Interval variables: variables having numerical distances between any two values: ‘Ordinal variables: variables having ordered categories -¥ « Binlnss), where ¥ denotes the total umber of sce emia wre res regen eon) Danity Hnetin: AY = 9) = Gath APF = Oahe-e sm ee ee OH Aga: BY) =n, Vcace VorY)=nt-«). NN (am,nn(1—)) a8 n grows large an PML = mye 5 12 py = E(N,) = ny Var(N) = nny )Cov(N.N4) = nny yl Var(¥) = hy ~ a(n.) and -> 00 and x -+ 0 such that mx >, where pl ¥) ~ Pols). j = 1,-..,¢, are independent, then _N(v,4) 8 1 grows largeis a constant, then the sbbson oY wilted towards (a). j-1 ¥s ~ POUT $-1 #) e ia Ta, ah ona tpt Pan ati Nec Bema ln scceses (anon) § and n(1 —7) > 51 —7 < 0.2 sememmemnnnnnna ate Aor (m, sme) = Yaylon(a) + Const, erected. % fe % Lamy Fe {p) =nlogs + moe +sogm + loess na temlansin-sn)ben Ej <5 rat Most 20%rene ote canbe smal tan | ‘ets nee iets oe npn cn iin re~1~# parameters estimated under Ma m1 =m, m= x4 pace pid tens Se favo un | SSRIS Sp = FIL ~ Nu BH B/n olan i) + Dleinht X 6 PP Be] Re sat cto tr ee Total fmm me) ASIN rca) yay Paes iy Poesy Tim iy eet aero ea me fm me meme Be ART (pee Am) =D Dovey = LE Laloene + hers) DELI yey) Mik _ Mk 1a 2B Lott “Baten Eaten Brie Ree Foe My oe 2) sash yn \y2_ sp (O-EF ee Eove() Ewe (ce aESouten 2 ¥ fea regonse ana exanatanH0:7 Rigi ae DEE in Ae sey mom ona Gh) sae ttermncnsaewgoanlen can = My) — Mya) = BB yg cy a ml ie) a8)= a may _ mu/maleitingiuretemtenan so, nig) milmegaseanania thes ntean nese etn seth) = [Ey ET 9 = y/ty = 2 gop) = 1 4 1 1, 1 onaninganise ronment ring ti a mama ay ma * at rat ene oe 30) => =e «© moraine = BSED r= myn ssa 1 Px(Y = 1]X=1) + mas Pe (ray aaa ot Odds rato is reciprocal of, 1/8 when the rows or eolumns interchange (rato = lav risk x (7="=) Ix=2) 2s tnvasiant when rows become the columns andthe columns become the rms ccna cc emavasa ea aed romney (rh ig 40-3) =e = Neecleiee oeO ie eaten a 1 = Syypey— the sample mean ofthe column scores Conran hsnleoeumtrtandsebethatond 1 CED—1 SY S 13.04 i)y ~vpy — sample covariance of and v. iu Pi VUEie-a'n- [E09] gman ease twos Tost title MP = (1)? whee for lee nM has procimatly& caquaed Abin wth df ‘Hp: X and Y are independent vs 11: p > 0 (one-sided) ‘Test statistic M = Ymi— Tr where for large n, M has approximately a standard normal distribution Product-Multinomial Sampling: can happen in several different ways © 0: nas fad, xing the sample sizeof two-sy taties “Te sso comes om ape bing associ weh he Socal sratiod sampling, hsb har ha eseaue sre wat the wie hang he nin 06, fing the row sizas of twoway tables Partial and marginal associations.soese ‘Gudiguemestamihastearcatanay."” Simpson's Paradox Conditional IndependenceP(¥ = j|X =k) =P(Y =j]Z =k) For fixed k, rije = Mist sst/ se for all jj For fixed ky mijcay = i(k) q(4) for all i, j or 2 bb, X and af codon iden a . 6 Oxy) = for j= 12 Marginal IndependenceOyy = I+ = Ti++T+j+ nue = Elta) = EE mugen ae Homogeneous Asseciaion?xy(1)= xy) = Re oe remem aategaes—D) ql]? _sMatotisvapropie stent saahoneninn Go vene eo meeanin mnie noes eo Se Varina) ery apcunnis amar epee gg |e unnnen eran eas neck sinner conie est by ating Nepal {tion operons slo? 2 mare or be tet Singer ad ova he cargo 3 skpeng ten he bur oo i eaede in sar Seay bee | rerpestini mn) Ysera omnes hss Ina2x 2x k table, suppose Oxy1) = Oxy a = 9xv(n) Mantel-Haenszel estimator: Oy = Eepuatansns ah vaiX+¥) ConX¥) CoV exay COMX, ¥)= El(X —1x)(¥ — Hy] = E(XY) — pxey Var(nsu4) xy (oHlo Oxy) = R= Bao oun = = Var(X) + Varl ¥) + 2Cov(X, ¥!