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01
Robert Bosch GmbH reserves all rights even in the event of industrial property rights. We reserve all rights of disposal such as copying and passing on to third parties
El circuito elctrico
Batera
Mediante procesos qumicos, se genera una corriente
continua. Esta tensin tiene siempre la misma polaridad,
y por lo tanto las conexiones de una batera pueden
designarse con ms (+) y menos (-).
Alternador
Al girar una bobina en un campo magntico se genera
una tensin alterna (induccin). En este caso la polaridad
no siempre es la misma, sino que en cada uno de los
extremos de la bobina es alternativamente + -.
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El circuito elctrico
Ejemplos de CONSUMIDOR
Lmpara de incandescencia
Resistencia
En un circuito, al accionar un Interruptor,
la tensin hace circular una corriente por el
consumidor.
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Multmetro digital
3
4
5
2
6
8
7
12
9
10
11
1: Display LCD.
2: Tecla de funcin (azul).
3: Tecla MIN MAX.
4: Tecla REL .
5: Tecla HOLD.
6: Tecla PWR RST.
7: Tecla RANGE.
8: Conmutador de modo de medicin.
9: Entrada de comprobacin para
campo de medicin de 10 A.
10: Entrada de comprobacin para
los campos de medicin mA.
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Medidas elctricas
Las magnitudes elctricas tensin (U), intensidad (I) y resistencia (R)
tienen que medirse de forma adecuada.
Entre dos puntos de un circuito elctrico existe siempre una
tensin elctrica.
Por lo tanto, el voltmetro tiene que aplicarse entre esos dos puntos,
es decir, en paralelo con la muestra a medir.
Al conectarse en paralelo, se produce una variacin
de la resistencia y por consiguiente, una variacin de
la tensin aplicada a dicha resistencia.
Para mantener despreciable el error de medida
existente, la resistencia interna (Ri) tiene que ser
lo mayor posible.
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Medidas elctricas
Para medir la corriente , el circuito normalmente tiene que interrumpirse.
El ampermetro se conecta en el punto de interrupcin, es
decir, en serie con la muestra a medir.
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Ley de Ohm
Al cerrarse un circuito, la tensin (U) aplicada provoca la circulacin
de una corriente de intensidad (I) a travs de la resistencia (R).
Las tres magnitudes elctricas de tensin (U), intensidad (I) y
resistencia (R) guardan entre s una relacin determinada y
definida por la ley de Ohm.
U : Tensin en voltios.
U=RxI
I : Intensidad en amperios.
U
R.I
R : Resistencia en ohmios.
Cmo se calcula la intensidad de la corriente si la tensin es de 12
voltios y el valor de la resistencia es de 1 ohmio?.
12 voltios
U
=
I =
R
12 amperios
1 ohmio
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Ley de Ohm
A
+
U
Batera ; Conductores ;
Consumidor; Interruptor.
La tensin.
Qu se mide en amperios?
La intensidad.
Qu se mide en ohmios?
La resistencia.
El interruptor.
La batera (Ri).
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10
I=
11,4
0,84
13,57 A.
R=
U
I
11,5
21,29 .
0,54
U= RI
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11
Resistencia elctrica
Los electrones que se ponen en movimiento en un circuito elctrico
no circulan libremente.
Requieren para ello, a pesar de ser tan pequeos, disponer de
espacio libre.
Su marcha puede ser dificultada por un estrechamiento de la seccin
(puntos de mal contacto), o una sustancia mala conductora.
A esta dificultad se la denomina resistencia elctrica.
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12
Color
identificativo
1
cifra
2
cifra
factor
ninguno
--
--
--
20 %
Plata
Oro
Negro
--0
--0
10-2
10-1
100
10 %
5%
--
Tolerancia
Marrn
Rojo
Naranja
1
2
3
1
2
3
10
102
103
1%
2%
--
Amarillo
Verde
Azul
4
5
6
4
5
6
104
105
106
- 0,5 %
--
Violeta
Gris
Blanco
7
8
9
7
8
9
107
108
109
----
1 cifra
ROJO
2 cifra
AMARILLO
3 cifra
VERDE
4 cifra
PLATA
2 4 x 105 10%
105
10%
2400000 10%
2,4 M 10%
2,16 2,64 M
Que colores tienen estas resistencias?
1 20 %
Negro-Marrn -Negro
0,75 10 %
Violeta-Verde-Plata-Plata
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13
U
I
R1
Utot
U1
U2
U3
R3
R2
Circuito en serie
U2 = R2 x I
U3 = R3 x I
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14
24 v.
R3
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12
U
It =
24
= 2 A.
=
Rt
12
U2 = R2 x It = 4 x 2 = 8 V.
U1 = R1 x It = 2 x 2 = 4 V.
U3 = R3 x It = 6 x 2 = 12 V.
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15
R3
R6
R1
A
19
17
31
Ia=
Ua
Ra
3,1
=
= 62 A.
0,05
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16
UL
12 v.
12 v 3 w
R2
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V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
17
12 v.
A
R2
97,5 mA.
0,0975 A.
2,69 V.
5,56 V.
3,73 V.
R1=
RL=
U1
I
UL
I
5,56
0,0975
2,69
0,0975
= 57,02
R2=
= 27,58
RT=
U2
I
U
I
3,73
0,0975
2,69
0,0975
= 38,25
= 123,07
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18
Utot
U
I
U2
U3
R1
U1
R2
R3
2 Ley de Kirchhoff
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19
Circuito en paralelo
I1
I2
Utot
I1 =
R2
R1
U
Itot
I2 =
R1
U
R2
I tot = I1 + I2
Req =
R1 x R2
R1 + R2
Req
1
R1
1
R2
1
R3
+ ...
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20
R3
I3
R2
I2
R1
I1
1
R1
I1 =
I3 =
+
U
R1
U
R3
R2
=
24
5
24
30
1
R3
1
5
1
10
= 4,8 A
I2 =
= 0,8 A
It =
+
U
R2
U
Rt
1
30
=
=
24
10
24
3
1
3
Rt = 3
= 2,4 A
= 8A
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21
I3
I4
R4
R3
R1
I2
R2
I1
U
R1
R1
=
10,5
1, 8
1
R2
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 23,32 A.
= 5,83 A.
1
R3
Como R1 = R2 = R3 = R4
R4
4
R1
1 x R 1= 4 x R t
Rt =
R1
4
1, 8
4
0,45
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22
R12
R11
R10
R9
R8
R7
R6
R5
R4
R3
R1
R2
U
R1
12
9,6
= 1,25 A.
I1 = I2 = I3 = = I12 = 1,25 A.
Corriente total.
It = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + + I12 = (I1 x 12) = 1,25 x 12 = 15 A.
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23
C
R1
R2
E
12 v.
Conectar el interruptor.
Valor:
Valor:
Valor:
Valor:
177,8 mA
72,3 mA
105,5 mA
177,8 mA
I1 =
U
R1
4,11
57,2
R1 = 57,2
= 71,85 mA.
I2 =
U
R2
R2 = 38,8
=
4,11
= 105,92 mA.
38,8
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24
I2
Utot
1 Ley de Kirchhoff
R2
Itot
R1
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25
Circuito mixto
El circuito mixto se compone de un circuito serie y de un circuito en paralelo.
Se distingue entre circuitos en serie ampliados (A) y circuitos en paralelo
ampliados (B).
En el circuito en serie ampliado
(A) se calcula primero el circuito
R1
R3
en paralelo.
R2
R1 x R2
B
R1 + R2
R5
= R1-2
R4
R6
RA
= R1-2 + R3
R4 + R5 = R4-5
RB
R4-5 x R6
R4-5 + R6
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26
19
17
Se quiere conocer:
La resistencia equivalente de la instalacin.
1
R17
1
R1
1 x 3,4 = 4 x R17
1
R2
1
R3
R17 =
3,4
4
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4
R4
= 0,85
1
R17
4
R1
4
3,4
U
Rtot
22
1,45
= 15,17 A.
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27
19
17
15,17
=
= 3,79 A.
I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 = 3,79 A.
IA1=
I17
4
I17 =
U17
R17
18
0,85
= 21,17 A.
21,17
= 5,294 A.
4
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28
120
39
47
39
120
R1 x R2
R1 + R2
R3
47 x 39
47 + 39
+ 120 = 141,3
140
Calcular el valor equivalente al circuito en paralelo ampliado (B).
RB
(R4 + R5) x R6
(R4 + R5) + R6
= 50,09
49,5
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29
B
1,5 K
U = 8 voltios
4,7 K
I1
2,2 K
I2
4,7 K
De que valor es la
intensidad total?
I = 0,0029 Amperios
I3
I = 2,9 mA
Req
R1
R2
R3
Cmo se podran determinar aqu, de otra forma, la resistencia equivalente?
3,45
UBC
=
Req =
1136
I
0,0029
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30
=
=
1
4,7 k
1
2,2 k
10340000
1
4,7 k
= 1136
9100
I=
2200 x 4700
UAC
R + Req
1500 + 1136
3 mA
I2 = 1,534 mA.
I3 = 0,722 mA.
UBC
4,7 k
UBC
2,2 k
UBC
4,7 k
=
=
=
3,45
4700
3,45
2200
3,45
4700
= 0,0007 A = 0,7 mA
= 0,0015 A = 1,5 mA
= 0,0007 A = 0,7 mA
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31
R2
R1
R3
2 Ley de Kirchhoff.
U1
U
U2
Utot
R2
R1
U1 : U2 = R1 : R2
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32
R1
Rt
R1
R2
R3
Para la conexin en paralelo de dos resistencias, puede
deducirse la frmula siguiente :
R1 x R2
Rt =
R1 + R2
En un circuito en paralelo, la intensidad total se descompone
en intensidades parciales.
La suma de las intensidades parciales es igual a la intensidad
total.
It = I1 + I2 +...
R3
+ ...
R2
It
1 Ley de Kirchhoff.
I1
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I2
R2
R1
R2
R1
33
470
120
39
39
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34
P1
P2
12 v
S1
S1
P1
7 v. 0,3 A.
P2
12 v. 3 w.
P2
12 v
S1
S1
V
I
7
0,3
= 23
R2 =
It = 293,9 mA
V
I
12
0,25
= 48
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35
Voltmetro (practica)
10 K
1 K
1 k
10 k
Calculado
0,5 V
5V
3a
0,5 V
5V
0, 5 V
5V
Analizado
3b
Analizado
U
Rt
5,5
1 k + 10k
U1 = R1 x I = 1k x 0,5 mA = 0,5 V.
= 0,5 mA.
U2 = R2 x I = 10k x 0,5 mA. = 5 V.
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36
Voltmetro (practica)
100
K
1 K
1 K
100
K
1 k
10 k
100 k
1 M
Calculado
0,5 V
5V
0,5 V
5V
3a
0,5 V
5V
0,5 V
5V
0, 5 V
5V
0,05 V
2,6 V
10
K
1 M
10
1 M
K
Analizado
3b
Analizado
U
Rt
5,5
100 k+1 M
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37
S = 1 mm2
L = 1 metro
R=
xL
S
Ejemplo :
Hilo de cobre, L= 100 m, S=0,75 mm2,
= 0,0178 xmm2/m.
Se busca su resistencia.
=
S =
R =
L =
R=
Resistencia especfica
Seccin del conductor en mm2
Resistencia del conductor en ohmios
Longitud del conductor en metros
mm2
= 2,37 ohmios
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38
L
S
R = 0,0178
34,8
0,196
= 3,16
1,75
0,009
Elegiriamos la seccin
normalizada de 4 mm2
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39
Prdida de tensin
Cuando circula una corriente, se pierde tensin para vencer la resistencia del
conductor.
La tensin perdida en el conductor de ida y en el de retorno se resta al
consumidor.
La prdida de tensin o cada de tensin (UV) es tanto mayor cuanto mayores
sean la resistencia del conductor y la intensidad que circula por l.
U=RxI
R=
UV = prdida de tensin
x L
UV =
xLxI
S
Ejemplo:
Conductor del motor de arranque de cobre, L = 15 m, S = 35 mm2, I = 700A.
Cul es la cada de tensin?
Uv =
xLxI
S
0,0178 x 15 x 700
35
5,34 V.
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40
Clculo de conductores
La seccin mnima de un conductor depende de
la cada de tensin y de la densidad de corriente
admisible a causa del calentamiento.
La densidad de corriente, es la intensidad
en amperios que atraviesa 1 mm2 de la
seccin del conductor.
S=
xLxI
UV
intensidad
Seccin del conductor
I
S
S =
xLxI
Uv
=
= 34,2 mm2
seccin TEORICA
30 mm2
seccin MINIMA
20
Seccin normal (segn tabla) = 35 mm2
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41
x LxI
S=
Uv
1,67 mm2
(seccin terica).
0,2
xLxI
S=
=
Uv
2,8 mm2
(seccin terica).
0,4
35
I
S=
0,0178 x 1,8 x 35
10
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42
U1
U4
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43
Potencia elctrica
La turbina de una central hidroelctrica tiene mayor rendimiento cuanto mayor
sea la altura del salto de agua y cuanto ms agua circule por ella cada segundo.
La altura del salto de agua equivale a la tensin de alimentacin del circuito
elctrico y el caudal de aquella, a la corriente elctrica.
A
Caudal
Altura
I
U
P
UxI
P=UxI
1 MW (mega-vatio)
1 KW (kilo-vatio)
1
1.000.000 W
1.000 W
1W
W (vatio)
1 mW (mili-vatio)
0,001 W
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44
P = 12 x 5 =
60 w.
P
U
86
I =
11
7,82 A.
P
I
U=
180
15
12 V.
P=RxIxI
R=
P
I2
R=
180
16
= 11,25
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45
B
2,2 K
C
1,5 K
4,7 K
3,14 V.
UBC=
2,14 V.
UCD=
6,71 V.
I = 0,0014 A.
I = 1,4 mA.
Medir la intensidad.
UAB x I
PAB =
3,08 x 0,0014 =
0,00431 W. =
4,31 mW.
PBC =
UBC x I
PBC =
2,10 x 0,0014 =
0,00394 W. =
3,94 mW.
PCD =
UCD x I
PCD =
6,58 x 0,0014 =
0,00921 W. =
9,21 mW.
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46
47
4,7
Aplicar una tensin de 12 voltios. Cul es la intensidad que circula por la lmpara?.
IL 0,232 A.
IL 232 mA.
Cambiar la lmpara por las resistencias. Cul es la intensidad que circula?
I 0,222 A.
I 222 mA.
Calcular la potencia de la lmpara.
P = U x IL
P = 12 x 0,232 = 2,78 W.
= 51,7
0,232
IL
Medir la resistencia del filamento de la lmpara
5,3
Por qu esta diferencia entre los puntos 7 y 8?
Influye la temperatura del filamento.
A mayor temperatura Mayor resistencia.
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47
Condensadores
Se denomina condensador, en electrnica, al conjunto de
dos lminas o placas metlicas, separadas y aisladas una
de otra , bien sea por aire o interponiendo entre ambas una
materia aislante, como vidrio, mica, etc.
A
+
El estado de tensin y desequilibrio entre ambas placas es evidente, una tiene exceso de
electrones y falta de ellos la otra, hay diferencia de potencial entre las dos, este proceso
se denomina carga del condensador: Q = C U
La cantidad de electricidad acumulada en cada placa durante la carga es proporcional a la
tensin aplicada y a una constante que depende de las caractersticas del condensador y
que llamaremos capacidad.
La cantidad de electricidad acumulada (Q) se expresa en Culombios, la tensin (U) en Voltios
y la capacidad (C) en Faradios.
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Condensadores
Smbolos
1
1: Fijo
+
C1
C2
2: Polarizado (electroltico)
3: Condensador variable
a: Conexin en paralelo.
Ejemplo: C1 = 16 F , C2 = 48 F
C1 + C2 = Ctotal
Ctotal= 16 F + 48 F = 64 F
b: Conexin en serie.
C1
C2
Ejemplo: C1 = 20 pF , C2 = 30 pF
1 F (faradio)
1 mF (mili-faradio)
1 F (micro-faradio)
1 nF (nano-faradio)
1 pF (pico-faradio)
=
=
=
=
=
Ctotal=
Ctotal=
C1 x C2
C1 + C2
20 pF x 30 pF
20 pF + 30 pF
1
0,001
0,000 001
0,000 000 001
0,000 000 000 001
600 pF
50 pF
= 12 pF
F
F
F
F
F
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Condensadores
Para el clculo de un condensador plano se utiliza la siguiente frmula:
C=
Sx
d
= F
C=
Dielctrico
Aire
Mica
Madera
Papel
Vidrio
Ebonita
8,8 x 10-7
40 x 10-7
50 x 10-7
70 x 10-7
80 x 10-7
200 x 10-7
cm2 x coeficiente
mm
= F
C = capacidad en microfaradios.
= dielctrico.
S = seccin en cm2.
d = distancia en milmetros.
16 F
24 V
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Color
Anillo 1
Anillo 2
Sin color
Plata
Oro
Anillo 3
N de ceros
X 0,01
X 0,1
Anillo 4
Tolerancia %
Anillo 5
Voltaje nom.
20
10
5
5.000 V
2.000 V
1.000 V
Negro
Marrn
Rojo
Naranja
Amarillo
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
100 V
200 V
300 V
400 V
Verde
Azul
5
6
5
6
5
6
0,5
500 V
600 V
Violeta
Gris
7
8
7
8
7
8
700 V
800 V
Blanco
900 V
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Bobinas - magnetismo
Una bobina consta de devanados de cable individuales y aislados.
Cuando se conecta una bobina a una fuente elctrica,
pasa corriente por los devanados y se forma un campo
magntico.
Si insertamos una varilla de hierro dulce en el ncleo de la
bobina, se aumenta considerablemente el campo magntico
y la varilla queda imantada.
Si se desconecta, desaparece el campo magntico.
Este efecto magntico se puede ver claramente en un rel.
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N
N
N
N
semiperiodo
U
+ Up
- Up
Uef = Up :
Up = Uef x
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30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
S
0
30
330
300
60
90
270
120
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
240
150
210
180
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2: Imn permanente
3: Carcasa
3
4: Arrollamiento
4
5: Espiga polar
5
6: Corona generadora
6
de impulsos
Qu clase de tensin genera un sensor de induccin?
2
Alterna.
Cmo puede comprobarse un sensor de induccin?
Midiendo la tensin, la resistencia y oscilogramas.
Qu aparatos de medida se utilizan para ello?
Voltmetro, Ohmetro, Osciloscopio.
Dnde pueden montarse los sensores de induccin?
Sistemas de gestin del motor, Sistemas ABS, ...
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Sulfuro de plomo
Escape de electrones
Sulfuro de plomo
efecto fosforescente
(LUZ)
ANODO (+)
Electrones retenidos
Desprendimiento
Aceleracin
Generador del haz
de electrones
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Vertical (y)
amplitud de seal
Horizontal (x)
barrido temporal
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Osciloscopio
Interruptor
general
Posicin X
Base de
tiempos
Posicin Y
Calibrado.
DC
AC
GD
Enfoque
de pantalla
Desviacin
de seal
Iluminacin
de pantalla
Prueba de
componentes
DC
AC
GD
Canal 1
Amplitud de
seal V (voltios)
Canal 2
Combinacin
de canales
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H2
12 v 3 w
12 v 3 w
Up= 12 x
= 16,97 V.
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Elementos RC (practica)
1 K
100 nF
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1 K
100 nF
Aplicar una tensin rectangular de 8 voltios, con una frecuencia de 900 Hz.
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Matemticas I
A diario se utilizan abreviaturas corrientes que todo el mundo conoce.
Ejemplo:
NO = Noroeste
km = Kilmetro
etc = etctera
Notacin ponencial
La multiplicacin de factores iguales se puede representar con mucha sencillez si se
utiliza una notacin potencial.
Por ejemplo:
104 = 10.000
103 = 1.000
102 = 100
101 = 10
100 = 1
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Matemticas II
Si el exponente es cero (0), el valor de la potencia es siempre igual a 1.
1620 =1
480 =1
10 =1
Ejemplo:
100 =1
A0 =1
X0 =1
100
10 x 10
102
10
10
= 1 =
10
= 0,1 =
100
10 x 10
= 10 = 101
= 0,01 = 10-2
10-1
10 x 10 x 10
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Matemticas III
Si se quiere pasar una potencia de un lado de la raya de fraccin al otro, hay que cambiar
el signo del exponente. Ejemplo:
1
103
10-3
0,001
1
10-3
103
1.000
Una potencia con exponente negativo es igual a su inversa (valor reciproco) con
exponente positivo.
En el ejemplo anterior se observa que el exponente negativo indica el lugar despus de
coma en que se coloca el uno (1).
Multiplicacin con potencias
Ejemplo:
10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10= 106
o tambin:
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Matemticas IV
Divisin de potencias.
Por lo anterior sabemos que el signo de un exponente cambia cuando una potencia se
lleva el denominador al numerador de una fraccin.
Para hacer una divisin de potencias, se realiza una operacin de multiplicacin donde al
divisor se le cambia el signo del exponente.
Ejemplo: 103 : 102 : 10-3 = 103 x 10-2 x 103 = 103-2+3 = 104 = 10.000
Suma y resta de potencias.
Solamente se pueden sumar o restar potencias afectadas del mismo exponente.
Ejemplo:
Las potencias con exponente desigual hay que manipularlas para que todas tengan
el mismo exponente.
Ejemplo:
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Matemticas V
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
E
P
T
G
M
K
H
D
d
c
m
n
p
f
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Exa
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
unidad
deci
centi
mili
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
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