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Introduction
This chapter describes the fundamentals of designing stormwater drainage systems for buildings, lawns, planted areas,
and outdoor facilities adjacent to the building. Storm water is
water that falls on a surface as a result of any type of precipitation. Runoff is the portion of storm water which is discharged
from the surface. Not all storm water will run off. Some storm
water fills depressions, evaporates, or soaks into the surface.
This chapter discusses the basic concepts and parameters used
in the design of storm-water drainage systems and shows (a)
how to size roof-drain systems and (b)
b) how to estimate stormb
water runoff. The basic objectives of a storm-water drainage
system are (a) to provide a conduit or channel through which
runoff will be transmitted from a point of collection to a point
of disposal, (b)
b) to protect property and the public from the
b
uncontrolled flow of runoff, and (c)
cc) to provide drains and
inlets adequately sized to receive the volume of runoff which
flows to the drains.
Roof Drainage Systems
A roof drainage system is composed of storm-water collection
devices located in the roof (or at the roof line) and piping, connected to the collection devices, which transports the runoff
out of the building or to the ground. Storm-water collection
devices utilized for draining roofs are roof drains, deck drains,
gutters, scuppers, etc. A roof drain is a drain which is installed
through the roof deck or slab; it generally has a dome-type
strainer and receives storm water on all sides of the drain. A
deck drain is a drain which is similar in all respects to a roof
drain except that it generally has a flat strainer and is located
in an area such as a patio, walk, etc. A gutter is a collection device which is attached along the entire lower side of a
pitched roof and generally receives storm water on one side. A
scupper is a boxlike collection device which is located on the
exterior of a building and receives storm water on one side.
The piping in a roof drainage system can be attached to the
outside wall of the building or installed within pipe chases
located within the building. A rainwater leader is a pipe that
is attached to the outside wall of a building. A storm-water
conductor is a pipe that is located within a building.
Roof drainage systems transport water that may vary in temperature between the summer and winter months. An expansion device may be required in the piping system to control
the expansion and/or contraction of the piping system. The
location and spacing of the expansion device is dependent on
the type of piping used in the roof drainage system and the
length of the straight runs of pipe.
A combined sewer is a sewer which transports both stormwater drainage and sanitary drainage. Sanitary drainage is
water and waste material originating at plumbing fixtures,
floor drains, etc. If a building is constructed in an area where
Reprinted from David L. Hiedeman, PE, CIPE, Storm-Water Drainage Systems, in Practical Plumbing Engineering, ed. Cyril
M. Harris. Westlake Village, Calif.: American Society of Plumbing Engineers, 1998.
56
57
2
Equivalent roof area = 359
R flow rate of the equipment m (1a)
where R is the rainfall rate used in the design of the roof drainage system in inches per hour (centimeters per hour). The
flow rate of the equipment is ex-pressed in gallons per minute
(liters per second).
Step 6. Calculate the total roof area drained by each segment of the roof drainage system. This calculation should
include all roof areas calculated in Step 2 and the equivalent
roof area calculated in Step 5. Express the total area in square
feet (square meters).
Step 7. Determine the size of the roof drains and stormwater conductors or the gutters and rainwater leaders. Sizes
can be determined using Tables 2a through 2d and 3.2 These
tables list the maximum roof area in square feet (square meters)
which can be handled by storm-water drainage piping of dif-
Table 2a. Maximum Tributary Areas Which Can Be Drained by Roof Drains,
Vertical Rainwater Leaders, or Storm-Water Conductors for Various Rainfall Rates
Size of drain or leader, in
2
3
4
5
6
8
Rainfall
rate, in/h
Maximum tributary area, ft2
1
2,880
8,800 18,400 34,600 54,000
116,000
2
1,440
4,400
9,200 17,300 27,000
58,000
3
960
2,930
6,130 11,530 17,995
38,660
4
720
2,200
4,600
8,650 13,500
29,000
5
575
1,760
3,680
6,920 10,800
23,200
6
480
1,470
3,070
5,765
9,000
19,315
Size of drain or leader, cm
5
9
10
13
15
20
Rainfall
rate, cm/h
Maximum tributary area, m2
2.5
267.6
817.5 1,709.4 3,214.3 5,016.6 10,776.4
5.1
133.8
408.8
854.7 1,607.2 2,508.3 5,388.2
7.6
89.2
272.2
569.5 1,071.1 1,671.7 3,591.5
10.2
66.9
204.4
427.3
803.6 1,254.2 2,694.1
13
53.4
163.5
341.8
642.9 1,003.3 2,155.3
15
44.6
136.6
285.2
535.6
836.1 1,794.4
59
863 (54)
1217 (77)
1725 (109)
12 (30)
1388 (87)
1958 (123) 2775 (175)
15 (38)
(2)
(2a)
where
C = coefcient of runoff
I = rainfall rate for a specied rainfall duration and
average frequency of occurrence, in/h (cm/h)
A = tributary area to the inlet or drain, acres (m2)
The coefficient of runoff C is the variable in Eq. (2) that is
least susceptible to precise determination.6 Since the amount
of evaporation, infiltration, and surface-depression storage
increases or decreases depending on a number of factors, the
coefficient of runoff is determined empirically. Typical values
for the coefficient
Table 5. Typical Coecients of Runo C Used in the of runoff are shown
Design of Storm-Water Drainage Systems
in Table 5.
Character of surface
Coecient of runo
A given site may
Pavement:
have
areas with
Asphaltic and concrete
0.70-0.95
different
coefBrick
0.70-0.85
ficients of runoff
Roofs
0.75-0.95
Lawns, sandy soil:
all draining to a
Flat, 2 percent
0.05-0.10
common point. It
Average, 2 to 7 percent
0.10-0.15
is desirable to use
Steep, 7 percent
0.15-0.20
a single coefficient
Lawns, heavy soil:
of runoff for the
Flat, 2 percent
0.13-0.17
entire area. Such
Average, 2 to 7 percent
0.18-0.22
Steep, 7 percent
0.25-0.35
a
dimensionless
Note: The coecients in these two tabulations are applicable for
coefficient (termed
storms of 5- to 10-year frequencies. Less frequent, higher-intensity
a weighted coeffistorms will require the use of higher coecients because inltration
and other losses have a proportionally smaller eect on runo. The
cient of runoff) Cw,
coecients are based on the assumption that the design storm does
can be calculated
not occur when the ground surface is frozen.
using
Source: Adapted from Ref. 6.
CW =
(3)
where A1, A2, and An are the area in acres (m2), and C1, C2, and
Cn are the corresponding coefficients of runoff of the individual tributary areas to a common point. A weighted coefficient
of runoff must be calculated for each segment of the stormwater drainage system.
In the design of a storm-water drainage system, runoff must
be transported as fast as it is received, unless specific provisions are made for ponding of the excess runoff which the
storm-water drainage system cannot handle. Determination of
the rainfall rate to be used for design purposes involves an
evaluation of the potential damage which could occur as a
result of flooding. If the potential damage from flooding is
high, the selection of an average frequency of occurrence of
50 or 100 years may be warranted. If the potential damage
from flooding is rather slight, the selection of an average frequency of occurrence of 5, 10, or 25 years may be appropriate. In many cases, the local authority having jurisdiction will
determine the average frequency of occurrence to be used in
the design of storm-water drainage systems.
Exceedance Probability
The exceedance probability (i.e., the probability of a storm
which equals or exceeds the rainfall rate used in the design of
the storm-water drainage system occurring during any 1 year)
can be expressed by
P = 1 year
(4)
T
where P is the exceedance probability, and T is the average
frequency of occurrence of the rainfall rate used in the design
of the storm-water drainage system, in number of years. Thus,
for a rainfall rate having a 25-year average frequency of occurrence, the exceedance probability is
1 = 0.04
P = 25
The probability of this rainfall rate being equaled or
exceeded in this example is 4 percent. The exceedance probability expresses the probability over a specified period of time,
usually 1 year. In the example, if rainfall occurs which equals
or exceeds the rate given for a 25-year average frequency of
occurrence, there is still a 4 percent chance of the rainfall rate
being equaled or exceeded within a year following the occurrence of the storm which exceeded the design rainfall rate. It
is entirely possible for a specific rainfall rate to be equaled or
exceeded on succeeding days. With the average frequency of
occurrence being greater (i.e., 100 years), the probability of
this occurring is considerably reduced.
The rainfall rate is also related to the time that storm water
takes to travel from the most remote portion of the tributary
area to the inlet or drain. This time, known as the time of
concentration, must take into account the time that it takes for
runoff (a) to flow across the ground to the inlets (or drains)
and (b)
b to be transported by the storm-water drainage piping.
b)
The time of concentration therefore is generally equal to the
longest combination of the time to travel across the ground
and the time to be transported in the storm-water drainage
piping system. The time for the runoff to travel across the
ground to the inlet can be estimated by using Fig. 2. An examMarch/April 2005 Plumbing Systems & Design
61
Figure 2. Graph for determining the time of concentration for runo traveling across the surface
of the ground. (1) Determine the distance from the most remote point of the tributary area to the
inlet. (2) Enter this distance at the appropriate point on the left vertical scale. (3) From this point
draw a horizontal dashed line until it intersects the slope which has an average slope S equal to
the slope of the tributary area. (4) From this point of intersection, draw a dashed line vertically
downward until it intersects a curve having the appropriate coecient of runo CC. (5) At this
point of intersection, draw a dashed horizontal line to the right vertical scale, where the time of
concentration will be indicated. (Ref 5.)
Figure 4. Rainfall rate versus time of concentration for various average frequencies of
occurrence. (Ref. 8.)
areas for inlets, drains, etc. The tributary area for each of the
inlets, drains, etc., can then be calculated.
Surface Runo Calculation Procedure
The peak rate of runoff from the ground surface may be calculated as follows:
Step 1. Subdivide the site into tributary areas.
Step 2. Subdivide each tributary area into subareas of grass,
pavement, and roof, and then calculate the area of each subarea: A1, A2, A3.
Step 3. Calculate the total area of each tributary area: A =
A1 + A2 + A3.
Step 4. Determine the coefficient of runoff C for the subareas (grass, pavement, and roof) within each tributary area.
These values are given in Table 5.
Step 5. Calculate the weighted coefficient of runoff Cw, for
each tributary area using Eq. (3).
Step 6. Calculate the time for the runoff to travel from the
most remote portion of the tributary area to the inlet; drain,
etc., using Fig. (2). (Since this calculation procedure only
involves calculating the surface runoff from each tributary
area, the time for the water to be transported through the
storm-water drainage system is not considered here. It will be
taken into account when the storm-water drainage piping is
designed.) The time of concentration for each tributary area
is the amount of time for the water to travel from the most
Total
23
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