Dr.

Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Chapter 4

A solution is a homogenous mixture of

.two or more substances
The solvent is the substance present in the
.larger amount
.All other substances are solutes
:Examples

When the solvent is water, the solution is

.called aqueous solution
The concentration of a solution is the
amount of solute present in a given quantity of
solvent or quantity of solution.
Molarity (M) is one way to measure the
concentration of a solution.
Molarity: the concentration of solution is measured as
.the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
1

mol
L

0.10

mmol
mL

mmol

HCl

mL

olar

mass ( g

/ mol )

Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Example) Calculate the molarity of a solution

made by dissolving 23.4 g of Na2SO4 (142
?g/mol) in 125 mL of solution

23.4 g NasSO 1mol NasSO 10 mL

4
4
M 1.32M
125mL 142 g NasSO 1L
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Example) Calculate the molarity of a solution made by

dissolving 6.91 g K2CO3 (138.2 g/mol) in sufficient water
.to form exactly 250 mL of solution

moles K CO 6.91 g K CO 1 mol K CO

2 3 2 3 2 3
L solution 250 mL 138.2 g K CO
2 3
103 mL 0.200 mol / L
1L

To create a solution of a known molarity, one

weighs out a known mass (and, therefore, number
of moles) of the solute.
The solute is added to a volumetric flask, and
solvent is added to the line on the neck of the flask.
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob
3

Example) What mass of KI is required to make

?500.0 mL of a 2.80 M KI (166 g/mol) solution

volume of KI solution

moles KI

gr

2.80 mol KI 0.500 L soln 166 g KI 2

1 L soln
1 mol KI
Q)
(a) How many grams of K2CO3 (138.2 g/mol) are there
in 50.0 mL of 0.25 M of K2CO3?
(b) How many milliliters of 0.50 M of K2CO3 solution
is needed to provide 0.058 mole of this salt?

Q) How many grams of Na2SO4 (142 g/mol)

?are there in 100 mL of 0.50 M Na2SO4
Answer = 7.1 g
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte

d
i
s
o
l
v
e
1 mol NaCl in water 1 mol Na 1 mol Cl
M solution of NaCl is 1.0 M in Na+ ions and 1.0 M in Cl- ions 1.0
M solution of Na2SO4 is 2.0 M in Na+ ions and 1.0 M in SO42- ions 1.0

Calculating Molar Concentrations of Ions

Example) What are the molar concentrations
of each of the ions present in 0.025 M aqueous
?solution of K2CO3

2
d
i
s
o
l
v
e
1 mol K CO in water 2 mol K 1 mol CO
23
3

M of K 2 M of K CO 2 0.025
2 3

2
M of CO M of K CO 0.025 M
3
2 3

Q)
a) Which will have the highest concentration of sodium
ion: 0.070 M Na3PO4, 0.15 M NaCl, or 0.12 M Na2SO4?
b) Which will contain the smaller number of moles of
sodium ion: 50.0 mL of 0.050 M Na3PO4 or 25.0 mL of
0.10 M Na3PO4?

Dilution is the procedure for preparing a

less concentrated solution from a more
.concentrated solution

Dilution

Add Solvent

nevloS
t
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Moles of solute
before dilution (i)

Moles of solute
after dilution (f)

MiVi

MfVf

Q) How would you prepare 60.0 mL of

0.200 M HNO3 from a stock solution of
?4.00 M HNO3

0.200 x 0.06 0.003 L 3 mL

4.00

57 mL of water 60 mL of solution
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Example) How many milliliters of 6.0 M

H2SO4 solution are required to prepare 450
?mL of 0.10 M H2SO4
M V M V
i i
f
f
M V
f
f 0.10 450 7.5 mL
V
i
M
6.0
i
(Q

a) What volune of 1.25 M Ba(NO3)2 solution

?+contains 0.250 mol of Ba2
b) If a 5.00 mL of a 5.00 M stock solution of HCl is
diluted to 500.0 mL, what is the concentration of
?the resulting stock solution
Q) You have 505 mL of a 0.150 M HCl solution
and you want to dilute it to exactly 0.100 M. How
?much water would you add
Q) A 46.2-mL, 0.568 M calcium nitrate[Ca(NO3)2]
solution is mixed with 80.5 mL of 1.396 M calcium
nitrate solution. Calculate the concentration of the
.final solution
Answer = 1.09 M

Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis

Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Titration
Titration a method used to determine the
.concentration of a particular solute in a solution
In a titration a solution of accurately known
concentration (titrant) is added gradually to another
solution of unknown concentration (analyte) until
the chemical reaction between the two solutions is
.complete
A standard solution is one whose concentration
.is known
Equivalence point the point at which the
.reaction is complete
End point the point at which the color of the
.indicator is changed
Indicator a substance that changes color at (or
.near) the equivalence point
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob
8

Slowly add base to unknown acid UNTIL

the indicator changes color
Q1) What mass of NaCl (58.5 g/mol) is needed to precipitate
?the silver ions from 25.0 mL of 0.20 M AgNO3 solution
AgNO3+ NaCl AgCl(s) + Na NO3 or

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)

Q2) What mass of NaOH (40.0 g/mol) is needed to precipitate
?the zinc ions from 25.0 mL of 0.20 M Zn(NO3)2 solution
Zn(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3 or

Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2 (s)

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Example1) What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is

?required to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution

!WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

0.0250 L

0.1125

0.225

25

0.225
mol
0.158
.420
mol / L

25.00 mL

L 158

mL

4.50 mol H SO
2
4 2 mol NaOH
1000 mL soln
1 mol H SO
2
4

1000 ml soln
158 mL
1.420 mol NaOH

Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Example2) In an experiment, 45.7 mL of 0.50 M H2SO4

solution was required to neutralize 20.0 mL of NaOH
?solution. What is the molar concentration of NaOH solution
H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

0.0457 L 0.0229 mol

2 mol NaOH
mol H SO
2
4

0.0457

29 M

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Q1) How many grams of Ca(OH)2 (74.1

g/mol) are needed to neutralize 25.0 mL of
0.100 M HNO3? Answer = 0.0926
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 2H2O + Ca (NO32(
Example: A 0.5662-g sample of an ionic compound
containing an unknown metal is dissolved in water and
treated with an excess of AgNO3. If 1.0882 g of AgCl
(143.4 g/mol) precipitate forms, what is the percent by
?mass of Cl (35.45 g/mol) in the original compound
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)

.589 10 3

s Cl

moles

AgCl moles Cl

35.45 g Cl
1 mol Cl

0.2690

47.51%

Q1)

Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

a)

What volume of 0.125 M HCl solution is needed

to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.250 M KOH?

b)

What volume of 0.105 M HNO3 solution is

needed to neutralize 4.50 g of Mg(OH)2?

c)

If 15.8 mL of AgNO3 is needed to precipitate all

the Cl- ions in a 950 mg sample of KCl (forming
AgCl), what is the molarity of the AgNO3
solution?

d)

If 25.8 mL of 0.180 M HNO3 solution is needed

to neutralize a solution of NaOH, How many
grams of NaOH must be present in the solution?

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 .
Dr. Abdul-Wahab Rjoob
()Office: D3L0
Office Hours:
Sun Tu Th : 1-2
Mo We : 12-1
Chapter 4: sections 4.5 & 4.6

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