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PostedonJune4,2015June15,2016byengineer122Comments
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ElectricalEngineering

ELECTRICALEngineeringInterviewQuestionsandAnswerspdffreedownload
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ElectricalMotorControl

1.Whatiselectrictraction?
Electrictractionmeansusingtheelectricpowerfortractionsystem(i.e.forrailways,trams,trolleysetc).
Electrictractionmeansuseoftheelectricityforalltheabovemachines.Nowadays,magnetictractionisalsousedforbullettrains.andbasicallydcmotorsareused
forelectrictractionsystems.
2.Howcanyoustartupthe40wtubelitewith230vAC/DCwithoutusinganychoke/Coil?
ItspossiblebymeansofElectronicchokes,otherwiseitsnotpossibletoionizetheparticlesintubelightwithnormalvoltage.
3.Whatispuinelectricalengineering?
Pustandsforperunitandthiswillbeusedinsinglelinediagramofpowerdistributionanditislikeahugeelectricalcircuitwithnoofcomponents(generators,
transformers,loads)withdifferentratings(inMVAandKV).Tobringalltheratingsintocommonplatformweusepuconceptinwhich,ingenerallargestMVAand
KVratingsofthecomponentisconsideredasbasevalues,thenallothercomponentratingswillgetbackintothisbasis.Thosevaluesarecalledaspuvalues.
(p.u=actualvalue/basevalue).
ELECTRICALEngineeringInterview
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ELECTRICALEngineeringInterview
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4.OperationcarriedoutinThermalpowerstations?
Thewaterisobtainedintheboilerandthecoalisburntsothatsteamisobtainedthissteamisallowedtohittheturbine,theturbinewhichiscoupledwiththe
generatorgeneratestheelectricity.
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5.Whylinkisprovidedinneutralofanaccircuitandfuseinphaseofaccircuit?
LinkisprovidedataNeutralcommonpointinthecircuitfromwhichvariousconnectionaretakenfortheindividualcontrolcircuitandsoitisgiveninalinkform
towithstandhighAmps.ButinthecaseofFuseinthePhaseofACcircuititisdesignedsuchthatthefuseratingiscalculatedfortheparticularcircuit(i.eload)
only.Soifanymalfunctionhappenthefuseconnectedintheparticularcontrolcircuitalonewillblowoff.
6.Howtubelightcircuitisconnectedandhowitworks?
Achokeisconnectedinoneendofthetubelightandastarterisinserieswiththecircuit.Whensupplyisprovided,thestarterwillinterruptthesupplycycleofAC.
Duetothesuddenchangeofsupplythechockwillgeneratearound1000volts.Thisvoltwillcapableoftobreaktheelectronsinsidethetubetomakeelectronflow.
oncethecurrentpassesthroughthetubethestartercircuitwillbeoutofpart.nowthereisnochangeofsupplycauseschokevoltagenormalizedandactasminimize
thecurrent.
7.whatsisMARXCIRCUIT?
Itisusedwithgeneratorsforcharginganumberofcapacitorinparallelanddischargingtheminseries.Itisusedwhenvoltagerequiredfortestingishigherthanthe
available.
8.Whatisencoder,howitfunction?
Anencoderisadeviceusedtochangeasignal(suchasabitstream)ordataintoacode.Thecodemayserveanyofanumberofpurposessuchascompressing
informationfortransmissionorstorage,encryptingoraddingredundanciestotheinputcode,ortranslatingfromonecodetoanother.Thisisusuallydonebymeans
ofaprogrammedalgorithm,especiallyifanypartisdigital,whilemostanalogencodingisdonewithanalog
circuitry.
9.Whataretheadvantagesofspeedcontrolusingthyristor?
Advantages:1.FastSwitchingCharactersticsthanMosfet,BJT,IGBT2.Lowcost3.HigherAccurate.
10.WhyHumanbodyfeelElectricshock??ninanElectrictrainduringrunning,WedidntfeelanyShock?why?
Unfortunatelyourbodyisaprettygoodconductorofelectricity,ThegoldenruleisCurrenttakesthelowestresistantpathifyouhaveinsulationtoourfeetasthe
circuitisnotcomplete(wearingrubberfootwearwhichdoingsomerepairsisadvisableasourfootwearisahighresistancepathnotmuchcurrentflowsthroughour
body).Theelectrictrainiswellinsulatedfromitselectricalsystem.
11.whatistheprincipleofmotor?
Wheneveracurrentcarryingconductorisplacedinanmagneticfielditproduceturningortwistingmovemntiscalledastorque.
12.Why,whenbirdssitontransmissionlinesorcurrentwiresdoesntgetshock?
Itstruethatifbirdstouchthesingleoneline(phaseorneutral)theydontgetelectricalshockifbirdstouch2linesthanthecircuitisclosedandtheygetelectrical
shock..soifahumantouchsingleoneline(phase)thenhedoesntgetshockifheisintheair(nottouchingstandingonthegroundifheisstandingontheground
thentouchingtheline(phase)hewillgetashockbecausethegroundonwhatwestandingislikeline(groundbedlikeneutral)?andinthemostofelectriclinesthe
neutralisgrounded..sothatmeansthathumanwhotouchthelineclosesthecircuitbetweenphaseandneutral.
13.whatismeantbyarmaturereaction?
Theeffectofarmatureflutomainfluxiscalledarmaturereaction.Thearmaturefluxmaysupportmainfluxoropposesmainflux.
14.whathappenifwegive220voltsdcsupplytodbulbrtubelight?
Bulbs[devices]forACaredesignedtooperatesuchthatitoffershighimpedancetoACsupply.Normallytheyhavelowresistance.WhenDCsupplyisapplied,due
tolowresistance,thecurrentthroughlampwouldbesohighthatitmaydamagethebulbelement.
15.WhichmotorhashighStartingTorqueandStaringcurrentDCmotor,InductionmotororSynchronousmotor?
DCSeriesmotorhashighstartingtorque.WecannotstarttheInductionmotorandSynchronousmotorsonload,butcannotstarttheDCseriesmotorwithoutload.
16.whatisACSRcableandwhereweuseit?
ACSRmeansAluminiumconductorsteelreinforced,thisconductorisusedintransmission&distribution.
17.Whatisvaccumcurrcuitbreaker.definewithcauseandwherebeuseitDevice?
Abreakerisnormallyusedtobreakaciruit.whilebreakingthecircuit,thecontactterminalswillbeseparated.
Atthetimeofseperationanairgapisformedinbetweentheterminals.Duetoexistingcurrentflowtheairinthegapisionisedandresultsinthearc.various
mediumsareusedtoquenchthisarcinrespectiveCBs.butinVCBthemediumisvaccumgas.sincetheairintheCBishavingvaccumpressurethearcformation
isinterrupted.VCBscanbeuseduptokv.
18.Whatwillhappenwhenpowerfactorisleadingindistributionofpower?
Iftheirishighpowerfactor,i.eifthepowerfactorisclosetoone:
1.lossesinformofheatwillbereduced,
2.cablebecomeslessbulkyandeasytocarry,andverycheaptoafford,&
3.italsoreducesoverheatingoftranformers.
19.whatstheonemaindifferencebetweenUPS&inverter?Andelectricalengineering&electronicsengineering?
uninterruptpowersupplyismainlyuseforshorttime.meansaccordingtoupsVAitgivesbackup.upsisalsotwotypes:onlineandoffline.onlineupshavinghigh
voltandampforlongtimebackupwithwithhighdcvoltage.butupsstartwith2vdcwith7amp.butinverterisstartwith2v,24,dcto36vdcand20ampto80amp
batterywithlongtimebackup.
20.Whatis2phasemotor?
Atwophasemotorisamotorwiththethestartingwindingandtherunningwindinghaveaphasesplit.
e.gacservomotor.wheretheauxiliarywindingandthecontrolwindinghaveaphasesplitof90degree.
21.AdvantagesofvvvfdrivesovernonvvvfdrivesforEOTcranes?
1.smoothstartandstop.
2.nojerkingofload.
3.exactposiitoning
4.betterprotectionformotor.
5.high/lowspeedselection.
6.reliabilityofbreakshoe.
7.programmablebreakcontrol.
8.easycircutry
9.reductionincontrols
10.increasesmotorlife
22.WhatisthesignificanceofvectorgroupinginPowerTransformers?
Everypowertransformerhasavectorgrouplistedbyitsmanufacturer.Fundamentallyittellsyoutheinformationabouthowthewindingsareconnected(deltaor
wye)andthephacedifferencebetweentthecurrentandvoltage.EG.DYNmeansDeltaprimary,WyeSecondryandthecurrentisatoclockrefferedtothevoltage.

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23.WhichtypeofA.Cmotorisusedinthefan(ceilingfan,exhaustfan,padestalfan,bracketfanetc)whicharefindinthehouses?
ItsSinglePhaseinductionmotorwhichmostlysquirrelcagerotorandarecapacitorstartcapacitorrun.
24.GivetwobasicspeedcontrolschemeofDCshuntmotor?
Byusingfluxcontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatisconnectedacrossthefieldwindingtocontrolthefieldcurrent.sobychangingthecurrentthefluxproduced
bythefieldwindingcanbechanged,andsincespeedisinverselyproportionaltofluxspeedcanbecontrolled.armaturecontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatis
connectedacrossarmaturewindingbyvaryingtheresistancethevalueofresistivedrop(IaRa)canbevaried,andsincespeedisdirectlyproportionaltoEbIaRathe
speedcanbecontrolled.
25.whatistheprincipleofmotor?
Wheneveracurrentcarryingconductorisplacedinanmagneticfielditproduceturningortwistingmovementiscalledastorque.
26.whatismeantbyarmaturereaction?
Theeffectofarmatureflutomainfluxiscalledarmaturereaction.Thearmaturefluxmaysupportmainfluxoropposesmainflux.
27.GivetwobasicspeedcontrolschemeofDCshuntmotor?
Byusingfluxcontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatisconnectedacrossthefieldwindingtocontrolthefieldcurrent.sobychangingthecurrentthefluxproduced
bythefieldwindingcanbechanged,andsincespeedisinverselyproportionaltofluxspeedcanbecontrolled.armaturecontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatis
connectedacrossarmaturewdg.byvaryingtheresistancethevalueofresistivedrop(IaRa)canbevaried,andsincespeedisdirectlyproportionaltoEbIaRathespeed
canbecontrolled.
28.whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronousgenerator&asynchronousgenerator?
Insimple,synchronousgeneratorsupplysbothactiveandreactivepowerbutasynchronousgenerator(inductiongenerator)supplysonlyactivepowerandobserve
reactivepowerformagnetizing.Thistypeofgeneratorsareusedinwindmills.
29.WhatisthePolarizationindexvalue?(pivalue)andsimpledefinitionofpolarizationindex?
Itsratiobetweeninsulationresistance(IR)i.emeggarvaluefor0mintoinsulationresistanceformin.Itrangesfrom57fornewmotors&normallyformotortobein
goodconditionitshouldbeGreaterthan.5.
30.Whysyn.generatorsareusedfortheproductionofelectricity?
synchronousmachineshavecapabilitytoworkondifferentpowerfactor(orsaydifferentimaginarypowervaryingthefieldemf.Hencesyn.generatorsrusedforthe
productionofelectricity.
31.Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronousgenerator&asynchronousgenerator?
Insimple,synchronousgeneratorsupplysbothactiveandreactivepowerbutasynchronousgenerator(inductiongenerator)supplysonlyactivepowerandobserve
reactivepowerformagnetizing.Thistypeofgeneratorsareusedinwindmills.
32.1tonisequaltohowmanywatts?
1ton=12000BTU/hrandtoconvertBTU/hrtohorsepower,12,000*0.000929=4.715hptherefore1ton=4.715*.746=.5KW.
33.whysyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionofelectricity?
synchronousmachineshavecapabilitytoworkondifferentpowerfactor(orsaydifferentimaginarypowvaryingthefieldemf.Hencesyn.generatorsrusedforthe
productionofelectricity.
34.Enlisttypesofdcgenerator?
D.C.Generatorsareclassifiedintotwotypes:
1)separatlyexictedd.c.generator
2)selfexictedd.c.generator,
whichisfurtherclassifiedinto1)series2)shuntandcompound(whichisfurtherclassifiedintocumulativeanddifferential).
35.WhatisAutomaticVoltageregulator(AVR)?
AVRisanabbreviationforAutomaticVoltageRegulator.ItisimportantpartinSynchronousGenerators,itcontrolstheoutputvoltageofthegeneratorbycontrolling
itsexcitationcurrent.ThusitcancontroltheoutputReactivePoweroftheGenerator.
36.Whatisanexciterandhowdoesitwork?
Therearetwotypesofexciters,staticexciterandrotoryexciter.purposeofexcitoristosupplytheexcitationdcvoltagetothefixedpolesofgenerator.Rotoryexcitor
isanadditionalsmallgeneratormountedontheshaftofmaingenerator.ifitisdcgenerator,itwillsupplydctotherotorypolesthroughslipringandbrushes(
conventionalalternator).ifitisanacexcitor,outputofacexcitorisrectifiedbyrotatingdiodesandsupplydctomainfixedpoles.acexcitoristheacgenerator
whosefieldwindingarestationaryandarmaturerotates.initialvoltageisbuiltupbyresidualmagnetism.Itgivesthestartingtorquetothegenerator.
37.Differencebetweenafourpointstarterandthreepointstarter?
Theshuntconnectioninfourpointstaterisprovidedseparatelyformthelinewhereasinthreepointstateritisconnectedwithlinewhichisthedrawbackinthree
pointstater
38.WhyusetheVCBatHighTransmissionSystem?WhycantuseACB?
ActuallythethingisvacuumhashigharcquechingpropertycomparetoairbecauseinVCB,thedieelectricstrengthsequalto8timesofair.Thatyalwaysvaccum
usedasinHTbreakerandairusedasinLT.
39.Whatisthedifferencebetweensurgearrestorandlightningarrestor?
LAisinstalledoutsideandtheeffectoflightningisgrounded,whereassurgearrestorinstalledinsidepanelscomprisingofresistorswhichconsumestheenergyand
nullifytheeffectofsurge.
40.Whathappensificonnectacapacitortoageneratorload?
Connectingacapacitoracrossageneratoralwaysimprovespowerfactor,butitwillhelpdependsupontheenginecapacityofthealternator,otherwisethealternator
willbeoverloadedduetotheextrawattsconsumedduetotheimprovementonpf.Secondly,dontconnectacapacitoracrossanalternatorwhileitispickingupor
withoutanyotherload.
41.Whythecapacitorsworksonaconly?
Generallycapacitorgivesinfiniteresistancetodccomponents(i.e.,blockthedccomponents).itallowstheac
componentstopassthrough.
42.Explaintheworkingprincipalofthecircuitbreaker?
CircuitBreakerisonewhichmakesorbreaksthecircuit.Ithastwocontactsnamelyfixedcontact&movingcontact.undernormalconditionthemovingcontact
comesincontactwithfixedcontacttherebyformingtheclosedcontactfortheflowofcurrent.Duringabnormal&faultyconditions(whencurrentexceedstherated
value)anarcisproducedbetweenthefixed&movingcontacts&therebyitformstheopencircuitArcisextinguishedbytheArcQuenchingmedialikeair,oil,
vaccumetc.
43.Howmanytypesofcollingsystemittransformers?
1.ONAN(oilnatural,airnatural)
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2.ONAF(oilnatural,airforced)
3.OFAF(oilforced,airforced)
4.ODWF(oildirect,waterforced)
5.OFAN(oilforced,airforced)
44.Whatisthefunctionofantipumpingincircuitbreaker?
whenbreakeriscloseatonetimebyclosepushbutton,theantipumpingcontactorpreventreclosethebreakerbyclosepushbuttonafterifitalreadyclose.
45.whatissteppermotor.whatisitsuses?
Steppermotoristheelectricalmachinewhichactuponinputpulseappliedtoit.itisonetypeofsynchronousmotorwhichrunsinstepsineitherdirectioninsteadof
runningincompletecycle.so,inautomationpartsitisused.
46.Howtocalculatecapacitorbankvaluetomaintainunitypowerfactorwithsomesuitableexample?
KVAR=KW(TAN(COS(1)#e)TAN(COS(1)#d))
#e=EXISTINGP.F.
#d=DESIREDP.F.
47.Tellmeindetailaboutc.t.andp.t.?(Company:reliance)
ThetermC.Tmeanscurrenttransformer,andthetermP.Tmeanspotentialtransformer.Incircuitwheremeasurementsofhighvoltageandhighcurrentisinvolved
theyareusedthere.Particularlywhenameasuringdevicelikevoltmeterorammeterisnotabletomeasuresuchhighvalueofquantitybecauseoflargevalueof
torqueduetosuchhighvalueitcandamagethemeasuringdevice.so,CTandPTareintroducedinthecircuits.
Theyworkonthesameprincipleoftransformer,whichisbasedonlinkageofelectromagneticfluxproducedbyprimarywithsecondary.Theyworkontheratioto
theyaredesigned.E.gifCTisofratio50005Aandithastomeasuresecondarycurrentof8000A.thenANS=8000*55000=8Aandthisresultwillbegiventoammeter
.andaftermeasuring8Awecancalculatetheprimarycurrent.sameistheoperationofPTbutmeasuringvoltage.
48.ThereareaTransformerandaninductionmachine.Thosetwohavethesamesupply.Forwhichdevicetheloadcurrentwillbemaximum?Andwhy?
Themotorhasmaxloadcurrentcomparetothatoftransformerbecausethemotorconsumesrealpower..andthetransformerisonlyproducingtheworkingfluxand
itsnotconsuming..hencetheloadcurrentinthetransformerisbecauseofcorelosssoitisminimum.
49.whatispowerfactor?whetheritshouldbehighorlow?why?
Powerfactorshouldbehighinordertogetsmoothoperationofthesystem.Lowpowerfactormeanslosseswillbemore.itistheratiooftruepowertoapparent
power.ithastobeideally1.ifitistoolowthencableoverheating&equipmentoverloadingwilloccur.ifitisgreaterthan1thenloadwillactascapacitorandstarts
feedingthesourceandwillcausetripping.(ifpfispoorex:0.17tomeetactualpowerloadhastodraw
morecurrent(Vconstant),resultinmorelossesifpfisgoodex:0.95tomeetactualpowerloadhastodrawlesscurrent(Vconstant),resultinlesslosses).
50.WhatisthedifferencebetweenIsolatorandCircuitBreaker?
Isolatorisaoffloaddevicewhichisusedforisolatingthedownstreamcircuitsfromupstreamcircuitsforthereasonofanymaintenanceondownstreamcircuits.itis
manuallyoperatedanddoesnotcontainanysolenoidunlikecircuitbreaker.itshouldnotbeoperatedwhileitishavingload.firsttheloadonitmustbemadezero
andthenitcansafelyoperated.itsspecificationonlyratedcurrentisgiven.Butcircuitbreakeris
onloadautomaticdeviceusedforbreakingthecircuitincaseofabnormalconditionslikeshortcircuit,overloadetc.,itishavingthreespecification1isratedcurrent
and2isshortcircuitbreakingcapacityand3isinstantaneoustrippingcurrent.
51.whatisboucholzrelayandthesignificanceofitintothetransformer?
Boucholzrelayisadevicewhichisusedfortheprotectionoftransformerfromitsinternalfaults,itisagasbasedrelay.wheneveranyinternalfaultoccursina
transformer,theboucholzrelayatoncegivesahornforsometime,ifthetransformerisisolatedfromthecircuitthenitstopitssounditselfotherwiseittripsthe
circuitbyitsowntrippingmechanism.
52.WhatisSF6CircuitBreaker?
SF6isSulpherhexaFlouridegas..ifthisgasisusedasarcquenchingmediuminaCircuitbreakermeansSF6CB.
53.Whatisfranticeffect?
Outputvoltageisgreaterthantheinputvoltageorreceivingendvoltageisgreaterthanthesendingendvoltage.
54.Whatismeantbyinsulationvoltageincables?explainit?
Itisthepropertyofacablebyvirtueofitcanwithstandtheappliedvoltagewithoutrupturingitisknownasinsulationlevelofthecable.
55.Whywedo2typesofearthingontransformer(ie:)bodyearthing&neutralearthing,whatisfunction.iamgoingtoinstallaookvatransformer&380kvaDG
setwhatshouldtheearthingvalue?
ThetwotypesofearthingareFamiliarasEquipmentearthingandsystemearthing.InEquipmentearthing:
body(nonconductingpart)oftheequipmentshoulddbeearthedtosafegaurdthehumanbeings.systemEarthing:Inthisneutralofthesupplysource(Transformer
orGenerator)shouldbegrounded.Withthis,incaseofunbalancedloadingneutralwillnotbeshifted.sothatunbalancedvoltageswillnotarise.Wecanprotectthe
equipmentalso.Withsizeoftheequipment(transformeroralternator)andselectionofrelyingsystemearthingwillbefurtherclassifiedintodirectly
earthed,Impedanceearthing,resistive(NGRs)earthing.
56.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMCB&MCCB,Whereitcanbeused?
MCBisminiaturecircuitbreakerwhichisthermaloperatedanduseforshortcircuitprotectioninsmallcurrentratingcircuit.MCCBmouldedcasecircuitbreaker
andisthermaloperatedforoverloadcurrentandmagneticoperationforinstanttripinshortcircuitcondition.undervoltageandunderfrequencymaybeinbuilt.
Normallyitisusedwherenormalcurrentismorethan100A.
57.Whereshouldthelightingarrestorbeplacedindistributionlines?
Neardistributiontransformersandoutgoingfeedersof11kvandincommingfeederof33kvandnearpowertransformersinsubstations.
58.DefineIDMTrelay?
Itisaninversedefiniteminimumtimerelay.InIDMTrelayitsoperatingisinverselyproportionalandalsoacharacteristicofminimumtimeafterwhichthisrelay
operates.Itisinverseinthesense,thetrippingtimewilldecreaseasthemagnitudeoffaultcurrentincrease.
59.Whatarethetransformerlosses?
TRANSFORMERLOSSESTransformerlosseshavetwosourcescopperlossandmagneticloss.Copperlossesarecausedbytheresistanceofthewire(I2R).
Magneticlossesarecausedbyeddycurrentsandhysteresisinthecore.Copperlossisaconstantafterthecoilhasbeenwoundandthereforeameasurableloss.
Hysteresislossisconstantforaparticularvoltageandcurrent.Eddycurrentloss,however,isdifferentforeachfrequencypassedthroughthetransformer.
60.WhatisthecountofhvdctransmissionlinesinIndia?
Resolution:Atpresenttherearethreehvdctransmissionlinesinindia
1)chandrapurtopadghe(mumbai)(100MWat00kVDC)
2)rehandtodelhi(100MWat00kVDC)
3)talchaltokolar(200MW)
61.Whatismeantbyregenerativebraking?
Resolution:Whenthesupplyiscuttoffforarunningmotor,itstillcontinuerunningduetoinertia.Inordertostopitquicklyweplaceaload(resitor)acrossthe
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armaturewindingandthemotorshouldhavemaintainedcontinuousfieldsupply.sothatbacke.m.fvoltageismadetoapplyacrosstheresistorandduetoloadthe
motorstopsquickly.ThistypeofbreakingiscalledasRegenerativeBreaking.
62.WhyisthestartingcurrenthighinaDCmotor?
Resolution:InDCmotors,VoltageequationisV=EbIaRa(V=Terminalvoltage,Eb=BackemfinMotor,Ia=Armaturecurrent,Ra=Aramtureresistance).At
starting,Ebiszero.Therefore,V=IaRa,Ia=V/Ra,whereRaisverylesslike0.01ohm.i.e,Iawillbecomeenormouslyincreased.
63.Whataretheadvantagesofstardeltastarterwithinductionmotor?
Resolution:
(1).Themainadvantageofusingthestardeltastarterisreductionofcurrentduringthestartingofthemotor.Startingcurrentisreducedto34timesOfcurrentof
Directonlinestarting.
(2).Hencethestartingcurrentisreduced,thevoltagedropsduringthestartingofmotorinsystemsarereduced.
64.WhyDeltaStarTransformersareusedforLightingLoads?
Resolution:Forlightingloads,neutralconductorismustandhencethesecondarymustbestarwinding.andthislightingloadisalwaysunbalancedinallthree
phases.Tominimizethecurrentunbalanceintheprimaryweusedeltawindingintheprimary.Sodelta/startransformerisusedforlightingloads.
65.Whyinathreepinplugtheearthpinisthickerandlongerthantheotherpins?
Resolution:ItdependsuponR=rhol/awherearea(a)isinverselyproportionaltoresistance(R),soif(a)increases,Rdecreases&ifRislesstheleakagecurrentwill
takelowresistancepathsotheearthpinshouldbethicker.ItislongerbecausetheTheFirsttomaketheconnectionandLasttodisconnnectshouldbeearthPin.This
assuresSafetyforthepersonwhousestheelectricalinstrument.
66.Whyseriesmotorcannotbestartedonnoload?
Resolution:Seriesmotorcannotbestartedwithoutloadbecauseofhighstartingtorque.SeriesmotorareusedinTrains,Craneetc.
67.WhyELCBcantworkifNinputofELCBdonotconnecttoground?
Resolution:ELCBisusedtodetectearthleakagefault.OncethephaseandneutralareconnectedinanELCB,thecurrentwillflowthroughphaseandthatmuch
currentwillhavetoreturnneutralsoresultantcurrentiszero.Oncethereisagroundfaultintheloadside,currentfromphasewilldirectlypassthroughearthandit
willnotreturnthroughneutralthroughELCB.Thatmeansoncesidecurrentisgoingandnotreturningandhence
becauseofthisdifferenceincurrentELCBwiltripanditwillsafeguardtheothercircuitsfromfaultyloads.Iftheneutralisnotgrounded,faultcurrentwill
definitelyhighandthatfullfaultcurrentwillcomebackthroughELCB,andtherewillbenodifferenceincurrent.
68.HowelectricalpowerisgeneratedbyanA.CGenerator?
Forthegenerationofelectpowerweneedaprimemoverwhichsuppliesmechanicalpowerinputtothe
alternator,canbesteamturbines,orhydroturbines.Whenpolesoftherotormovesunderthearmature
conductorswhichareplacedonthestator,fieldfluxcutthearmatureconductor,thereforevoltageisgenerated
andisofsinusoidalinnatureduetopolaritychangeofrotorpoles(i,e)NSNS.
69.Whyanacsolenoidvalveattracttheplungereventhoughweinterchangestheterminal?Willthepoleschanges?
YesbecausethepoleschangesforeveryhalfcycleofacvoltagesothepolarityofACvoltageiscontinuouslychangingforeveryhalfcycle.so,interchangingof
terminalsinacsystemdoesnotshowanydifference.Thatswhytheacsolenoidattracttheplungereventhoughitsterminalsareinterchanged.
70.Whatisderating?,whyitisnecessary,itissameforallmeansfordrives,motors,andcables.
Thecurrentcurryingofcableswillchangedependinguponthesitetemperature(locationofsite),typeofrun(itwillrunthroughduct,trench,buriedetc.),numberof
tray,depthoftrench,distancebetweencables.Consideringthisconditionactualcurrentcurryingcapacityofcablereducethancurrentcurryingcapacity(which
giventocableCatalogue)thisiscalledderating.
71.Whytemperatureriseisconductedinbusbarsandisolators?
Busbarsandisolatorsareratedforcontinuouspowerflow,thatmeanstheycarryheavycurrentswhichrisestheirtemperature.soitisnecessarytotestthisdevices
fortemperaturerise.
72.Whenvoltageincreasesthencurrentalsoincreasesthenwhatistheneedofovervoltagerelayandovercurrentrelay?Canwemeasureovervoltageandover
currentbymeasuringcurrentonly?
No.Wecantsensetheovervoltagebyjustmeasuringthecurrentonlybecausethecurrentincreasesnotonlyforovervoltagesbutalsoforundervoltage(Asmostof
theloadsarenonlinearinnature).So,theovervoltageprotection&overcurrentprotectionarecompletelydifferent.Overvoltagerelaymeantforsensingover
voltages&protectthesystemfrominsulationbreakdownandfiring.Overcurrentrelaymeantforsensingany
internalshortcircuit,overloadcondition,earthfaulttherebyreducingthesystemfailure&riskoffire.So,forabetterprotectionofthesystem.Itshouldhaveboth
overvoltage&overcurrentrelay.
73.Ifonelampconnectsbetweentwophasesitwillglowornot?
Ifthevoltagebetweenthetwophaseisequaltothelampvoltagethenthelampwillglow.Whenthevoltagedifferenceisbigitwilldamagethelampandwhenthe
differenceissmallerthelampwillglowdependingonthetypeoflamp.
74.Howdoyouselectacablesize(Cu&Al)foraparticularload?
Atfirstcalculatetheelectricalcurrentoftheload,afterthatderatetheelectricalcurrentconsideringderatingfactor(dependingonsiteconditionandlayingofcable)
afterchoosethecablesizefromcablecatalogconsideringderatingelectricalcurrent.Afterthatmeasurethelengthofcablerequiredfromsupplypointofloadtoload
poin.Calculatethevoltagedropwhichwillmax3%(resistanceandreactanceofcablefoundfrom
cablecatalogofselectingcable)ifvoltagedrop>3%thenchoosenexthighersizeofcable.
75.WhatareHRCfusesandwhereitisused?
HRCstandforhighrupturingcapacityfuseanditisusedindistributionsystemforelectricaltransformers.
76.Whichpowerplanthashighloadfactor?
Allbaseloadpowerplantshaveahighloadfactor.Ifweusehighefficiencypowerplantstosupplythebaseload,wecanreducethecostofgeneration.Hydelpower
plantshaveahigherefficiencythanthermal&nuclearpowerplants.
77.Mentionthemethodsforstartinganinductionmotor?
Thedifferentmethodsofstartinganinductionmotor
DOL:directonlinestarter
Stardeltastarter
Autotransformerstarter
Resistancestarter
Seriesreactorstarter
78.Whatisthedifferencebetweenearthresistanceandearthelectroderesistance?
Onlyoneoftheterminalsisevidentintheearthresistance.Inordertofindthesecondterminalweshouldrecoursetoitsdefinition:EarthResistanceistheresistance
existingbetweentheelectricallyaccessiblepartofaburiedelectrodeandanotherpointoftheearth,whichisfaraway.Theresistanceoftheelectrodehasthe
followingcomponents:
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(A)theresistanceofthemetalandthatoftheconnectiontoit.
(B)thecontactresistanceofthesurroundingearthtotheelectrode.
79.Whatisuseoflockoutrelayinhtvoltage?
Alockoutrelayisgenerallyplacedinlinebeforeoraftertheestopswitchsothepowercanbeshutoffatonecentrallocation.Thisrelayispoweredbythesame
electricalsourceasthecontrolpowerandisoperatedbyakeylockswitch.Therelayitselfmayhaveupto24contactpointswithintheunititself.Thisallowsthe
controlpowerformultiplemachinestobelockedoutbytheturnofasinglekeyswitch.
80.Whatisthepowerfactorofanalternatoratnoload?
AtnoloadSynchronousImpedanceofthealternatorisresponsibleforcreatingangledifference.Soitshouldbezerolagginglikeinductor.
81.Howtodeterminecapacitortolerancecodes?
Resolution:Inelectroniccircuits,thecapacitortolerancecanbedeterminedbyacodethatappearsonthecasing.Thecodeisaletterthatoftenfollowsathreedigit
number(suchas130Z).Thefirsttwoarethe1stand2ndsignificantdigitsandthethirdisamultipliercode.Mostofthetimethelastdigittellsyouhowmanyzeros
towriteafterthefirsttwodigitsandthesearereadasPicoFarads.
82.Whymostofanalogo/pdeviceshavingo/prange4to20mAandnot0to20mA?
Resolution:420mAisastandardrangeusedtoindicatemeasuredvaluesforanyprocess.Thereasonthat4maischoseninsteadof0mAisforfailsafeoperation
.Forexampleapressureinstrumentgivesoutput4mAtoindicate0psi,upto20mAtoindicate100psi,orfullscale.Duetoanyproblemininstrument(i.e)broken
wire,itsoutputreducesto0mA.Soifrangeis020mAthenwecandifferentiatewhetheritisduetobroken
wireordueto0psi.
83.Twobulbsof100wand40wrespectivelyconnectedinseriesacrossa230vsupplywhichbulbwillglowbrightandwhy?
Resolution:Sincetwobulbsareinseriestheywillgetequalamountofelectricalcurrentbutasthesupplyvoltageisconstantacrossthebulb(P=V^2/R).Sothe
resistanceof40Wbulbisgreaterandvoltageacross40Wismore(V=IR)so40Wbulbwillglowbrighter.
84.Whatismeantbykneepointvoltage?
Resolution:KneepointvoltageiscalculatedforelectricalCurrenttransformersandisveryimportantfactortochooseaCT.ItisthevoltageatwhichaCTgets
saturated.(CTcurrenttransformer).
85.Whatisreversepowerrelay?
Resolution:ReversePowerflowrelayareusedingeneratingstationssprotection.Ageneratingstationsissupposedtofedpowertothegridandincasegenerating
unitsareoff,thereisnogenerationintheplantthenplantmaytakepowerfromgrid.Tostoptheflowofpowerfromgridtogeneratorweusereversepowerrelay.
86.WhatwillhappenifDCsupplyisgivenontheprimaryofatransformer?
Resolution:Mainlytransformerhashighinductanceandlowresistance.IncaseofDCsupplythereisnoinductance,onlyresistancewillactinthe>electrical
circuit.Sohighelectricalcurrentwillflowthroughprimarysideofthetransformer.Soforthisreasoncoilandinsulationwillburnout.
87.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisolatorsand>electricalcircuitbreakers?Whatisbusbar?
Resolution:Isolatorsaremainlyforswitchingpurposeundernormalconditionsbuttheycannotoperateinfaultconditions.ActuallytheyusedforisolatingtheCBs
formaintenance.WhereasCBgetsactivatedunderfaultconditionsaccordingtothefaultdetected.Busbarisnothingbutajunctionwherethepowerisgetting
distributedforindependentloads.
88.WhataretheadvantageoffreewheelingdiodeinaFullWaverectifier?
Resolution:Itreducestheharmonicsanditalsoreducessparkingandarchingacrossthemechanicalswitchsothatitreducesthevoltagespikeseeninainductiveload
89.Whatisthefunctionofinterposingcurrenttransformer?
Resolution:Themainfunctionofaninterposingcurrenttransformeristobalancethecurrentssuppliedtotherelaywheretherewouldotherwisebeanimbalancedue
totheratiosofthemaincurrenttransformers.
Interposingcurrenttransformerareequippedwithawiderangeoftapsthatcanbeselectedbytheusertoachievethebalancerequired.
90.WhatareMotorGeneratorSetsandexplainthedifferentwaysthemotorgeneratorsetcanbeused?
Resolution:MotorGeneratorSetsareacombinationofanelectricalgeneratorandanenginemountedtogethertoformasinglepieceofequipment.Motorgenerator
setisalsoreferredtoasagenset,ormorecommonly,agenerator.
Themotorgeneratorsetcanusedinthefollowingdifferentways:
1.Alternatingcurrent(AC)todirectcurrent(DC)
2.DCtoAC
3.DCatonevoltagetoDCatanothervoltage
4.ACatonefrequencytoACatanotherharmonicallyrelatedfrequency
91.Whatispowerqualitymeter?
PowerQualitymetersarecommoninmanyindustrialenvironment.Smallunitsarenowavailableforhomeuseaswell.Theygiveoperatorstheabilitytomonitor
thebothperturbationsonthepowersupply,aswellaspowerusedwithinabuilding,orbyasinglemachineorappliance.Insomesituations,equipmentfunctionand
operationismonitoredandcontrolledfromaremotelocationwherecommunicationisviamodem,orhighspeed
communicationlines.Sowecanunderstandtheimportanceofpowermeasurementthroughpowerqualitymeters.
92.Whatisthedifferentbetweendigitalphaseconverterandordinaryphaseconverter?
Digitalphaseconverterarearecentdevelopmentinphaseconvertertechnologythatutilizesproprietarysoftwareinapowerfulmicroprocessortocontrolsolidstate
powerswitchingcomponents.Thismicroprocessor,calledadigitalsignalprocessor(DSP),monitorsthephaseconversionprocess,continuallyadjustingtheinput
andoutputmodulesoftheconvertertomaintainperfectlybalancedthreephasepowerunderallloadconditions.
93.Explaintheoperationofvariablefrequencytransformer?
Avariablefrequencytransformerisusedtotransmitelectricitybetweentwoasynchronousalternatingcurrentdomains.Avariablefrequencytransformerisadoubly
fedelectricmachineresemblingaverticalshafthydroelectricgeneratorwithathreephasewoundrotor,connectedbyslipringstooneexternalacpowercircuit.
Adirectcurrenttorquemotorismountedonthesameshaft.Changingthedirectionoftorqueappliedtotheshaftchangesthedirectionofpowerflowwithno
appliedtorque,theshaftrotatesduetothedifferenceinfrequencybetweenthenetworksconnectedtotherotorandstator.Thevariablefrequencytransformer
behavesasacontinuouslyadjustablephaseshiftingtransformer.Itallowscontrolofthepowerflowbetweentwo
networks.
94.Whatisthemainuseofrotaryphaseconverter?
Rotaryphaseconverterwillbeconvertingsinglephasepowerintotruebalanced3phasepower,soitisoftencalledassinglephasetothreephaseconverter.Often
theadvantagesof3phasemotors,andother3phaseequipment,makeitworthwhiletoconvertsinglephaseto3phasesothatsmallandlargeconsumersneednot
wanttopayfortheextracostofa3phaseservicebutmaystillwishtouse3phaseequipment.
95.Useofswitchmodepowerconverterinrealtimebasis?
Switchmodepowerconvertercanbeusedinthefollowing5differentways
1)stepdownanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutputvoltageusingacircuitknownasBuckConverterorStepDownSMPS,
2)stepupanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutputvoltageusingacircuitknownasBoostConverterorStepUpSMPS,
3)stepuporstepdownanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutputvoltage,
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4)inverttheinputdcvoltageusingusuallyacircuitsuchastheCukconverter,and
5)producemultipledcoutputsusingacircuitsuchastheflybackconverter.
96.Whichtypeofoilisusedasatransformeroil?
Transformeroil,orinsulatingoil,isusuallyahighlyrefinedmineraloilthatisstableathightemperaturesandhasexcellentelectricalinsulatingproperties.Itisused
inoilfilledtransformers,sometypesofhighvoltagecapacitors,fluorescentlampballasts,andsometypesofhighvoltageswitchesandcircuitbreakers.Itsfunctions
aretoinsulate,suppresscoronaandarcing,andtoserveasacoolant.
Wellintothe170s,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)swereoftenusedasadielectricfluidsincetheyarenotflammable.Theyaretoxic,andunderincomplete
combustion,canformhighlytoxicproductssuchasfuran.
Startingintheearly170s,concernsaboutthetoxicityofPCBshaveledtotheirbanninginmanycountries.
Today,nontoxic,stablesiliconbasedorfluoridatedhydrocarbonsareused,wheretheaddedexpenseofafireresistantliquidoffsetsadditionalbuildingcostfora
transformervault.Combustionresistantvegetableoilbaseddielectriccoolantsandsyntheticpentaerythritoltetrafattyacid(C7,C8)estersarealsobecoming
increasinglycommonasalternativestonaphthenicmineraloil.Estersarenontoxictoaquaticlife,readilybiodegradable,andhavealowervolatilityandhigherflash
pointsthanmineraloil.
97.Ifwegive2334A,540VonPrimarysideof1.125MVAstepuptransformer,thenwhatwillbetheSecondaryCurrent,IfSecondaryVoltage=11KV?
AsweknowtheVoltage&currentrelationfortransformerV1/V2=I2/I1
WeKnow,VI=540VV2=11KVor11000VI1=2334Amps.
ByputtingthesevalueonRelation
540/11000=I2/2334
So,I2=114.5Amps
98.whatarethepointstobeconsiderforMCB(miniaturecircuitbreakerselection?
I(L)*1.25=I(MAX)maximumcurrent.Mcbspecificationaredoneonmaximumcurrentflowincircuit.
99.whatisthefullformofKVAR?
WeknowtherearethreetypesofpowerinElectricalasActive,apparent&reactive.SoKVARisstandforKilo
VoltAmpswithReactivecomponent.
100.Whatisexcitation?
ExcitationisapplyinganexternalvoltagetoDCshuntcoilinDCmotors.
101.Inthreepinplug6Amp.220vACrating.whyearthpindiameterishigherthanothertwopin?whatitspurpose?
BecauseCurrentflowintheconductorisinverselyproportionaltotheconductordiameter.Soifanyshortcircuitsoccurinthesystemfirsthighcurrentsbypassedin
theEarthlingterminal.(R=Pl/aareaoftheconductorincreasesresistancevaluedecreases)
102.Differencebetweenmeggertestequipmentandcontactresistancemetertestinstruments?
Meggertestequipmentusedtomeasurecableelectricresistance,conductorcontinuity,phaseidentificationwhereascontactresistancemetertestinstrumentsusedto
measurelowresistancelikerelays,contactors.
103.Whenweconnectthelargecapacitorbankinseries?
weconnectlargecapacitorbankinseriestoimprovethevoltagepowersupplyattheloadendinbalancedtransmissionlinewhenthereisconsiderablevoltagedrop
alongthebalancedtransmissionlineduetohighimpedanceoftheline.Soinordertobringthevoltageattheloadterminalswithinitslimits(i.e(+or%6)ofthe
ratedhighterminalvoltage)thelargecapacitorbankisusedinseries.
104.Whatiselectricaldiversityfactorinelectricalinstallations?
Electricaldiversityfactoristheratioofthesumoftheindividualmaximumdemandsofthevarioussubdivisionsofasystem,orpartofasystem,tothemaximum
demandofthewholesystem,orpartofthesystem,underconsideration.Electricaldiversityfactorisusuallymorethanone.
105.Whyfieldrheostatiskeptinminimumpositionwhilearmaturerheostatatmaximumposition?
Inmotorsatthetimeofstartingthearmatureresistanceisintroducedtoreducethehighstartingcurrentandthefieldresistanceiskeptminimumtohavehighstarting
torque.
106.WhycomputerhummingsoundoccurredinHTtransmissionline?
Thiscomputerhummingsoundiscomingduetoionization(breakdownofairintochargedparticles)ofairaroundtransmissionconductor.Thiseffectiscalledas
Coronaeffect,anditisconsideredaspowerloss.
107.Whatisratedspeed?
Atthetimeofmotortakingnormalcurrent(ratedcurrent)thespeedofthemotoriscalledratedspeed.Itisaspeedatwhichanysystemtakesmallcurrentandgive
maximumefficiency.
108.Whatisdifferentbetweenresistancegroundingsystemandresistanceearthingsystem?
Resistancegroundingsystemmeansconnectingtheneutralpointoftheloadtothegroundtocarrytheresidualcurrentincaseofunbalancedconditionsthroughthe
neutraltothegroundwhereasresistanceearthingsystemisdoneinanelectricequipmentinordertoprotectheequipmentinoccurrenceoffaultinthesystem.
109.Whyshouldbethefrequency50Hz60Hzonlywhynototherslike45,9556oranything,whyshouldwemaintainthefrequencyconstantifsowhyitisonly
50Hz60Hz?
Wecanhavethefrequencyatanyfrequencyyoulike,butthanyoumustalsomakeyourownmotors,highvoltagetransformersoranyotherequipmentyouwantto
use.Wemaintainthefrequencyat50hzor60hzbecausetheworldmaintainsastandardat50/60hzandtheequipmentsarearemadetooperateatthesefrequency.
110.Howtodeterminealternatingcurrentfrequency?
Zerocrossingsofthesinewavetotriggeramonostable(pulsegenerator)isawaytodeterminealternatingcurrentfrequency.Afixedwidthpulseisgeneratedfor
eachcycle.Thustherearenpulsespersecond,eachwithwithaconstantenergy.Themorepulsestherearepersecond,themoretheenergy.Thepulsesare
integrated(filteredoraveraged)togetasteadyDCvoltagewhichisproportionaltofrequency.Thisvoltagecanthenbedisplayedonananalogueordigital
voltmeter,indicatingfrequency.Thismethodismoresuitablethanadirectcounter,asitcangetgoodaccuracyinasecondorso.
111.WhyelectricityinIndiaisinthemultiplesof11like11kv,22kv,33kv?
TransformerInducedvoltageequationcontains4.44factor.
E=4.44*f*T*phi
EInducedemfperphase
Tnumberofturns
ffrequency
phimaximumfluxperpole
FromtheequationweseethatEisproportionalto4.4anditisinturnmultipleof11.
Soalwaystransmissionvoltageismultipleof11
112.WhyweuseacsysteminIndiawhynotdc?
Firstly,theoutputofpowerstationscomesfromarotaryturbine,whichbyitsnatureisACandthereforerequiresnopowerelectronicstoconverttoDC.Secondlyit
ismucheasiertochangethevoltageofACelectricityfortransmissionanddistribution.thirdlythecostofplantassociatedwithACtransmission(circuitbreakers,
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transformersetc)ismuchlowerthantheequivilantofDCtransmissionACtransmissionprovidesanumberoftechnicaladvantages.Whenafaultonthenetwork
occurs,alargefaultcurrentoccurs.InanACsystemthisbecomesmucheasiertointerupt,asthesinewavecurrentwillnaturallytendtozeroatsomepointmaking
thecurrenteasiertointerrupt.
113.Whichtypeofmotorisusedintrains,whatistheratingofsupplyusedexplainWorkingprincipal?
Dcseriesisinthetrainstogethighstartingtorquewhilestartingofthetrainsandoperatingvoltageis1500vdc.
114.Batterybanksareinconnectedinseriesorparallelandwhy?
BatterybanksarealwaysconnectedinseriesinordertogetamultipliedvoltagewheretheAHorcurrentcapacityremainingsame.Ex:24nos.2V,200Ahbatteries
connectedinserieswillgive48V,200Ahoutput(AH=Amperehours)
115.Whatisinrushcurrent?
Inrushcurrentisthecurrentdrawnbyapieceofelectricallyoperatedequipmentwhenpowerisfirstapplied.ItcanoccurwithACorDCpoweredequipment,and
canhappenevenwithlowsupplyvoltages.
116.InaTapchangingtransformerwhereisthetapconnected,isitconnectedintheprimarysideorsecondaryside?
Tapingsareconnectedtohighvoltagewindingside,becauseoflowcurrent.Ifweconnecttapingstolowvoltageside,sparkswillproducewhiletapchanging
operationduetohighcurrent.
117.Whytransformerratingsareinkva?
SincethepowerfactoroftransformerisdependentonloadweonlydefineVAratinganddoesnotincludepowerfactor.Incaseofmotors,powerfactordependon
constructionandhenceratingofmotorsisinKWattsandincludepowerfactor.
118.Whatisdifferencebetweenfuseandbreaker?
Fusesareburnedatthetimeofovercurrentflowsinthecircuitbutbreakersarejustopen(notburn)atthetimeofovercurrentflow.Fusesareusedinonlyonetime
butbreakersareusedbymultiplenumberoftimes.
119.Whatisthedifferencebetweendeltadelta,deltastartransformer?
DeltadeltatransformerisusedatgeneratingstationorareceivingstationforChangeofVoltage(i,e)generallyitisusedwheretheVoltageishigh&Currentis
low.DeltastarisadistributionkindoftransformerwherefromsecondarystarneutralistakenasareturnpathandthisconfigurationisusedforStepdownvoltage
phenomena.
120.Capacitorisloadfreecomponentbutwhyamperemetershowscurrentwhencapacitorbankbreakerclose?
AsweknowthatElectricalishavingtwotypeofload,ActiveandReactive.Capacitorisareactiveloadwhichisnotconsideringasaload,&itsfactorisIsin@
.MeterisdesignbasedonCurrentRMSvaluebecauseofitmeterisshowingthecurrentRMSvalue.
121.Whatselectrictraction?
Tractionimplieswiththeelectricpowerfortractionsystemi.e.forrailways,trams,trolleysetc.electrictractionimpliesuseoftheelectricityforallthese.Nowa
day,magnetictractionisalsoutilisedforbullettrains.Essentiallydcmotorsareutilizedforelectrictractionsystems.
122.WhatispuinEE?
Pustandsforperunitinpowersystem.(pu=actualvalue/basevalue)
123.Definesteppermotor.Whatistheuseofsteppermotor?
Themotorwhichworkoractontheappliedinputpulseinit,iscalledassteppermotor.Thissteppermotorisunderthecategoryofsynchronousmotor,whichoften
doesnotfullydependofcompletecycle.Itlikestoworksineitherdirectionrelatedtosteps.forthispurposeitmainlyusedinautomationparts.
124.Whatisadifferentialamplifier?Also,explainCMRR.
DifferentialAmplifier:Theamplifier,whichisusedtoamplifythevoltagedifferencebetweentwoinputlinesneitherofwhichisgrounded,iscalleddifferential
amplifier.Thisreducestheamountofnoisewhichisinjectedintotheamplifier,becauseanynoiseappearingsimultaneouslyonboththeinputterminalsasthe
amplifyingcircuitryrejectsitbeingacommonmodesignal.
CMRR:Itcanbedefinedastheratioofdifferentialvoltagegaintocommonmadevoltagegain.Ifadifferentialamplifierisperfect,CMRRwillbeinfinitebecause
inthatcasecommonmodevoltagegainwouldbezero.
125.Whatisuseoflockoutrelayinhtvoltage?
Alockoutrelayisgenerallyplacedinlinebeforeoraftertheestopswitchsothepowercanbeshutoffatonecentrallocation.Thisrelayispoweredbythesame
electricalsourceasthecontrolpowerwhichisoperatedbyakeylockswitch.Therelayitselfmayhaveupto24contactpointswithintheunititself.Thisallowsthe
controlpowerformultiplemachinestobelockedoutbytheturnofasinglekeyswitch.
126.Howcanyoustartupthe40wtubelitewith230vAC/DCwithoutusinganychoke/Coil?
ItspossiblewithElectronicchoke.otherwiseitsnotpossibletoionizetheparticlesintube.light,withnormalvoltage.
127.WhattypesdomainofLaplacetransforms?WhatbehaviorcanLaplacetransformpredicthowthesystemwork?
TypesdomainofLaplacetransformsissdomain,Laplacetransformsprovideamethodtofindposition,accelerationorvoltagethesystemwillhave.
128.Inthemagneticfluxes,whatistheroleofarmaturereaction?
Thearmaturefluxhasanimportantrolefortherunningcondition.Thisarmaturefluxcanopposethemainfluxoritmaysupportthemainfluxforbetterrunning
condition.Thiseffectofsupportingandopposingofmainfluxtoarmaturefluxiscalledarmaturereaction.
129.Explainthinfilmresistorsandwirewoundresistors
ThinfilmresistorsItisconstructedasathinfilmofresistivematerialisdepositedonaninsulatingsubstrate.
Desiredresultsareobtainedbyeithertrimmingthelayerthicknessorbycuttinghelicalgroovesofsuitablepitchalongitslength.Duringthisprocess,thevalueof
theresistanceismonitoredcloselyandcuttingofgroovesisstoppedassoonasthedesiredvalueofresistanceisobtained.
Wirewoundresistorslengthofwirewoundaroundaninsulatingcylindricalcoreareknownaswirewoundresistors.Thesewiresaremadeofmaterialssuchas
ConstantanandManganinbecauseoftheirhighresistivity,andlowtemperaturecoefficients.Thecompletewirewoundresistoriscoatedwithaninsulatingmaterial
suchasbakedenamel
130.whatstheonemaindifferencebetweenUPS&inverter?Andelectricalengineering&electronicsengineering?
uninterruptpowersupplyismainlyuseforshorttime.meansaccordingtoupsVAitgivesbackup.upsisalsotwotypes:onlineandoffline.onlineupshavinghigh
voltandampforlongtimebackupwithwithhighdcvoltage.butupsstartwithvdcwith7amp.butinverterisstartwithv,24,dcto36vdcand0ampto180amp
batterywithlongtimebackup.
131.WhataretheoperationcarriedoutinThermalpowerstation?
Thewaterisobtainedintheboilerandthecoalisburntsothatsteamisobtainedthissteamisallowedtohittheturbine,theturbinewhichiscoupledwiththe
generatorgeneratestheelectricity
132.WhatisthedifferencebetweenElectronicregulatorandordinaryrheostatregulatorforfans?
Thedifferencebetweentheelectronicandordinaryregulatoristhefactthatinelectronicreg.powerlossestendtobelessbecauseasweminimizethespeedthe
electronicreg.givethepowernecessaryforthatparticularspeedbutincaseofordinaryrheostattypereg.thepowerwastageissameforeveryspeedandnopoweris
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saved.Inelectronicregulatortriacisemployedforspeedcontrol.byvaryingthefiringanglespeediscontrolledbutinrheostaticcontrolresistanceisdecreasedby
stepstoachievespeedcontrol.
133.Whatis2phasemotor?
Atwophasemotorisoftenamotorwiththethestartingwindingandtherunningwindinghaveaphasesplit.
e.gacservomotor.wheretheauxiliarywindingandthecontrolwindinghaveaphasesplitof90degree.
134.Whatdoesqualityfactordependoninresonance?
Qualityfactorqdependsonfrequencyandbandwidth.
135.Whatarethetypesofpowerinelectricalpower?
Therearenormallythreetypesofpowerarecountedinelectricalpower.Theyare,
Apparentpower
Activepower
Reactivepower
136.WhataretheadvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystem?
AdvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystemare:
Nocomplexpitchchangingmechanismisneeded.
Aeroturbinealwayskeepsgoingatmaximumefficiencypoint.
Extraenergyinthehighwindspeedregionofthespeeddurationcurvecanbeextracted
Significantreductioninaerodynamicstresses,whichareassociatedwithconstantspeedoperation.
137.Whatisslipinaninductionmotor?
Slipcanbedefinedasthedistinctionbetweenthefluxspeed(Ns)andtherotorspeed(N).Speedoftherotorof
aninductionmotorisalwayslessthanitssynchronousspeed.Itisusuallyexpressedasapercentageof
synchronousspeed(Ns)andrepresentedbythesymbolS.
138.Whylinkisprovidedinneutralofanaccircuitandfuseinphaseofaccircuit?
LinkisprovidedataNeutralcommonpointinthecircuitfromwhichvariousconnectionaretakenfortheindividualcontrolcircuitandsoitisgiveninalinkform
towithstandhighAmps.ButinthecaseofFuseinthePhaseofACcircuititisdesignedsuchthatthefuseratingiscalculatedfortheparticularcircuit(i.eload)
only.Soifanymalfunctionhappenthefuseconnectedintheparticularcontrolcircuitalonewillblowoff.
139.Statethedifferencebetweengeneratorandalternator?
Generatorandalternatoraretwodevices,whichconvertsmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Bothhavethesameprincipleofelectromagneticinduction,the
onlydifferenceisthattheirconstruction.Generatorpersistsstationarymagneticfieldandrotatingconductorwhichrollsonthearmaturewithslipringsandbrushes
ridingagainsteachother,henceitconvertstheinducedemfintodccurrentforexternalloadwhereasanalternatorhasastationaryarmatureandrotatingmagnetic
fieldforhighvoltagesbutforlowvoltageoutputrotatingarmatureandstationarymagneticfieldisused.
140.WhatisACSRcableandwhereweuseit?
ACSRmeansAluminiumconductorsteelreinforced,thisconductorisusedintransmission&distribution.
141.Whystardeltastarterispreferredwithinductionmotor?
Stardeltastarterispreferredwithinductionmotorduetofollowingreasons:
Startingcurrentisreduced34timesofthedirectcurrentduetowhichvoltagedropsandhenceitcauseslesslosses.
Stardeltastartercircuitcomesincircuitfirstduringstartingofmotor,whichreducesvoltage3times,thatiswhycurrentalsoreducesupto3timesandhenceless
motorburningiscaused.
Inaddition,startingtorqueisincreasedanditpreventsthedamageofmotorwinding.
142.Statethedifferencebetweengeneratorandalternator
Generatorandalternatoraretwodevices,whichconvertsmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Bothhavethesameprincipleofelectromagneticinduction,the
onlydifferenceisthattheirconstruction.Generatorpersistsstationarymagneticfieldandrotatingconductorwhichrollsonthearmaturewithslipringsandbrushes
ridingagainsteachother,henceitconvertstheinducedemfintodccurrentforexternalloadwhereasanalternatorhasastationaryarmatureandrotatingmagnetic
fieldforhighvoltagesbutforlowvoltageoutputrotatingarmatureandstationarymagneticfieldisused.
143.WhyACsystemsarepreferredoverDCsystems?
Duetofollowingreasons,ACsystemsarepreferredoverDCsystems:
a.ItiseasytomaintainandchangethevoltageofACelectricityfortransmissionanddistribution.
b.PlantcostforACtransmission(circuitbreakers,transformersetc)ismuchlowerthantheequivalentDCtransmission
c.Frompowerstations,ACisproducedsoitisbettertouseACthenDCinsteadofconvertingit.
d.Whenalargefaultoccursinanetwork,itiseasiertointerruptinanACsystem,asthesinewavecurrentwillnaturallytendtozeroatsomepointmakingthe
currenteasiertointerrupt.
144.Howcanyourelatepowerengineeringwithelectricalengineering?
Powerengineeringisasubdivisionofelectricalengineering.Itdealswithgeneration,transmissionanddistributionofenergyinelectricalform.Designofallpower
equipmentsalsocomesunderpowerengineering.Powerengineersmayworkonthedesignandmaintenanceofthepowergridi.e.calledongridsystemsandthey
mightworkonoffgridsystemsthatarenotconnectedtothesystem.
145.Whatarethevariouskindofcablesusedfortransmission?
Cables,whichareusedfortransmittingpower,canbecategorizedinthreeforms:
Lowtensioncables,whichcantransmitvoltageupto1000volts.
Hightensioncablescantransmitvoltageupto23000volts.
Supertensioncablescantransmitvoltage66kVto132kV.
146.Whybackemfusedforadcmotor?highlightitssignificance.
Theinducedemfdevelopedwhentherotatingconductorsofthearmaturebetweenthepolesofmagnet,inaDCmotor,cutthemagneticflux,opposesthecurrent
flowingthroughtheconductor,whenthearmaturerotates,iscalledbackemf.Itsvaluedependsuponthespeedofrotationofthearmatureconductors.Instarting,the
valueofbackemfiszero.
147.Whatisslipinaninductionmotor?
Slipcanbedefinedasthedifferencebetweenthefluxspeed(Ns)andtherotorspeed(N).Speedoftherotorofaninductionmotorisalwayslessthanits
synchronousspeed.Itisusuallyexpressedasapercentageofsynchronousspeed(Ns)andrepresentedbythesymbolS.
148.Explaintheapplicationofstoragebatteries.
Storagebatteriesareusedforvariouspurposes,someoftheapplicationsarementionedbelow:
Fortheoperationofprotectivedevicesandforemergencylightingatgeneratingstationsandsubstations.
Forstarting,ignitionandlightingofautomobiles,aircraftsetc.
Forlightingonsteamanddieselrailwaystrains.
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Asasupplypowersourceintelephoneexchange,laboratoriesandbroadcastingstations.
Foremergencylightingathospitals,banks,ruralareaswhereelectricitysuppliesarenotpossible.
149.Explainadvantagesofstoragebatteries
Fewadvantagesofstoragebatteriesarementionedbelow:
Mostefficientformofstoringenergyportably.
Storedenergyisavailableimmediatelybecausethereisnolagoftimefordeliveringthestoredenergy.
Reliablesourceforsupplyofenergy.
Theenergycanbedrawnatafairlyconstantrate.
160.Whatarethedifferentmethodsforthestartingofasynchronousmotor.
Startingmethods:Synchronousmotorcanbestartedbythefollowingtwomethods:
Bymeansofanauxiliarymotor:Therotorofasynchronousmotorisrotatedbyauxiliarymotor.Thenrotorpolesareexcitedduetowhichtherotorfieldislocked
withthestatorrevolvingfieldandcontinuousrotationisobtained.
Byprovidingdamperwinding:Here,barconductorsareembeddedintheouterperipheryoftherotorpolesandareshortcircuitedwiththeshortcircuitingringsat
bothsides.Themachineisstartedasasquirrelcageinductionmotorfirst.Whenitpicksupspeed,excitationisgiventotherotorandtherotorstartsrotating
continuouslyastherotorfieldislockedwithstatorrevolvingfield.
161.Namethetypesofmotorsusedinvacuumcleaners,phonographicappliances,vendingmachines,
refrigerators,rollingmills,lathes,powerfactorimprovementandcranes.
Followingmotorsareused:
VacuumcleanersUniversalmotor.
PhonographicappliancesHysteresismotor.
VendingmachinesShadedpolemotor.
RefrigeratorsCapacitorsplitphasemotors.
RollingmillsCumulativemotors.
LathesDCshuntmotors.
PowerfactorimprovementSynchronousmotors.
162.StateTheveninsTheorem:
Accordingtotheveninstheorem,thecurrentflowingthroughaloadresistanceConnectedacrossanytwoterminalsofalinearactivebilateralnetworkistheratio
opencircuitvoltage(i.e.thevoltageacrossthetwoterminalswhenRLisremoved)andsumofloadresistanceandinternalresistanceofthenetwork.Itisgivenby
Voc/(Ri+RL).
163.StateNortonsTheorem
TheNortonstheoremexplainsthefactthattherearetwoterminalsandtheyareasfollows:
Oneisterminalactivenetworkcontainingvoltagesources
Anotheristheresistancethatisviewedfromtheoutputterminals.Theoutputterminalsareequivalenttotheconstantsourceofcurrentanditallowsgivingthe
parallelresistance.
TheNortonstheoremalsoexplainsabouttheconstantcurrentthatisequaltothecurrentoftheshortcircuitplacedacrosstheterminals.Theparallelresistanceofthe
networkcanbeviewedfromtheopencircuitterminalswhenallthevoltageandcurrentsourcesareremovedandreplacedbytheinternalresistance.
164.StateMaximumpowertransfertheorem
TheMaximumpowertransfertheoremexplainsabouttheloadthataresistancewillextractfromthenetwork.
Thisincludesthemaximumpowerfromthenetworkandinthiscasetheloadresistanceisbeingisequaltotheresistanceofthenetworkanditalsoallowsthe
resistancetobeequaltotheresistanceofthenetwork.Thisresistancecanbeviewedbytheoutputterminalsandtheenergysourcescanberemovedbyleavingthe
internalresistancebehind.
165.Explaindifferentlossesinatransformer.
Therearetwotypesoflossesoccurringintransformer:
ConstantlossesorIronlosses:Thelossesthatoccurinthecoreareknownascorelossesorironlosses.
Twotypesofironlossesare:
oeddycurrentloss
oHysteresisloss.
Theselossesdependuponthesupplyvoltage,frequency,corematerialanditsconstruction.Aslongassupplyvoltageandfrequencyisconstant,theselossesremain
thesamewhetherthetransformerisloadedornot.Thesearealsoknownasconstantlosses.
Variablelossesorcopperlosses:whenthetransformerisloaded,currentflowsinprimaryandsecondarywindings,thereislossofelectricalenergyduetothe
resistanceoftheprimarywinding,andsecondarywindingandtheyarecalledvariablelosses.Theselossesdependupontheloadingconditionsofthetransformers.
Therefore,theselossesarealsocalledasvariablelosses.
176.ExplaindifferenttypesofD.Cmotors?Givetheirapplications
DifferenttypeofDCmotorsandtheirapplicationsareasfollows:
Shuntmotors:Ithasaconstantspeedthoughitsstartingtorqueisnotveryhigh.Therefore,itissuitableforconstantspeeddrive,wherehighstartingtorqueisnot
requiredsuchaspumps,blowers,fan,lathemachines,tools,beltorchainconveyoretc.
Servicemotors:Ithashighstartingtorque&itsspeedisinverselyproportionaltotheloadingconditionsi.e.whenlightlyloaded,thespeedishighandwhen
heavilyloaded,itislow.Therefore,motorisusedinlifts,cranes,tractionwork,coalloaderandcoalcutterincoalminesetc.
Compoundmotors:Italsohashighstartingtorqueandvariablespeed.Itsadvantageis,itcanrunatNILloadswithoutanydanger.Thismotorwillthereforefindits
applicationinloadshavinghighinertialoadorrequiringhighintermittenttorquesuchaselevators,conveyor,rollingmill,planes,presses,shearsandpunches,coal
cutterandwindingmachinesetc.
177.Explaintheprocessofcommutationinadcmachine.Explainwhatareinterpolesandwhytheyarerequiredinadcmachine.
Commutation:Itisphenomenonwhenanarmaturecoilmovesundertheinfluenceofonepolepairitcarriesconstantcurrentinonedirection.Asthecoilmoves
intotheinfluenceofthenextpolepair,thecurrentinitmustreverse.Thisreversalofcurrentinacoiliscalledcommutation.Severalcoilsundergocommutation
simultaneously.Thereversalofcurrentisopposedbythestaticcoilemfandthereforemustbeaidedinsome
fashionforsmoothcurrentreversal,whichotherwisewouldresultinsparkingatthebrushes.
Theaidingemfisdynamicallyinducedintothecoilsundergoingcommutationbymeansofcompolesorinterpoles,whichareseriesexcitedbythearmaturecurrent.
Thesearelocatedintheinterpolarregionofthemainpolesandthereforeinfluencethearmaturecoilsonlywhentheseundergocommutation.
178.Commentontheworkingprincipleofoperationofasinglephasetransformer.
WorkingprincipleofoperationofasinglephasetransformercanbeexplainedasAnACsupplypassesthroughtheprimarywinding,acurrentwillstartflowingin
theprimarywinding.Asaresult,thefluxisset.Thisfluxislinkedwithprimaryandsecondarywindings.Hence,voltageisinducedinboththewindings.Now,when
theloadisconnectedtothesecondaryside,thecurrentwillstartflowingintheloadinthesecondarywinding,resultingintheflowofadditionalcurrentinthe
secondarywinding.Hence,accordingtoFaradayslawsofelectromagneticinduction,emfwillbeinducedinboththewindings.Thevoltageinducedintheprimary
windingisduetoitsselfinductanceandknownasselfinducedemfand
accordingtoLenzeslawitwillopposethecausei.e.supplyvoltagehencecalledasbackemf.Thevoltageinducedinsecondarycoilisknownasmutuallyinduced
voltage.Hence,transformerworksontheprincipleofelectromagneticinduction.
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179.Definethefollowingterms:
Reliability,
Maximumdemand,
Reservegeneratingcapacity,
Availability(operational).
Reliability:Itisthecapacityofthepowersystemtoserveallpowerdemandswithoutfailureoverlongperiods.
MaximumDemand:Itismaximumloaddemandrequiredinapowerstationduringagivenperiod.
Reservegeneratingcapacity:Extragenerationcapacityinstalledtomeettheneedofscheduleddowntimesforpreventivemaintenanceiscalledreservegenerating
capacity.
Availability:Asthepercentageofthetimeaunitisavailabletoproducepowerwhetherneededbythesystemornot.
180.Mentionthedisadvantagesoflowpowerfactor?Howcanitbeimproved?
Disadvantagesoflowpowerfactor:
Linelossesare1.57timesunitypowerfactor.
Largergeneratorsandtransformersarerequired.
Lowlaggingpowerfactorcausesalargevoltagedrop,henceextraregulationequipmentisrequiredtokeepvoltagedropwithinprescribedlimits.
Greaterconductorsize:Totransmitordistributeafixedamountofpoweratfixedvoltage,theconductorswillhavetocarrymorecurrentatlowpowerfactor.This
requiresalargeconductorsize.
181.Statethemethodsofimprovingpowerfactor?
Methodsofimprovingpowerfactor:
Byconnectingstaticcapacitorsinparallelwiththeloadoperatingatlaggingpowerfactor.
Asynchronousmotortakesaleadingcurrentwhenoverexcitedandthereforebehaveslikeacapacitor.
Byusingphaseadvancerstoimprovethepowerfactorofinductionmotors.Itprovidesexcitingampereturnstotherotorcircuitofthemotor.Byprovidingmore
ampereturnsthanrequired,theinductionmotorcanbemadetooperateonleadingpowerfactorlikeanoverexcitedsynchronousmotor.
182.Statethefactors,forthechoiceofelectricalsystemforanaeroturbine.
Thechoiceofelectricalsystemforanaeroturbineisguidedbythreefactors:
Typeofelectricaloutput:dc,variablefrequencyac,andconstantfrequencyac.
Aeroturbinerotationalspeed:constantspeedwithvariablebladepitch,nearlyconstantspeedwithsimplerpitchchangingmechanismorvariablespeedwithfixed
pitchblades.
Utilizationofelectricalenergyoutput:inconjunctionwithbatteryorotherformofstorage,orinterconnectionwithpowergrid.
183.WhataretheadvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystem?
AdvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystemare:
Nocomplexpitchchangingmechanismisneeded.
Aeroturbinealwaysoperatesatmaximumefficiencypoint.
Extraenergyinthehighwindspeedregionofthespeeddurationcurvecanbeextracted
Significantreductioninaerodynamicstresses,whichareassociatedwithconstantspeedoperation.
184.Explainthetermsrealpower,apparentpowerandreactivepowerforaccircuitsandalsotheunitsused.
RealPower:Itistheproductofvoltage,currentandpowerfactori.e.P=VIcosjandbasicunitofrealpoweriswatt.i.e.ExpressedasWorkW.
Apparentpower:Itistheproductofvoltageandcurrent.Apparentpower=VIandbasicunitofapparentpowerisvoltampere.ExpressedasVAorKVA.
ReactivePower:Itistheproductofvoltage,currentandsineofanglebetweenthevoltageandcurrenti.e.
Reactivepower=voltageXcurrentXsinjorReactivepower=VIsinjandhasnootherunitbutexpressedinVARorKVAR.
185.Definethefollowing:Averagedemand,Maximumdemand,Demandfactor,Loadfactor.
AverageDemand:theaveragepowerrequirementduringsomespecifiedperiodoftimeofconsiderabledurationiscalledtheaveragedemandofinstallation.
MaximumDemand:Themaximumdemandofaninstallationisdefinedasthegreatestofallthedemand,whichhaveoccurredduringagivenperiod.Itismeasured
accordinglytospecifications,overaprescribedtimeintervalduringacertainperiod.
DemandFactor:Itisdefinedastheratioofactualmaximumdemandmadebytheloadtotheratingoftheconnectedload.
LoadFactor:Itisdefinedastheratiooftheaveragepowertothemaximumdemand.
186.Explainforwardresistance,staticresistanceanddynamicresistanceofapnjunctiondiode.
ForwardResistance:Resistanceofferedinadiodecircuit,whenitisforwardbiased,iscalledforwardresistance.
DCorStaticResistance:DCresistancecanbeexplainedastheratioofthedcvoltageacrossthediodetothedirectcurrentflowingthroughit.
ACorDynamicResistance:Itcanbedefinedasthereciprocaloftheslopeoftheforwardcharacteristicofthediode.Itistheresistanceofferedbyadiodetothe
changingforwardcurrent.
187.HowdoesZenerphenomenondifferfromAvalanchebreakdown?
Thephenomenonwhenthedepletionregionexpandsandthepotentialbarrierincreasesleadingtoaveryhighelectricfieldacrossthejunction,duetowhich
suddenlythereversecurrentincreasesunderaveryhighreversevoltageiscalledZenereffect.ZenerbreakdownorAvalanchebreakdownmayoccurindependently
orbothofthesemayoccursimultaneously.Diodejunctionsthatbreakdownbelow5varecausedbyZenerEffect.
Junctionsthatexperiencebreakdownabove5varecausedbyavalancheeffect.TheZenerbreakdownoccursinheavilydopedjunctions,whichproducenarrow
depletionlayers.Theavalanchebreakdownoccursinlightlydopedjunctions,whichproducewidedepletionlayers.
191.CompareJFETsandMOSFETs.
ComparisonofJFETsandMOSFETs:
JFETscanonlybeoperatedinthedepletionmodewhereasMOSFETscanbeoperatedineitherdepletionorinenhancementmode.InaJFET,ifthegateis
forwardbiased,excesscarrierinjunctionoccursandthegatecurrentissubstantial.
MOSFETshaveinputimpedancemuchhigherthanthatofJFETs.Thusisduetonegligiblesmallleakagecurrent.
JFETshavecharacteristiccurvesmoreflatthanthatofMOSFETisindicatingahigherdrainresistance.
WhenJFETisoperatedwithareversebiasonthejunction,thegatecurrentIGislargerthanitwouldbeinacomparableMOSFET.
192.Explainthinfilmresistorsandwirewoundresistors
a.ThinfilmresistorsItisconstructedasathinfilmofresistivematerialisdepositedonaninsulatingsubstrate.
Desiredresultsareobtainedbyeithertrimmingthelayerthicknessorbycuttinghelicalgroovesofsuitablepitchalongitslength.Duringthisprocess,thevalueof
theresistanceismonitoredcloselyandcuttingofgroovesisstoppedassoonasthedesiredvalueofresistanceisobtained.
b.Wirewoundresistorslengthofwirewoundaroundaninsulatingcylindricalcoreareknownaswirewoundresistors.Thesewiresaremadeofmaterialssuchas
ConstantanandManganinbecauseoftheirhighresistivity,andlowtemperaturecoefficients.Thecompletewirewoundresistoriscoatedwithaninsulatingmaterial
suchasbakedenamel
193.Whatisadifferentialamplifier?Also,explainCMRR.
DifferentialAmplifier:Theamplifier,whichisusedtoamplifythevoltagedifferencebetweentwoinputlinesneitherofwhichisgrounded,iscalleddifferential
amplifier.Thisreducestheamountofnoiseinjectedintotheamplifier,becauseanynoiseappearingsimultaneouslyonboththeinputterminalsastheamplifying
circuitryrejectsitbeingacommonmodesignal.
CMRR:Itcanbedefinedastheratioofdifferentialvoltagegaintocommonmadevoltagegain.Ifadifferentialamplifierisperfect,CMRRwouldbeinfinite
becauseinthatcasecommonmodevoltagegainwouldbezero.
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196.Whatisthedifferencebetweenelectronicregulatorandordinaryelectricalrheostatregulatorforfans?
Thedifferencebetweentheelectronicandordinaryelectricalregulatoristhatinelectronicregulatorpowerlossesarelessbecauseaswedecreasethespeedthe
electronicregulatorgivesthepowerneededforthatparticularspeedbutincaseofordinaryrheostattyperegulator,thepowerwastageissameforeveryspeedandno
powerissaved.Inelectronicregulator,triacisemployedforspeedcontrolbyvaryingthefiringanglespeedanditiscontrolledbutinrheostatic,controlresistanceis
decreasedbystepstoachievespeedcontrol.
197.Whatisthevoltagegainortransferfunctionofamplifier?
Vout/Vin
198.WhatdoestheKVARmeans?
TheKVARindicatestheelectricalpower.KVARmeansKiloVoltAmpereswithReactivecomponents
199.WhyusetheVCBatHighTransmissionSystem?WhycantuseACB?
ActuallythethingisvacuumhashigharcquechingpropertycomparetoairbecauseinVCB,thedieelectricstrengthsequalto8timesofair.Thatyalwaysvaccum
usedasinHTbreakerandairusedasinLT.
200.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMCB&MCCB,Whereitcanbeused?
MCBisminiaturecircuitbreakerwhichisthermaloperatedanduseforshortcircuitprotectioninsmallcurrentratingcircuit.MCCBmouldedcasecircuitbreaker
andisthermaloperatedforoverloadcurrentandmagneticoperationforinstanttripinshortcircuitcondition.undervoltageandunderfrequencymaybeinbuilt.
Normallyitisusedwherenormalcurrentismorethan100A.

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June19,2016at5:14pm
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June10,2016at5:51pm
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June9,2016at3:26pm
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200TOPELECTRICALENGINEERINGInterviewQuestionsandAnswerspdfEEEElectricalEngineeringInterviewQuestions

slakshminarayanansays:
June8,2016at2:09am
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June6,2016at11:00am
ThankyouSir,
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75.

ajayasays:
June5,2016at1:40pm
SirNamaskar,
Iwillgothroughallthecontentabovesaid&itreallyhelpfullforinterview.Thanksforsharingknowledge&alsoyourcollectionofque&ans.
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June2,2016at12:06pm
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June1,2016at5:40am
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Thankq
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80.

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May29,2016at11:36am
DearSir!
SendmetheseQuestionsandAnswersinPdfformattomymail.
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May21,2016at4:18pm
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82.

200TOPELECTRICALENGINEERINGInterviewQuestionsandAnswerspdfEEEElectricalEngineeringInterviewQuestions

Ratodnaiksays:
May11,2016at8:58am
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May10,2016at3:55am
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May9,2016at7:57pm
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May9,2016at1:38am
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May6,2016at6:01am
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April29,2016at6:44pm
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92.

200TOPELECTRICALENGINEERINGInterviewQuestionsandAnswerspdfEEEElectricalEngineeringInterviewQuestions

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April15,2016at4:53am
itsreallyhelpful
sirpleasesendmepdfofthis.
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April12,2016at4:39am
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April10,2016at6:32pm
Respected
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ireq.sircanyousendmepdffileaboveque.andans.pdfitisrealyneedfulmesopleasesendmethispdf.
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95.

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April8,2016at7:43pm
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April8,2016at7:42pm
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April6,2016at5:55pm
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April3,2016at2:22pm
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April2,2016at12:25am
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March31,2016at11:56am
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101.

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ravindrakumarsays:
March29,2016at7:42pm
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March26,2016at8:16am
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1.
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March21,2016at4:14am
NAMSKARSIR
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March22,2016at10:27am
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March21,2016at4:12am
NAMSKAR
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1.

engineersays:

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March22,2016at10:27am
OkNIRAViwillsendyouquestionsandanswerspdf..
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108.

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March16,2016at11:43am
sir,plssendtheabovepdfofelectricalengginterviewquestion
Thanks
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1.
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March22,2016at10:31am
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March15,2016at6:22pm
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March11,2016at2:07pm
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March9,2016at7:22pm
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March8,2016at6:29am
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113.

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March3,2016at2:29am
Sir,PleasesendmeElectricalEngineeringInterviewQuestions.
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1.
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March3,2016at4:08am
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May11,2016at9:04am
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114.

krishnenduMannasays:

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February5,2016at12:43pm
Best
Reply

1.
engineersays:
February5,2016at4:03pm
ThankyouKrishnenduManna
Reply

1.
EBINELDHOSEsays:
July16,2016at12:01pm
Thisareverygoodsir.
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