decodeandexecutetheopcode.Inthisexamplewestartbyreadingthefirst4bitsofthecurrent
opcodetofindoutwhattheopcodeisandwhattheemulatorneedstodo:
voidchip8::emulateCycle()
{
//Fetchopcode
opcode=memory[pc]<<8|memory[pc+1];

//Decodeopcode
switch(opcode&0xF000)
{
//Someopcodes//

case0xA000://ANNN:SetsItotheaddressNNN
//Executeopcode
I=opcode&0x0FFF;
pc+=2;
break;

//Moreopcodes//

default:
printf("Unknownopcode:0x%X\n",opcode);
}

//Updatetimers
if(delay_timer>0)
delay_timer;

if(sound_timer>0)
{
if(sound_timer==1)
printf("BEEP!\n");
sound_timer;
}
}
Insomecaseswecannotrelysolelyonthefirstfourbitstoseewhattheopcodemeans.For
example, 0x00E0 and 0x00EE bothstartwith 0x0 .Inthiscaseweaddanadditionalswitch
andcomparethelastfourbits:
//Decodeopcode
switch(opcode&0xF000)
{
case0x0000:
switch(opcode&0x000F)
{

case0x0000://0x00E0:Clearsthescreen
//Executeopcode
break;

case0x000E://0x00EE:Returnsfromsubroutine
//Executeopcode
break;

default:
printf("Unknownopcode[0x0000]:0x%X\n",opcode);
}
break;

//moreopcodes//
}

Opcodeexamples
Letstakealookatsomemoreopcodesthatmightlookdauntingatfirst.
Example1:Opcode 0x2NNN
ThisopcodecallsthesubroutineataddressNNN.Becausewewillneedtotemporaryjumpto
addressNNN,itmeansthatweshouldstorethecurrentaddressoftheprogramcounterinthe
stack.Afterstoringthevalueoftheprogramcounterinthestack,increasethestackpointerto
preventoverwritingthecurrentstack.Nowthatwehavestoredtheprogramcounter,wecanset
ittotheaddressNNN.Remember,becausewerecallingasubroutineataspecificaddress,you
shouldnotincreasetheprogramcounterbytwo.
case0x2000:
stack[sp]=pc;
++sp;
pc=opcode&0x0FFF;
break;
Example2:Opcode 0x8XY4
ThisopcodeaddsthevalueofVYtoVX.RegisterVFissetto1whenthereisacarryandsetto0
whenthereisnt.Becausetheregistercanonlystorevaluesfrom0to255(8bitvalue),itmeans
thatifthesumofVXandVYislargerthan255,itcantbestoredintheregister(oractuallyit
startscountingfrom0again).IfthesumofVXandVYislargerthan255,weusethecarryflagto
letthesystemknowthatthetotalsumofbothvalueswasindeedlargerthan255.Dontforgetto
incrementtheprogramcounterbytwoafterexecutingtheopcode.
case0x0004:
if(V[(opcode&0x00F0)>>4]>(0xFFV[(opcode&0x0F00)>>8]))
V[0xF]=1;//carry
else
V[0xF]=0;
V[(opcode&0x0F00)>>8]+=V[(opcode&0x00F0)>>4];
pc+=2;
break;
Example3:Opcode 0xFX33
StorestheBinarycodeddecimalrepresentationofVXattheaddressesI,Iplus1,andIplus2
IhavetoconfessthatIcouldnttofigureouthowtoimplementthisopcode,soIusedTJAs
solution.
case0x0033:
memory[I]=V[(opcode&0x0F00)>>8]/100;
memory[I+1]=(V[(opcode&0x0F00)>>8]/10)%10;
memory[I+2]=(V[(opcode&0x0F00)>>8]%100)%10;
pc+=2;
break;

Handlinggraphicsandinput
Drawingpixels
Theopcoderesponsiblefordrawingtoourdisplayis 0xDXYN .TheWikipediadescriptiontells
usthefollowing:
Drawsaspriteatcoordinate(VX,VY)thathasawidthof8pixelsandaheightofN
pixels.Eachrowof8pixelsisreadasbitcodedstartingfrommemorylocationII
valuedoesntchangeaftertheexecutionofthisinstruction.Asdescribedabove,VF
issetto1ifanyscreenpixelsareflippedfromsettounsetwhenthespriteisdrawn,
andto0ifthatdoesnthappen.

Asthedescriptionoftheopcodeistellingus,theChip8actuallydrawsonthescreenby
drawingsprites.Itwillgiveusthelocationofwherethespriteneedstobedrawn(theopcode
tellsuswhichVregisterweneedtochecktofetchtheXandYcoordinates)andthenumberof
rows(N).Thewidthofeachspriteisfixed(8bits/1byte).Thestateofeachpixelissetbyusing
abitwiseXORoperation.Thismeansthatitwillcomparethecurrentpixelstatewiththecurrent
valueinthememory.Ifthecurrentvalueisdifferentfromthevalueinthememory,thebitvalue
willbe1.Ifbothvaluesmatch,thebitvaluewillbe0.
01000101^
11110011=

10110110
Letsassumeittheopcodewas 0xD003 .Thismeansitwantstodrawaspriteatlocation0,0
whichis3rowshigh.AtmemorylocationI,thefollowingvalueswereset:
memory[I]=0x3C;
memory[I+1]=0xC3;
memory[I+2]=0xFF;
Howdothese3bytesrepresentasprite?Takealookatthebinaryvaluesofeachbyte:
HEXBINSprite
0x3C00111100****
0xC311000011****
0xFF11111111********
Youshouldusethebinaryrepresentationtofillyourarray( gfx[] ).However,beforesettingthe
valuein gfx[] usingtheXORoperator,youwillalsoneedtocheckifanyofthepixels
changedfrom1to0.Ifthisisthecase,youshouldsettheVFregisterto1(Thisisbasicallyatest
forcollisiondetection).
Exampleoftheimplementationofopcode 0xDXYN
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case0xD000:

{
unsignedshortx=V[(opcode&0x0F00)>>8];
unsignedshorty=V[(opcode&0x00F0)>>4];
unsignedshortheight=opcode&0x000F;
unsignedshortpixel;

V[0xF]=0;
for(intyline=0;yline<height;yline++)
{
pixel=memory[I+yline];
for(intxline=0;xline<8;xline++)
{
if((pixel&(0x80>>xline))!=0)
{
if(gfx[(x+xline+((y+yline)*64))]==1)
V[0xF]=1;
gfx[x+xline+((y+yline)*64)]^=1;
}
}
}

drawFlag=true;
pc+=2;
}
break;

Line34:Fetchthepositionandheightofthesprite
Line5:Pixelvalue
Line8:ResetregisterVF
Line9:Loopovereachrow
Line11:FetchthepixelvaluefromthememorystartingatlocationI
Line12:Loopover8bitsofonerow
Line14:Checkifthecurrentevaluatedpixelissetto1(notethat 0x80>>xline
scanthroughthebyte,onebitatthetime)
Line1617:Checkifthepixelonthedisplayissetto1.Ifitisset,weneedto
registerthecollisionbysettingtheVFregister
Line18:SetthepixelvaluebyusingXOR
Line23:Wechangedour gfx[] arrayandthusneedtoupdatethescreen.
Line24:Updatetheprogramcountertomovetothenextopcode

Input
TheChip8systemusesasimpleHEXkeypadthatallowsuserstointeractwiththesystem.For
ouremulatorthismeansweneedtoimplementamethodthatwillsetthestateofeachkeyinthe
variablethathandlesthekeystates.Everycycleyoushouldcheckthekeyinputstateandstore
itin key[] .
Itactuallydoesntmatterwhatvalueyoustore,becauseopcode 0xEX9E and 0xEXA1 only
checkifacertainkeyispressedorisntpressed.Opcode 0xFX0A onlywaitsforakeypress,
andwhenitreceivesone,itstoresthekeynameintheregisterandnotthekeystate.
case0xE000:
switch(opcode&0x00FF)
{
//EX9E:Skipsthenextinstruction
//ifthekeystoredinVXispressed
case0x009E:
if(key[V[(opcode&0x0F00)>>8]]!=0)
pc+=4;
else
pc+=2;
break;
Belowyoullfindanexampleoftheoriginalkeypadlayout.Itdoesnotreallymatterhowyou
implementthekeymapping,butIsuggestsomethingasontherightside.
KeypadKeyboard
++++++++++
|1|2|3|C||1|2|3|4|
++++++++++
|4|5|6|D||Q|W|E|R|
+++++=>+++++
|7|8|9|E||A|S|D|F|
++++++++++
|A|0|B|F||Z|X|C|V|
++++++++++

CHIP8fontset
ThisistheChip8fontset.Eachnumberorcharacteris4pixelswideand5pixelhigh.
unsignedcharchip8_fontset[80]=
{
0xF0,0x90,0x90,0x90,0xF0,//0
0x20,0x60,0x20,0x20,0x70,//1
0xF0,0x10,0xF0,0x80,0xF0,//2
0xF0,0x10,0xF0,0x10,0xF0,//3
0x90,0x90,0xF0,0x10,0x10,//4
0xF0,0x80,0xF0,0x10,0xF0,//5
0xF0,0x80,0xF0,0x90,0xF0,//6
0xF0,0x10,0x20,0x40,0x40,//7
0xF0,0x90,0xF0,0x90,0xF0,//8
0xF0,0x90,0xF0,0x10,0xF0,//9
0xF0,0x90,0xF0,0x90,0x90,//A
0xE0,0x90,0xE0,0x90,0xE0,//B
0xF0,0x80,0x80,0x80,0xF0,//C
0xE0,0x90,0x90,0x90,0xE0,//D
0xF0,0x80,0xF0,0x80,0xF0,//E
0xF0,0x80,0xF0,0x80,0x80//F
};
Itmightlookjustlikeanarrayofrandomnumbers,buttakeacloselookatthefollowing:
DECHEXBINRESULTDECHEXBINRESULT
2400xF011110000****2400xF011110000****
1440x9010010000**160x1000010000*
1440x9010010000**320x2000100000*
1440x9010010000**640x4001000000*
2400xF011110000****640x4001000000*
Lookattheleftexamplewerewearedrawingthenumber0.Asyoucanseeitseeitconsistsout
of5values.Ofeveryvalue,weusethebinaryrepresentationtodraw.Notethatonlythefirstfour
bits(nibble)areusedfordrawinganumberorcharacter.

Conclusion
Hopefullythisguideprovidedyouenoughinformationtogetyoustartedwithyourownemulator
project.Atleastyoushouldnowhaveabasicunderstandingofhowemulationworksand
perhapsabetterunderstandingofhowaCPUexecutesopcodes.
IhaveincludedmyownimplementationofaChip8interpreterbelowwhichyoucanuseasa
reference.ThezipfilecontainsabinaryforWindowsbutalsoincludesthefullsourcecodeofthe
emulator.Becausethefullsourcecodeissupplied,Irecommendonlylookingat chip8.cpp
fileasalastresorttoseehowIimplementedaparticularopcode.Thefile chip8.h and
main.cpp shouldbesafetoviewwithoutspoilingtoomuch.Actually, main.cpp mostly
containsGLUTcodewhichyoucanreuseinother(nonemulatorrelated)projectsaswell.
myChip8(7567)87.36kBLatest(Windowsbinary+Sourcecode)
EarlyversionofmyChip8from2003(containsanicedebugger)
AnAndroidportIdidin2008
Letmeknowifyoufindthisguideuseful!Ifyouhavequestionsorthinkthatessentialpartsare
missing,pleaseusethecommentsection

Credits
Specialthankstothefollowingpersons(manyonlyknownbytheirpseudonym)whohave
helpedmegreatlywithmyownemulationprojectsinthepastandpresent.
ector&F|RES(Dolphinemuteam)
Saqib,zenogais,Absolute0,Shadow,gigaherz,Florin,Goldfinger(PCSX2team)
drk||Raziel&ZeZu(nullDCteam)
Hacktarux(Mupen64)
Muad(nSX2)
pSXAuthor(pSX)
Shadowprince,Linker,Aprentice,SculleatR,ShizZy,Dave2001

Suggestions
AfteryouhavecompletedyourfirstChip8emulator,youmightwanttotryoneofthefollowing
things:
AddSuperCHIP8Opcodes
Usefunctionpointersinsteadofagiantswitchstatement
Improvegraphicsbyaddingfilters(Hqx)
Portittootherplatforms(Mobile?)orlanguages
MoveontoamorecomplexprojectforexampleemulatingaGameboy(Z80
processor)

Resources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIP8Systeminformation
CowgodsChip8TechnicalReferencev1.0Recommended
Chip8tutorialGoldroad.co.uk(mirror)
(S)Chip8instructionsetGoldroad.co.uk(mirror)
DavidWintersCHIP8emulationpageContainssomegames
(S)CHIP8instructionsetoverview(ErikBryntse)
Chip8emulatortopiconEmutalk
Chip8emulatortopiconNGemu

Advancedemulatorresources
ZilmarsEmubook
EmubookCPUemulationchapter
Emubookmemoryemulationchapter
ZenogaisEmulationTutorials(Offline,butavailablethroughArchive.org)
ZenogaisEmulationTutorials(mirror)
DynamicRecompiler(mirror)
ArrayofFunctionPointers(mirror)
IntroductiontoEmulationPart1(mirror)
IntroductiontoEmulationPart2(mirror)
LayingtheGroundForAnEmulator(mirror)

Bookmark&Share

Share

56Comment
Nate
Hello,
Firstoff,greatjobonthetutorial!Imreallyenjoyingtheprocessofmakingmy
firstemulator!ImaCSmajor,andIdonthavealotofengineering,lowlevel
background.ImfollowingyourguideusingtheJavaprogramminglanguage.
Imalittlebitconfusedonsomethinginthetutorialthusfar.
IntheFetchOpcodesectionofthetutorial,youuseashifttoleftof8bitstoadd
8zeroestotheendofthenumber.However,ineveryarticleonbitwise
operationsIcanfind,shiftsdidntaddmoredigitsontotheendofanumber,they
simplymovetheirposition.Ididsomeexperimentingandfoundthatshiftsdo
indeedadddigitstotheend,butImstillconfusedonwhyexactlytheshiftis
addingmoredigits.
Thanks!
05JUN2011|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
HiNate,
thanks!

GladtohearyouhaveaJavaemulatorcomingalong!
Aboutyourquestion,letmetrytoexplainwhatishappeningthere.Youwill
havetorememberthateachopcodeis2byteslongandthatweusethe
datatypeunsignedshorttostorethisvalue.Sincewestoreallourdataas
bytesinthememory,thismeansweneedtofindawaytoconverttwo
separatebytesintounsignedshorts(2byteslong)togetthefullopcode.
Thefirststepistoretrievethefirstbytefromthememoryandstoreitinan
unsignedshort(0xA2>0x00A2).The0x00partisjustholding8bitswith
thevalueofzero.Nowifwearegoingtoshiftbitsinanunsignedshort,the
totalnumberofbitswearemanagingisalways16.Youcannotaddor
removeanybits.
Whenyouareshiftinganunsignedshortonesteptotheleft,itmeansthat
eachbitgetsmovedoneplacetotheleft.Duringthisstep,the1stbitwill
beassignedwiththevalueofthe2ndbit.Theoriginalvalueofthe1stbit
howeverislost.The16thbitdoesnothaveaneighboringbitontheright
side.Thereforthisbitwillalwaysbeassignedthevaluezero.Nowifwe
shifttotherightside,theoppositehappens.The1stbitwillbeassigned
zero(noleftneighbor!)andthe16thbitwillbeassignedwiththeoriginal
valueofthe15thbit.Thevalueofthe16thbitislost.
Hopethishelpsyououtabit!
06JUN2011|REPLY

Nate
Laurence,
Thanksfortheexplanationonthat.Thatreallyhelpedoutalot.
Ihaveanotherquestionforyou.Javadoesntsupportunsigned
types,andIvealreadyencounteredafewproblemswiththat.Ive
sincechangedthedatatypeformyopcodevariabletoanint.The
onlyotherthingIcanthinkofthatmightbeaprobleminthefutureis
myI(index)register.Doesthatvalueevergetbiggerthanplusor
minus32768(or0x8000)?NOTE:Thatnumberisthemaxvaluefor
theJavashortdatatype.
Also,ImnotsurehowfamiliaryouarewithJava,butifyouhave
anothersolutioninmindthatwouldbebetterthanmine,pleaselet
meknow!Imallears.
Thanksagain,
Nate
07JUN2011|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
HeyNate,
Gladithelped:).
ActuallyIwashavingthesameissueswhenIwasportingmy
Chip8emutoAndroid(Java).ImnotsurehowIsolvedit(orif
Ievensolveditatall).
Ifoundthiswebsitethatmightbeusefulforyou:
http://www.javamex.com/java_equivalents/unsigned.shtml
10JUN2011|REPLY

CAGriffin
Imwritingsome14monthsafterthispostsoIimagineyouve
gotitsussedbynow.Butforotherswomaystumblehere:
Usechardatatypeasitstheonlyunsignedtypeandis
16bits.Howeverforprintingtosys.outetcithastobecast

asanintorshortotherwisetheunicodecharacterwillbe
printedout.
Asforthebytetype,alwaysuseabitmaskwhenassigningto
anotherlargersignedtypevariableandthiscancelsthe
compilerassigningthesignednumericvalue,ohandcast..
forexample:
charopcode=(char)((byte1&0xFF)<<8|(byte2&0xFF))
Iwasbangingmyheadforawhileaboutthisandfoundthe
answerinJavaPuzzlersbyJBloch.
12SEP2012|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
ThanksforyourfeedbackCarlos!Imsurethiswillhelp
outotherJavadevelopersaswell.
14SEP2012|

IvanOspina
HelloLaurence,ImfromColombia,Ivebeenwaitingforthistutorialalongtime,
Imveryhappytofindthis,anditsverygoodexplained,thankyouforthis.
24JUN2011|REPLY

Runo
HiFalcon^^
ManIrememberusingyourPADpluginsonvariousemulatorslongtimeago,
whenIwasakid.Thanksforthis,ImatranslatorforDolphinemulatorandnow
ImtryingtoimprovemyC++andemulationknowledgesothishelpsmealot!
Goodtoseeyouarestillthere,IreallymissyourpluginsonDolphinemu,the
onlyonesthateverhadapictureofthecontroller^^
23JUL2011|REPLY

toggi3
Supermariobros3wasforNES,notSNES.YouprobablyusedNESticle.
12OCT2011|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
WellyourecorrectthatSMB3wasavailablefortheNES,butIthinkIwas
usingSuperMarioAllstarsontheSNES!IdidusedNESticleforduckhunt
:P!
12OCT2011|REPLY

Mitza
Doineedtouseopengltodrawonscreen,orhowelseicoulddoit?
12NOV2011|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
ThisexampleusesOpenGL,butonwindowsyoucoulduseDirectDrawor
Direct3D
16NOV2011|REPLY

Daniel
Hidudelovethetutorialmycodeisnotcompleteikindaskippedpartsofthe
tutorialbecauseididntunderstand,Hereismycode
1 ImportsSystem.IO
2
3 PublicClassForm1

4
5 PrivateSubForm1_Load(ByValsenderAsSystem.Object,ByVal
6 Dimmemory(4096)AsByte
7 DimV(16)AsChar
8 DimIAsString
9 DimpcAsInteger
10 DimgfxAsBitmap=NewBitmap(My.Computer.FileSystem.SpecialDirectories.Desktop&
11 Dimdelay_timerAsChar
12 Dimsound_timerAsChar
13 Dimstack(16)AsShort
14 DimspAsShort
15 DimopcodeAsString
16 DimkeyAsChar
17 DimmemoryPositionAsShort
18
19 DimopenfiledialogAsNewOpenFileDialog
20 openfiledialog.ShowDialog()
21
22 memory=System.IO.File.ReadAllBytes(openfiledialog.FileName)
23
24 While(1)
25
26 opcode=Hex(memory(pc))&Hex(memory(pc+1))
27
28
29 Ifopcode.StartsWith("A")Then
30
31 'IndexRegisterInstruction
32
33 Forb=1Toopcode.Length1
34 I&=opcode(b)
35 Next
36
37 EndIf
38
39 Ifopcode.StartsWith("D")Then
40
41 DimxAsInteger
42 DimyAsInteger
43 DimheightAsInteger
44 DimwidthAsInteger
45
46 x=CLng("&H"&opcode(1))
47 y=CLng("&H"&opcode(2))
48
49 height=CLng("&H"&opcode(3))
50
51 Forb=0Toheight
52 gfx.SetPixel(x,y,Color.Gray)
53 PictureBox1.Image=gfx
54 Next
55
56 Fora=0To16
57 gfx.SetPixel(x+a,y,Color.Gray)
58 PictureBox1.Image=gfx
59 Next
60
61 EndIf
62 pc+=2
63 EndWhile
64
65 EndSub
66 EndClass

Thiscodewillsetpixelsandthatsitbutitdoesnotsetthemproperlyhowcanifix
this?
11DEC2011|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
HiDaniel,inyourDopcode,afewthingsaremissing.Youneedtoreset
V[F]tozeroandsetitwhenscreenpixelsareflipped.Also,yourcode
doesntseemtocopydatafromthememory?
28DEC2011|REPLY

Shariq
gfx[(x+xline+((y+yline)*64))]
Hi,couldsomeonepleaseexplaintheaboveline?The64isntexactly
obvioustome.Whydoweneeditthere?Igetthatweretryingtoaccess

ourgfxarraywhichrepresentsourscreen(2048pixels?)butthis
statementisntmakingalotofintuitivesensetome.Anyhelpwouldbe
greatlyappreciated.
Ohandthankyouforthiswonderfultutorial!
03JAN2015|REPLY

CrckrHckr
Ihavejustbeguncodingone,Ineedsomehelp,
https://rapidshare.com/files/1098129696/Chip_8.rar
14APR2012|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
Couldyouexplainwhatkindofhelpyouneed?
23APR2012|REPLY

Max
HeyLaurence.Firstoffthanksforthegreattutorial.Ihadacouplequestions.Im
notnewtoprogrammingbutIamstillabeginner(about9monthsofexperience).
IwaswonderingifyoucouldelaborateontwothingsIveneverdonebefore:1.
Howtoreadinthegamefilesusingfopenand2.Howtouseoneofthe3rdparty
librariestohandlethegraphics.Irealizethesecondoneisaskingaverybig
question,soperhapsjustalinktoagoodandrelevanttutorialwouldbenice.
Goodworkandthanksinadvance!
18APR2012|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
HeyMax,
1.Iwouldstartbyreadinghowfopenworks,youprobablywanttoopena
fileinreadandbinarymode:
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/cstdio/fopen/and
http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/cfileio.html
2.Youcoulduse3rdpartylibs,butifyouarejustgoingtodrawb/wpixels
inopenGL,youmightwanttousethecodesnippetImadeformychip8
emu:
http://www.multigesture.net/articles/howtodrawpixelstoatexture
opengl/
23APR2012|REPLY

CrckrHckr
Well,thankyouforreplying.Iwanttofirstfinishmycpucore.Iwantedsome
pixelsdrawing,Isawyourcodesnippet,butallIsawwasawhitescreen,and
laterblack.ButIthinkIhavetofinishtheemucorefirst,right?
23APR2012|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
Itsprobablybesttofirstimplementallcpuinstructionsandseeifyourcore
canrunproperly(makeitoutputallcommandstothescreenforexample
toseeifitendsupinadeadlock).Afterthatyoucanworkonthedrawing
part(0xD000instruction)whichyoucandobywritinganarraytoatexture.
23APR2012|REPLY

CrckrHckr
Thanksforyouropinion.Ifyoulookat:
http://forums.pcsx2.net/ThreadEmulatorProgrammingChip8
OPCODEhelp?page=2
thenthelastpostbymeshowsaproblem,ithasmysource
attached.Thanks.
24APR2012|REPLY

Stefonzo
Ihavebeencodingthisinjavatoandsofarhavebeenusingsignedshortsfor
theopcodes.Willitstillworkevenifitissigned?
04MAY2012|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
Itwillprobablywork,youwilljusthavetobecarefulwhenshiftingbits
left/right
05MAY2012|REPLY

RandomEmuDude
Iwouldpersonallycreatemyownclasstorepresentthenecessary
amountofbits.Usingasignedshortcouldbeperfectinalmostallcases,
butithastobeperfectinALLofthem.Imaginesomethinglikeoverflow
beingintentionalintheoriginalgame,thesignedshortgivedifferent
behavior.
10SEP2012|REPLY

Stefonzo
ThanksalotIappreciateitohandyourBeatNodeapplooksprettycoolwhenI
getsomemoneyImgoingtobuyit!
06MAY2012|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
Yourewelcome
07MAY2012|REPLY

CrckrHckr
Hey,Igetunkownopcode0xf090and0xf020,Whatshouldido?
06MAY2012|REPLY

CrckrHckr
SOrry,problemwaswithCPUcore.
07MAY2012|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
Gladyoufigureditout
07MAY2012|REPLY

CrckrHckr
Yup,IevengotSDLgraphicsandkeyboardinputworking,(I
amjust15:P)
12MAY2012|REPLY

Ryan
Thatsgreat,CrckrHckr.Dontstopherethough,see
whatotheremulatorsyoucanwrite.Perhapsthe
MasterSystem,ormaybetheNESwouldbean
interestingprojectforyoutotakeon?
04AUG2013|

Stefonzo
Ihavebegunimplementingtheopcodesandwaswonderingifthiscodelooked
alrightasIwaswonderinghowtoimplementNNandNNN:
case0x3XNN:
for(inti=0i<16i++){
if(V[i]==0x00FF){
pc=pc+4
}else{
pc=pc+2
}
}
break
Would0x00FFworkforNN?DoesNNhaveaspecificplaceitshouldbestored
at?
31MAY2012|REPLY

testabc
HelloLaurenceMuller,IhaveaquestionaboutthisSCHIP8instruction:
00FB*Scrolldisplay4pixelsright.
WhenitsaysScrolldisplay4pixelsrightdoesitmeanshiftthepixelinthat
directionbythatamountwithoutconcerningthe4pixels(nowoutofthescreen)
fromtheright,ordoesitmeantoshiftthescreenrightandthelast4pixelstothe
rightwillnowappeartotheleft?
04JUN2012|REPLY

Patrick
Greatwriteup!
IdidanearlylinebylineporttoC#thatrunstheinterpreterinaWindowsForms
app.ItarunningalittleslowbutIhaventlookedintoanyoptimizationandI
believethatthemultitudeoftypecastingImdoingontick.
Itwasgreatfun,thanksfortheinspirationandtheheavylifting.
http://www.dreambuildrepeat.com/Chip8/Chip8.zip
24JUN2012|REPLY

Turbohao
ThanksforportingittoC#,ivetrieditoutanditworksgreat.
iwilllearnlotsfromit.
02NOV2012|REPLY

Mario
Yousays:
Whilethisguideexpectsyoutohavesomebasicknowledgeofcomputer
systemsandassumesyouknowaprogramlanguage,itshouldalsobean
interestingreadforpeoplewhoareinterestedinemulationingeneral.
WhatdoyoumeanbyComputerSystems?
Canyourecommendanybooks?
24JUN2012|REPLY

JamesBlandford
Heythere,thanksfortheawesometutorial!
AfterimplementingalloftheopcodesinC++(thattookawhile!),itworksfine!
Optimizeditabitsoitrunsatfullspeednow,andinsteadofsettingtheredraw
flagonthespritedrawopcode,Imovedittothe0x1NNNreturnopcodeinstead.
Itdoesntblinkanymore,obviouslymygfxcodewasntuptoscratch,butit
worksfine:createdmyownlittleassemblygameandranit,playedbreakout,
blinky.
NowitstimetomoveontoNESemulation!
Thanks,
James.
14AUG2012|REPLY

LaurenceMuller
HiJames,thanksforthefeedback!
Gladthisguidecouldhelpyouonyouremulationjourney.Goodluckon
yourNESemulator!
14AUG2012|REPLY

RandomEmuDude
HiJames,thanksforthispost,itiselaboratelywrittenandhelpsnewbiesand
experienceddevelopersjuststartingwithemulationalike!
OnequestionIhaveisinregardstoC++templatesandmetaprogramming.I
haveheardthatopcodescanbegeneralizedwithtemplatesandthatitisavery
elegantsolution,butsomethingthatIwouldimaginerequiresagoodamountof
previousexposuretometaprogrammingandtemplates.Ipersonallyhavea
decentamountofC++developmentundermybelt,buttheoneareaofC++I
haventusedmuchistemplates.Wouldyoupleaserecommendawayto
accomplishthisviapointingmeintherightdirectionorshowingacodesample
thatwillhelpmegetstarted?
Thanksagain!
10SEP2012|REPLY

CarlosGriffin
IjustwantedtosharewithyouthesolutiontotheBCDassignmentforopcode
FX33.Ifonedoesntknowhowtousethemodulusoperatororifforinstanceit
simplydidntexist.
Simplearithmeticbasically.Imsubstitutingthevariablenamesformemory[i]etc.
forthenames:hunds,tens,ones.
hunds=VX/100
tens=(VX(hunds*100))/10
ones=(VX(hunds*100+tens*10))
IdoconcedethatitsnotquiteaselegantasTJAssolution.
Anyway,RegardsandHappyCoding
14SEP2012|REPLY

cyboman
Hi.
Thanksforthetutorial.Itisveryinformative.
Imslightlyconfusedabouttheskipif(not)equalinstructions.
Oneofthelinksthatyougaveonthispage,CowgodsChip8Technical
Referencev1.0,http://devernay.free.fr/hacks/chip8/C8TECH10.HTM#3xkksays
thefollowingaboutthetheskipifequalinstruction:
3xkkSEVx,byte
SkipnextinstructionifVx=kk.
TheinterpretercomparesregisterVxtokk,andiftheyareequal,incrementsthe
programcounterby2.
ThequestionthatIhaveisshouldntitincrementtheprogramcounterby4
insteadofby2sinceopcodesare2bytesandeachprogramcountervalue
correspondstoansinglebyte.IfIincrementtheprogramcounterby2,thenIwill
simplyexecutethenextinstruction,butIfIincrementitby4thenIwillskipthe
nextinstructionandexecutetheonethatisneeded.
Anyhelpisappreciated.
24OCT2012|REPLY

Smoke
Thanksforthetutorial,itconfirmedthatIalreadyhadadecentideaofhowitall
works.
ImthinkImgoingtogiveaC#implementationawhirl,shouldbefun.
Anyways,Ialsowantedtoletyouknowthatyourcompiledexampleisntworking
correctlyonWin7x64,itdoesrun,but,thegamesareallmessedup,unlessof
coursethatswhattheyresupposedtobelike?

Inpong,theboard\paddles\etc,aredrawnfine,but,youseethecpuplayingat
lightingspeeds,itlookslikeseveralballsaremovingaround,oroneismoving
reallyfast.
Tetriswasjustabigblobofpixels,likeanImadeofpixels,withsomejittery
nonsensehappeningatthetopofthetowerofpixels..
Idontknow,anyways,justwantedtoletyouknowtherewereissues.
Anyways,thanksagain.
19JAN2013|REPLY

Otto
Thanksforthenicepost.
ButItestedthebinaryyoumadeavailableanditsextremelyfast.Allgamesstart
andend(Idie)inlessthanasecond.ItsWinXP32bitsandtheCPUisacorei5.
18JUN2013|REPLY

Help
IamtryingtowriteanemulatorforChip8inJavausingtheLWJGL.HowwouldI
opentheROM?ThatisreallytheonlythingIneedhelpfor.Thanks
31JUL2013|REPLY

Mostafa
Hilaurence..
ThankyouforthisEXCELLENTtutorial..Ihopeyouarestillalive.
29SEP2013|REPLY

Coornio
IhavealsomademyownChip8/Superchipemulator,inCubescript.Itcanonly
berunwithinthegameTesseractthough
InameditCubeChipforobviousreasons,youcancatchthevideohere:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9Opuf8GHPQ
Yourarticleisaniceintroduction,butinrealitysomepartsaremisleading.If
yourestillmaintainingthisarticlewithupdatesitwouldbenicertotalkoutofthe
commentsection
16JAN2015|REPLY

EmulateurChip8|itMiscBlog
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Inprogress:CHIP8emulator|Projectlog
Chip8Linuxport|Projectlog
WritingaChip8Emulator(Part1)CraigThomas
CHIP8EmulatorLyndonArmitage
CHIP8Javascript|alexkudryashkin
Chip8EmulatorinChilliSource|ProcedurallyChallenged

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