Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide MW

Version 3.3.
Technical Reference Guide

for Microwave Networks
AT332_TRM_E0
AT332_TRM_E0AT332_TRM_E0
Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks

Release: AT332_TRM_E0 (October 2016)
Copyright 1997-2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
Published by:
Forsk
7 rue des Briquetiers
31700 Blagnac, France
Tel: +33 562 747 210
Fax: +33 562 747 211
The software described in this document is provided under a licence agreement. The software may only be used or copied under the terms and conditions of the licence agreement. No part of the contents of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher.
The product or brand names mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective registering parties.
Third party services that are not part of Atoll are governed by the terms and conditions of their respective providers, which are subject to change without notice.
The publisher has taken care in the preparation of this document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions.
No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein.
AT332_TRM_E0

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

1
Antennas and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.1
Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2
Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3
Antenna Diameter Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Microwave Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
2.1
Ground Altitude Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2
Clutter Height Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3
Resolution of the Extracted Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.4.1
2.4.4.2
2.4.4.3
2.4.4.4
2.4.4.5
2.4.4.6
2.4.4.7
2.4.5
2.4.6
2.4.6.1
2.4.6.2
2.4.6.3
Microwave Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Path Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Profile Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Free Space Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Diffraction Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Knife-Edge Diffraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Epstein-Peterson Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Deygout Method with Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Millington Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Full Deygout Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ITU 452-11 Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Atmospheric Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Tropospheric Scatter Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ITU-R P.617-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ITU-R P. 452 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Simplified Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.2.1
3.1.2.2
3.1.2.3
3.1.2.4
3.1.2.5
3.1.2.6
3.1.2.7
3.1.2.8
3.1.3
3.1.3.1
3.1.3.1.1
3.1.3.1.2
3.1.3.1.3
3.1.3.1.4
3.1.3.2
3.1.3.2.1
3.1.3.2.2
3.1.3.2.3
Microwave Link Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Link Budget and Interference Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Link Budget Calculation Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Nominal Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Coordinated Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Transmission Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Reception Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Received Signal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Thermal Fade Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Signal Enhancement Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Interference Calculation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Single Interference Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Interference Signal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Threshold Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Effective Thermal Fade Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Multiple Interference Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Total Interference Signal Level in Clear Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Total Interference Signal Level in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Clear Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table of Contents
2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.3.2.4
3.1.3.2.5
3.1.3.2.6
3.1.3.2.7
3.1.3.2.8
Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Total Threshold Degradation in Clear Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Total Threshold Degradation in Rain Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Clear Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.2.1
3.2.2.1.1
3.2.2.1.2
3.2.2.1.3
3.2.2.2
3.2.2.3
3.2.2.4
Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
ITU-R P.530 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Total Outage Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Total Outage Probability in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Total Outage Probability in Clear-Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Total Outage Probability due to Equipment Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Quality Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Availability Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Global Annual Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.1.1
3.3.2.1.2
3.3.2.1.3
3.3.2.1.4
3.3.2.1.5
3.3.2.1.6
3.3.2.2
3.3.3
3.3.3.1
3.3.3.1.1
3.3.3.1.2
3.3.3.1.3
3.3.3.1.4
3.3.3.1.5
3.3.3.1.6
3.3.3.2
3.3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.4.1
3.3.4.1.1
3.3.4.1.2
3.3.4.1.3
Propagation in Rain Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
ITU-R P.530-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Rain Fade Margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Rain Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Rain Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Effective Path Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p% of the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Total Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Rain Fade Margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Effective Path Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Rain Fade Margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.2.1
3.4.2.1.1
3.4.2.1.2
3.4.2.1.3
3.4.2.1.4
3.4.2.1.5
3.4.2.1.6
3.4.2.1.7
3.4.2.2
3.4.2.2.1
3.4.2.2.2
3.4.2.3
3.4.2.3.1
3.4.2.3.2
3.4.2.4
3.4.2.4.1
3.4.3
3.4.3.1
3.4.3.1.1
3.4.3.1.2
3.4.3.1.3
Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Frequency Non-Selective Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
ITU-R P.530-5 - Method for Initial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
ITU-R P.530-5 - Method for Detailed Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
ITU-R P.530-8 - Method for Initial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12 - Method for Initial Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12 - Method for Detailed Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
ITU-R P.530-13 - Method for Initial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
ITU-R P.530-13 - Method for Detailed Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Frequency Selective Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Vigants-Barnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Method for Initial Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Method for Detailed Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
CCIR Report 338 (KQ factor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Method for Detailed Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Signal Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
ITU-R P.530-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various Percentage
AT332_TRM_E0
3.4.3.1.4
3.4.3.1.5
3.4.3.2
3.4.3.2.1
3.4.3.2.2
3.4.3.2.3
3.4.3.2.4
3.4.3.2.5
3.4.4
3.4.4.1
3.4.4.1.1
3.4.4.1.2
3.4.4.1.3
3.4.5
3.4.5.1
3.4.5.1.1
3.4.5.1.2
3.4.5.1.3
3.4.5.2
3.4.5.2.1
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.2.1
3.5.2.2
3.5.2.3
3.5.2.4
3.5.2.5
3.5.2.6

Table of Contents
of Time61
Method for Small Percentage of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Method for Various Percentage of Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various Percentage
of Time64
Method for Small Percentage of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Method for Various Percentage of Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
XPD Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Multipath Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Cross-Polarisation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Worst Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Space Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Frequency Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Space and Frequency Diversity (Two Receivers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Vigants-Barnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Space Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Surface Reflection Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Surface Reflection Point Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Difference in Path Length Between Direct and Reflected Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Surface Reflection Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Effective Surface Reflection Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Thermal Fade Margin Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Attenuation Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Table of Contents

Introduction
AT332_TRM_E0
Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide

This Technical Reference Guide is aimed at radio network engineers with an advanced knowledge of Atoll and radio network
planning. It provides detailed information about the inner workings and formulas that are implemented by Atoll Microwave.
About Atoll
Atoll is a 64-bit multi-technology wireless network design and optimisation platform. Atoll is open, scalable, flexible, and
supports wireless operators throughout the network life cycle, from initial design to densification and optimisation.
Atoll Microwave is a complete backhaul and microwave link planning solution based on the leading Atoll platform, which
includes a high performance GIS and advanced data and user management features. Atoll Microwave can share its site database with Atoll radio planning and optimisation modules, thus allowing easy data consistency management across the operator organisation.
Atolls integration and automation features help operators smoothly automate planning and optimisation processes through
flexible scripting and SOA-based mechanisms. Atoll supports a wide range of implementation scenarios, from standalone to
enterprise-wide server-based configurations.
If you are interested in learning more about Atoll, please contact your Forsk representative to inquire about our training solutions.
About Forsk
Forsk is an independent company providing radio planning and optimisation software solutions to the wireless industry since
1987.
In 1997, Forsk released the first version of Atoll, its flagship radio planning software. Since then, Atoll has evolved to become
a comprehensive radio planning and optimisation platform and, with more than 7000 installed licenses worldwide, has
reached the leading position on the global market. Atoll combines engineering and automation functions that enable operators to smoothly and gradually implement SON processes within their organisation.
Today, Forsk is a global supplier with over 450 customers in 120 countries and strategic partnerships with major players in the
industry. Forsk distributes and supports Atoll directly from offices and technical support centres in France, USA, and China as
well as through a worldwide network of distributors and partners.
Since the first release of Atoll, Forsk has been known for its capability to deliver tailored and turn-key radio planning and optimisation environments based on Atoll.
To help operators streamline their radio planning and optimisation processes, Forsk provides a complete range of implementation services, including integration with existing IT infrastructure, automation, as well as data migration, installation, and
training services.
Getting Help
The online help system that is installed with Atoll is designed to give you quick access to the information you need to use the
product effectively. It contains the same material as the Atoll 3.3.2 User Manual.
You can browse the online help from the Contents view, the Index view, or you can use the built-in Search feature.
You can also download manuals from the Forsk web site at:
http://www.forsk.com/MyForskAccount/
Printing Help Topics

You can print individual topics or chapters from the online help.
To print help topics or chapters:
1. In Atoll, click Help > Help Topics.
2. In the Contents tab, expand the table of contents.
3. Right-click the section or topic that you want to print and click Print. The Print Topics dialog box appears.
4. In the Print Topics dialog box, select what you want to print:
If you want to print a single topic, select Print the selected topic.
If you want to print an entire section, including all topics and sections in that section, select Print the selected
heading and all subtopics.

Introduction
5. Click OK.
About Atoll Documentation

The following PDF manuals are available for Atoll and Atoll Microwave and can be downloaded from the Forsk web site at:
Atoll User Manual

Atoll Administrator Manual
Atoll Data Structure Reference Guide
Atoll Technical Reference Guide
Atoll Task Automation Guide
Atoll Model Calibration Guide
To read PDF manuals, download Adobe Reader from the Adobe web site at:
http://get.adobe.com/reader/
Hardcopy manuals are also available. For more information, contact to your Forsk representative.
Contacting Technical Support

Forsk provides global technical support for its products and services. To contact the Forsk support team, visit the My Forsk
web site at:
Alternatively, depending on your geographic location, contact one of the following support teams:
Forsk Head Office

For regions other than North and Central America and China, contact the Forsk Head Office support team:
Tel.: +33 562 747 225

Fax: +33 562 747 211
Email: support@forsk.com
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 9.00 am to 6.00 pm (GMT +1:00)
Forsk US
For North and Central America, contact the Forsk US support team:
Tel.: 1-888-GO-ATOLL (1-888-462-8655)

Fax: 1-312-674-4822
Email: support_us@forsk.com
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 8.00 am to 8.00 pm (Eastern Standard Time)
Forsk China
For China, contact the Forsk China support team:
Tel: +86 20 8557 0016

Fax: +86 20 8553 8285
Email: atollsupport@forsk.com.cn
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 9.00am to 5.30pm (GMT+08:00) Beijing, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Urumqi.
Chapter 1
Antennas and
Equipment
This chapter covers the following topics:
"Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles" on

page 11
"Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation" on page 12
"Antenna Diameter Calculation" on page 13

2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved
10

Chapter 1: Antennas and Equipment
AT332_TRM_E0
1 Antennas and Equipment

To determine the transmitter antenna attenuation, Atoll calculates the accurate azimuth and tilt angles and performs 3D
interpolation of the horizontal and vertical patterns.
1.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles

From the direction of the transmitter antenna and the receiver position relative to the transmitter, Atoll determines the
receiver position relative to the direction of the transmitter antenna (i.e. the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the
transmitter antenna coordinate system).
aTx and eTx are respectively the transmitter (Tx) antenna azimuth and tilt in the coordinate system S 0 x y z .
aRx and eRx are respectively the azimuth and tilt of the receiver (Rx) in the coordinate system S 0 x y z .
d is the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx).
Figure 1.1: Azimuth and Tilt Calculation

In the coordinate system S 0 x y z , the receiver coordinates are:
cos e Rx sin a Rx d
x Rx
y Rx
z Rx
cos e Rx cos a Rx d
(1)
sin e Rx d
Let az and el respectively be the azimuth and tilt of the receiver in the transmitter antenna coordinate system S Tx x'' y'' z'' .
These angles describe the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system. Therefore,
the receiver coordinates in S Tx x'' y'' z'' are:
x'' Rx
y'' Rx =
z'' Rx
cos el sin az d
cos el cos az d
sin el d
(2)
According to the figure above, we have the following relations:

x'
y' =
z'
cos a Tx sin a Tx 0
x
sin a Tx cos a Tx 0 y
z
0
0
1
(3)
and
11

1
0
0
x''
x'
y'' = 0 cos e Tx sin e Tx y'
z''
z'
0 sin e Tx cos e Tx
(4)
Therefore, the relation between the system S 0 x y z and the transmitter antenna system S Tx x'' y'' z'' is:
1
0
0
cos a Tx sin a Tx 0
x''
x
y'' = 0 cos e Tx sin e Tx sin a Tx cos a Tx 0 y
z''
z
0 sin e Tx cos e Tx
0
0
1
(5)
We get,
x''
y'' =
z''
cos a Tx
sin a Tx
0
x
cos e Tx sin a Tx cos e Tx cos a Tx sin e Tx y
z
sin e Tx sin a Tx sin e Tx cos a Tx cos e Tx
(6)
Then, substituting the receiver coordinates in the system S0 from Eq. (1) and the receiver coordinates in the system STx from
Eq. (2) in Eq. (6) leads to a system where two solutions are possible:
1st solution: If a Rx = a Tx , then az = 0 and el = eRx e Tx
2nd solution: If a Rx a Tx , then
1
az = atan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cos e Tx
sin e Tx tan e Rx
----------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------tan a Rx a Tx
sin a Rx a Tx
and
cos e Tx tan e Rx
sin e Tx
- + ----------------------------------------------
el = atan sin az ---------------------------------sin a Rx a Tx
tan a Rx a Tx
If sin az sin a Rx a Tx 0 , then az = az + 180
1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation

The direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system is given by angle values, az and
el. Atoll considers these values in order to determine transmitter antenna attenuations in the horizontal and vertical patterns.
It reads the attenuation H(az) in the horizontal pattern for the calculated azimuth angle az and the attenuation V(el) in the
vertical pattern for the calculated tilt angle el. Then, it calculates the antenna total attenuation, L antTx az el .
180 az
az
L antTx az el = H az ----------------------- H 0 V el + --------- H 180 V 180 el
180
180
Atoll assumes that the horizontal and vertical patterns are cross-sections of a 3D pattern. In other words, the description of
the antenna pattern must satisfy the following: H(0)=V(0) and H()=V()
In case of an electrical tilt, , the horizontal pattern is a conical section with an elevation of degrees off the horizontal plane.
Here, horizontal and vertical patterns must satisfy the following: H(0)=V() and H()=V(-)
If the constraints listed above are satisfied, this implies that:
Interpolated horizontal and vertical patterns respectively fit in with the entered horizontal and vertical patterns, even
in case of electrical tilt, and
The contribution of both the vertical pattern back and front parts are taken into account.
Otherwise, only the second point is guaranteed.
12
This interpolation is performed in dBs.

Angle values in formulas are stated in degrees.
This interpolation is not used with 3D antenna patterns.

AT332_TRM_E0
1.3 Antenna Diameter Calculation

Atoll automatically calculates the antenna diameter from the antenna gain and the average operating frequency. The antenna
diameter is calculated using the following equation for a radiation efficiency of 55 %:
G ant = 20 LogD antenna + 20 f 42,2 , which gives:
D antenna = 10
G ant
-----------
20 - + 2,11 Logf
Where,
D antenna is the antenna diameter (in m),
G ant is the antenna gain (in dBi),
f is the average frequency (in MHz). It is calculated as follows:
f max f min
f = f min + -----------------------2
f min is the minimum frequency of the frequency band (in MHz),
f max is the maximum frequency of the frequency band (in MHz).
13

14
Chapter 2
Microwave
Propagation
"Ground Altitude Determination" on page 17
"Clutter Height Determination" on page 17
"Resolution of the Extracted Profiles" on page 18
"Microwave Propagation Model" on page 18

16

Chapter 2: Microwave Propagation
AT332_TRM_E0
2 Microwave Propagation
2.1 Ground Altitude Determination
Atoll determines reception and transmission site altitude from Digital Terrain Model map. The method used to evaluate site
altitude is based on a bilinear interpolation. It is described below.
Let us suppose a site S located inside a bin. Atoll knows the altitudes of four bin vertices, S1, S1, S2 and S2, from the DTM
file (centre of each DTM pixel).
Figure 2.1: Ground Altitude Determination - 1

1. Atoll draws a vertical line through S. This line respectively intersects (S1,S1) and (S2, S2) lines at S1 and S2.

2. Atoll determines the S1 and S2 altitudes using a linear interpolation method.

3. Atoll performs a second linear interpolation to evaluate the S altitude.
2.2 Clutter Height Determination

Some propagation models need clutter class and clutter height as information at receiver or along a transmitter-receiver
profile.
Atoll uses clutter classes file to determine the clutter class.
To evaluate the clutter height, Atoll uses clutter heights file if available in the ATL document; clutter height of a site is the
height of the nearest point in the file.
Example: Let us suppose a site S. In the clutter heights file, Atoll reads clutter heights of four points around the site, S1, S1,
S2 and S2. Here, the nearest point to S is S2; therefore Atoll takes the S2 clutter height as clutter height of S.
17

Figure 2.5: Clutter Height

If you do not have any clutter height file, Atoll takes clutter height information in clutter classes file. In this case, clutter height
is an average height related to a clutter class.
2.3 Resolution of the Extracted Profiles

Geographic profile resolution depends on resolution of geographic data used by the propagation model (DTM and/or clutter).
The selected profile resolution does not depend on the geographic layer order.
Example 1 (Using the Microwave Propagation Model)

A DTM map with a 40 m resolution and a clutter heights map with a 20 m resolution are available. The profile
resolution will be 20 m. It means that Atoll will extract geographic information, ground altitude and clutter height,
every 20 m.
To get ground altitude every 20 m, Atoll uses the bilinear interpolation method described in "Ground Altitude
Determination" on page 17. Clutter heights are read from the clutter heights map. Atoll takes the clutter height of the
nearest point every 20 m.
Example 2 (Using the Microwave Propagation Model)

A DTM map with a 40 m resolution and a clutter classes map with a 20 m resolution are available. No clutter height
file has been imported in the document. The profile resolution will be 20 m. It means that Atoll will extract geographic
information, ground altitude and clutter height, every 20 m.
To get ground altitude every 20 m, Atoll uses the bilinear interpolation method described in "Ground Altitude
Determination" on page 17. Atoll uses the clutter classes map to determine clutter height. Every 20 m, it determines
clutter class and takes associated average height.
2.4 Microwave Propagation Model

The microwave propagation model is used to compute the total loss along the propagation path. The path is defined by the
positions of the transmitter site and the receiver site, their antenna heights, and the terrain profile between them.
The microwave propagation model considers the following losses:
Free space loss,

Diffraction loss,
Atmospheric loss,
Tropospheric scatter loss,
2.4.1 Path Length

The total length is calculated along the great-circle as follows:
dkm =
nang 2 4,10 8
2
- + zkm 1 zkm 2
---------------------------------2
zkm i is the total height (DTM + antenna height) of each extremity.

nang =
18
+ cos latitude 1 cos latitude 2

AT332_TRM_E0
R min sin lati 3

cos atan ---------- ----------------------
R max cos lati
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- latitude 1 latitude 2

=
R max R moy
cos lati
2
R min
R min sin lati 3

cos atan ---------- ----------------------
R max cos lati

R max
= ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- longitude 1 longitude 2
R moy
cos lati
latitude 1 + latitude 2
where lati = ----------------------------------------------------2
and R min = 6356,912 km , R moy = 6366,2 km , R max = 6378,388 km .
2.4.2 Profile Extraction

The profile is extracted from DTM and clutter files. The points along the profile are regularly spaced at , which is:
Total Length = --------------------------------n 1
Where,
Total Length is the path length along the great circle.
Total Length
n is the number of points of the profile. n is given by : n = long ---------------------------------- .
Step + 1
Step is the profile extraction resolution (see "Resolution of the Extracted Profiles" on page 18).
Clutter heights at the transmitter and the receiver are always equal to 0.
2.4.3 Free Space Loss

Atoll calculates L model1 (in dB).
L model1 = K 1 + K 2 log d + K 3 log f
with,
K1: constant offset (dB).
K2: multiplicative factor for log(d)
d: distance between the receiver and the transmitter sites (km)
K3: multiplicative factor for log(f)
f: frequency of transmission (MHz)
The default values for K1, K2 and K3 coefficients are respectively set to 32.4, 20 and 20. Therefore, L model1 is equal to free
space loss ( L b0 ).
L b0 = 32,4 + 20 log f + 20 log d
In case of a link (AB) with one or two repeaters (P and Q), Atoll calculates free space loss
for each section of the link (AP, PQ and QB) and then, considers the sum.
19

2.4.4 Diffraction Loss

General method for one or more obstacles (knife-edge diffraction) is used to evaluate diffraction losses ( L d ) (dB) over the
transmitter-receiver profile. Six construction methods are implemented in Atoll:
Deygout
Epstein Peterson
Deygout with correction (ITU 526-5)
Millington
ITU 452-11
Full Deygout
All of the construction methods are based on the same physical principle but differ in the way they consider one or several
obstacles.
According to the selected option in the Parameters tab of the models properties dialog, i.e., Use Clutter Heights = Yes or No,
you can consider the following along the transmitter-receiver profile:
Ground altitude and clutter height (Consider heights in diffraction option),

In this case, Atoll uses clutter height information from clutter heights files if available in the .atl document. Otherwise,
it considers average clutter height specified for each clutter class in the clutter classes file description.
Or, only ground altitude.

Refractivity Factor
All methods except the Millington method use the refractivity coefficient k as a user
input. The refractive index in the troposphere drops gradually with the altitude and the
resulting refraction causes the radio horizon to appear 1.33 times further than the
geographic horizon.
2.4.4.1 Knife-Edge Diffraction

The procedure checks whether a knife-edge obstructs the first Fresnel zone constructed between the transmitter and the
receiver. The diffraction loss, J(), depends on the obstruction parameter (), which corresponds to the ratio of the
obstruction height (h) and the radius of the Fresnel zone (R).
Figure 2.6: Knife-Edge Diffraction

R =
c0 n d1 d2
-------------------------------f d1 + d2
Where,
n is the Fresnel zone index,
c0 is the speed of light (2.99792 x108 m/s),
f is the frequency in Hz
d1 is the distance from the transmitter to obstacle in m,
20

AT332_TRM_E0
d2 is the distance from obstacle to receiver in m.

h
We have: = --r
Where,
Rr = -----2
h is the obstruction height (height from the obstacle top to the Tx-Rx axis).
Hence,
2
For 1 knife-edge method, if 0,7 , J = 6,9 + 20 log 0,1 + 1 + 0,1

Else, J = 0
In case of multiple-knife edge method, the minimum required to estimate diffraction
loss is -0.78.
2.4.4.2 3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method

The Deygout construction, limited to a maximum of three edges, is applied to the entire profile from transmitter to receiver.
This method is used to evaluate path loss incurred by multiple knife-edges. Deygout method is based on a hierarchical knifeedge sorting used to distinguish the main edges, which induce the largest losses, and secondary edges, which have a lesser
effect. The edge hierarchy depends on the obstruction parameter () value.
1 Obstacle
Figure 2.7: Deygout Construction 1 Obstacle

A straight line between transmitter and receiver is drawn and the height of the obstacle above the Tx-Rx axis, hi, is calculated.
The obstruction position, di, is also recorded. i are evaluated from these data. The point with the highest value is termed
the principal edge, p, and the corresponding loss is J(p).
Therefore, we have
DiffractionLoss = J P
3 Obstacles
Then, the main edge (point p) is considered as a secondary transmitter or receiver. Therefore, the profile is divided in two
parts: one half profile, between the transmitter and the knife-edge section, another half, constituted by the knife-edgereceiver section.
21

Figure 2.8: Deygout Construction 3 Obstacles

The same procedure is repeated on each half profile to determine the edge with the higher . The two obstacles found, (points
t and r), are called secondary edges. Losses induced by the secondary edges, J(t) and J(r), are then calculated.
Once the edge hierarchy is determined, the total loss is evaluated by adding all the intermediary losses obtained.
Therefore, if P 0
we have DiffractionLoss = J P + J t + J r
Otherwise, If P 0,7 , DiffractionLoss = J P
2.4.4.3 Epstein-Peterson Method

The Epstein-Peterson construction is limited to a maximum of three edges. First, Deygout construction is applied to determine
the three main edges over the whole profile as described above. Then, the main edge height, hp, is recalculated according to
the Epstein-Peterson construction. hp is the height above a straight line connecting t and r points. The main edge position dp
is recorded and p and J(p) are evaluated from these data.
Figure 2.9: Epstein-Peterson Construction

Therefore, we have
DiffractionLoss = J P + J t + J r
2.4.4.4 Deygout Method with Correction

The Deygout method with correction (ITU 526-5) is based on the Deygout construction (3 obstacles) plus an empirical
correction, C.
Therefore, If P 0 ,
we have DiffractionLoss = J P + J t + J r + C
Otherwise DiffractionLoss = J P + C
22

AT332_TRM_E0
2.4.4.5 Millington Method

The Millington construction, limited to a single edge, is applied over the entire profile. Two horizon lines are drawn at the
transmitter and at the receiver. A straight line between the transmitter and the receiver is defined and the height of the
intersection point between the two horizon lines above the Tx-Rx axis, hh, is calculated. The position dh is recorded and then,
from these values, h and J(h) are evaluated using the same previous formulas.
Therefore, we have
DiffractionLoss = J h
Figure 2.10: Millington Construction
2.4.4.6 Full Deygout Method

According to the profile and antenna heights, diffraction can be classified as:
Line of sight: full Fresnel ellipsoid clearance

Trans-horizon: optical path is obstructed
Sub-diffraction: line-of sight with no full Fresnel ellipsoid clearance.
Standard Deygout Algorithm searches the main obstacle which obstructs the optical path. Whenever such an obstacle exists,
two other obstacles are searched:
Between Tx and this main obstacle

Between this main obstacle and Rx
The 3 losses are added. Only the main peak is drawn on the profile and the loss is the sum of the 3 peaks. If the main obstacle
does not obstruct the optical path but just penetrates the Fresnel Ellipsoid, the 2 secondary obstacles are not taken into
account.
Full Deygout algorithm always adds the secondary obstacles losses. Sub-diffraction case is more precisely computed with this
method compared to Standard Deygout algorithm.
So, in the full Deygout method, for any "sufficient" P 0,7 p , DiffractionLoss = J P + J t + J r .
Remember that for each case above (standard and full Deygout methods), penetrating the Fresnel Ellipsoid means that the
distance between the earth (DTM + clutter height) and the optical path is less than 60% of the Fresnel ellipsoid radius at this
point.
2.4.4.7 ITU 452-11 Recommendation

The ITU-R P.452 recommendations are used to evaluate the microwave interference between links. Various losses which do
not affect the useful signal are taken into account and described in "Link Budget and Interference Analysis" on page 31.
Diffraction loss calculation between an interfering transmitter and a victim receiver is slightly different from the other
methods described above. The excess diffraction loss Ld is computed by the standard Deygout method combined with a lognormal distribution of loss between 50% and 0 as follows:
Ld = Ld_50 F i Ld_50 Ld_ 0
Where,
Ld_50 is Deygout diffraction loss computed with k = 1.4
Ld_ 0 is Deygout diffraction loss computed with k = 3
23

F i is an interpolation factor based on an approximation of a log-normal distribution, l x , computed as described in Appendix

4 of the ITU452-11 Recommendation:
l p 100 F i = -----------------------l 0 100
Point of incidence of anomalous propagation, 0 % , for the centre of the path is determined using,
0,015 + 1,67
1 4 % for 70
0 = 10
4,17 1 4
% for 70
where,
: path centre latitude (degrees).
The parameter 1 depends on the degree to which the path is above land (inland or coastal) and water. It is given by,
1 = 10
d tm
--------------------16 6,6
And, = 1 e
0,2
+ 10
0,496 + 0,354 5
4,12 10
2,41
lm
where 1 1
Where,
d tm : longest continuous land (inland coastal) section of the great-circle path (km)
d lm : longest continuous inland section of the great-circle path (km).
0,935 + 0,0176 Log 1
% for 70
and 4 = 10
0,3Log 1
% for 70
10
Currently, Atoll uses the total length of the path for both d tm and d lm .
2.4.5 Atmospheric Loss

Atmospheric loss, L a , is calculated as follows:
La = 0 + w d
Where,
d is the length of the link (km)
0 is a specific attenuation due to dry air
2
3
7,27
7,5
0 = ----------------------- + ------------------------------------- f 10
2
2
f + 0,351 f 57 + 2,44
This formula is an approximate estimation of gaseous attenuation given by Rec ITU-R P.676-3 when f 57GHz , at sea level
at a temperature of 15C. In this formula, f is in GHz.
w is a specific attenuation due to vapour.
3,79
+ -----------------------------------------------2
f 22,235 + 9,81
11,73
4,01
+ --------------------------------------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------
3,27 10
2
w = f 10
+ 1,67 10
+ 7,7 10 f
f 183,31 + 11,85
24
0,5
f 325,153 + 10,44

AT332_TRM_E0
This formula is an approximate estimation of gaseous attenuation given by Rec ITU-R P.676-3 for f 350GHz , at sea level at
a temperature of 15C. In this formula, f is in GHz.
3
is the water-vapour density g m set by the user in the geoclimatic properties of the link being analysed.
2.4.6 Tropospheric Scatter Loss

Five methods can be used to calculate tropospheric scatter loss ( L bs ):
ITU-R P.617-1 (50%)

ITU-R P.617-1 (90%)
ITU-R P.617-1 (99.9%)
ITU-R P.452 (50%)
Simplified Method
2.4.6.1 ITU-R P.617-1

L bs (dB) is calculated as follows:
L bs = M + 30 log f + 10 log d + 30 log + L N + L c G Tx G Rx Y q
Where,
M is a meteorologic parameter depending on climate
f is the frequency (MHz)
d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver sites (Km)
is the path angular distance (mrad)
L N = 20 log 5 + H + 4,34 h
is a meteorologic parameter depending on climate
3
d - (km)
H = 10
------------------------4
6
k a - (km)
h = 10
---------------------------------8
a is the earth radius (6370 Km)
k is the factor k (4/3)
L c is the decoupling loss (dB)
L c = G Tx + G Rx L ant
G Tx is the transmitter antenna gain (dB)
G Rx is the receiver antenna gain (dB)
Y q is the conversion factor for non excess percents different from 50% (dB)
q is the percentage of time for which particular values of tropospheric scatter loss are not exceeded.
Climate
M (dB)
0- Polar Dry
33.2
0.27
2,2 8,1 2,3 10
f e
0,137h
2,9 Y 90
1- Polar Moderate
29.73
0.27
2,2 8,1 2,3 10
f e
0,137h
2,9 Y 90
2- Cold Dry
33.2
0.27
2,2 8,1 2,3 10
f e
0,137h
2,9 Y 90
3- Cold Moderate
29.73
0.27
2,2 8,1 2,3 10
f e
0,137h
2,9 Y 90
( Km
Y(50)
Y(90)
Y(99.99)
25

Climate
M (dB)
4- Temperate Maritime
26
0.27
5- Temperate Continental Dry
33.2
0.27
2,2 8,1 2,3 10
f e
0,137h
2,9 Y 90
6- Temperate Continental
Moderate
33.2
0.27
2,2 8,1 2,3 10
f e
0,137h
2,9 Y 90
7- Temperate Continental Wet
33.2
0.27
Graph 3
2,9 Y 90
8- Subtropical Wet
19.3
0.32
Graph 2
2,9 Y 90
9- Subtropical Arid
38.5
0.27
Graph 3
2,9 Y 90
10- Tropical Moderate
19.3
0.32
Graph 2
2,9 Y 90
11- Tropical
39.6
0.33
Graph 1
2,9 Y 90
( Km
Y(50)
Y(90)
9,5 3e
Y(99.99)
0,137h
2,9 Y 90
ds
Graph 1
Graph 2
Graph 3
<100
100
-8
-11
-12.5
200
-7
-13
-10
300
-5.3
-11.5
-7.8
400
-4.5
-9
-6
500
-4
-8.7
-4.5
600
-3.9
-8.5
-4
700
-3.6
-8.5
-4
800
-3.5
-8.5
-4
>=900
-3.4
-8.5
-4
ak
Where ds is the effective distance in Km, ds =
----------------1000
2.4.6.2 ITU-R P. 452

L bs = 190 + L f + 20 log d + 0,573 0,15N 0 + L c + L a
Where,
L f is loss depending on the frequency:
L f = 25 log f 2,5 log f 2
f is the frequency in MHz

is the angular distance between the ray from the transmitter to its horizon and the ray from the receiver to its horizon
(mrad)
N 0 is the average refractivity extrapolated to sea level (N-Units)
L c is the decoupling loss (dB)
L c = G Tx + G Rx L ant
G Tx is the transmitter antenna gain (dB)
G Rx is the receiver antenna gain (dB)
L ant is the total attenuation (Tx and Rx) which takes into account the direction of the two antennas, the polarization of the
transmitter and the polarization of the receiver (dB).
26

AT332_TRM_E0
L a is the gaseous absorption loss (dB)

For further information on calculating L a , see "Atmospheric Loss" on page 24.
2.4.6.3 Simplified Method

L bs = 30 log f 20 log d + F d N s
Where,
f is the frequency in MHz
F d N s = F d 0,1 N s 301 e
d
--------40
is the angular distance between the ray from the transmitter to its horizon and the ray from the receiver to its horizon
(radian).
If 0,01 d 10 , F d = 135,82 + 0,33 d + 30 log d
If 10 d 70 , F d = 129,5 + 0,212 d + 37,5 log d
If 70 d , F d = 119,2 + 0,157 d + 45 log d
0,1057h T
0,1057h R
1
N s = --- N 0 e
+e
N 0 is the average refractivity extrapolated to sea level (N-Units)

h T is the transmitter site height (Km)
h R is the receiver site height (Km)
27

28
Chapter 3
Microwave Link
Networks
"Link Budget and Interference Analysis" on page 31
"Performance Analysis" on page 35
"Propagation in Rain Analysis" on page 36
"Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis" on page 41
"Surface Reflection Analysis" on page 70

30

Chapter 3: Microwave Link Networks
AT332_TRM_E0
3 Microwave Link Networks

In Atoll, any link Li can be studied from either:
Site A to Site B
or
Site B to Site A
Each direction of link can have its own parameters.
3.1 Link Budget and Interference Analysis

3.1.1 Input
Name
Value
Unit
Description
Pmax L i
Equipment parameter
dBm
Transmitter output power at the

transmitter antenna port on link Li
P_Tuning L i
Link parameter
dB
Transmitter output power reduction

used to calculate the transmitter
nominal power on link Li
P_Atpc L i
Link parameter
dB
Transmitter nominal power

reduction used to calculate the
transmitter coordinated power on
link Li
S L i ,BER
Equipment parameter
dBm
Receiver sensitivity level for a BER

(Bit Error Rate)
O L i ,BER
Equipment parameter
dBm
Receiver overflow level for a BER (Bit

Error Rate)
G Tx L i
Antenna parameter
dBi
Transmitter antenna gain on link Li
G Rx L i
Antenna parameter
dBi
Receiver antenna gain on link Li
L_Model L i
Calculated
dB
Propagation loss on link Li
L_Ant L i
Calculated
dB
Receiver antenna discrimination loss

due to elevation and tilt
misalignment on link Li
L_Filter Tx L i
Equipment parameter
dB
Transmitter filter loss on link Li
L_Filter Rx L i
Equipment parameter
dB
Receiver filter loss on link Li
L_Circulator Tx L i
Equipment parameter
dB
Transmitter circulator loss on link Li
L_Circulator Rx L i
Equipment parameter
dB
Receiver circulator loss on link Li
L_Attenuator Tx L i
Link parameter
dB
Transmitter attenuator loss on link Li
L_Attenuator Rx L i
Link parameter
dB
Receiver attenuator loss on link Li
L_Connector Tx L i
Link parameter
dB
Transmitter connector loss on link Li
L_Connector Rx L i
Link parameter
dB
Receiver connector loss on link Li
L_Other Tx L i
Link parameter
dB
Other transmitter losses on link Li
L_Other Rx L i
Link parameter
dB
Other receiver losses on link Li
L_Shielding Tx L i
Link parameter
dB
Transmitter shielding loss on link Li
L_Shielding Rx L i
Link parameter
dB
Receiver shielding loss on link Li
31

Name
Value
Unit
Description
L_Feeder Tx L i
Link parameter
dB
Transmitter feeder (cable or

waveguide) loss on link Li
L_Feeder Rx L i
Link parameter
dB
Receiver feeder (cable or

waveguide)loss on link Li
Global parameter
km2
Reference correlation area
km2
Correlation area between link Li and

link Lj
L i L j
L i L j
L i L j
----------------
None
Correlation area ratio between link Li

and link Lj
IRF L i L j
Calculated
dB
Interference reduction factor on link

Li from link Lj
J/K
Boltzmanns constant
1,38 10
23
T Li
Link parameter
Celsius
Operating temperature in link Li
B Tx L i
Link parameter
Hz
Transmitter channel bandwidth on

link Li
NF Tx L i
Equipment parameter
dB
Transmitter noise figure on link Li
N0 Li
10 Log k + 10 Log 273 + T L i + 10 Log B s i + 30
dBm/Hz
Thermal noise power level on link Li
TD max
Global parameter
dB
Maximum acceptable threshold

degradation
3.1.2 Link Budget Calculation Details

This part comprises all the calculation results that could be found on the report tab of the Microwave Analysis tool.
3.1.2.1 Nominal Power

The power at which the transmitter is operating during normal propagation conditions on a link Li is expressed in dBm.
Pnom L i = Pmax L i P_Tuning L i
The nominal power is used for EIRP L i calculation when the option "Power control on the useful signal" is not checked in
the General tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties.
3.1.2.2 Coordinated Power

The power at which the transmitter is operating when Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) is enabled on a link Li is
expressed in dBm.
Pcoord L i = Pnom L i P_Atpc L i
The coordinated power is used for EIRP L i calculation when the option "Power control on the useful signal" is checked in
the General tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties.
The coordinated power is also used for interference calculation when the option "Power control" is set to "Depends on
correlation" in the Interference tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties. In that case, the value of P atpc s i will depend
on L i L j :
If L i L j 1 then P_Atpc L i = 0 .
If L i L j 1 then P_Atpc L i = P atpc s i .
32

AT332_TRM_E0
3.1.2.3 Transmission Attenuation

The loss due to the use of feeders and related equipment by the transmitter on a link Li is expressed in dB.
L_Att Tx L i = L_Feeder Tx L i + L_Connector Tx L i + L_Filter Tx L i + L_Circulator Tx L i + L_Attenuator Tx L i
+ L_Shielding Tx L i + L_Other Tx L i s i
3.1.2.4 EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)

The power actually radiated by the transmitters antenna on a link Li is expressed in dBm.
Pnom L i
+ G L L_Att L
or
EIRP L i =
Tx i
Tx i
Pcoord L i
3.1.2.5 Reception Attenuation

The loss due to the use of feeders and related equipment by the receiver on a link Li is expressed in dB.
L_Att Rx L i = L_Feeder Rx L i + L_Connector Rx L i + L_Filter Rx L i + L_Circulator Rx L i + L_Attenuator Rx L i
+ L_Shielding Rx L i + L_Other Rx L i s i
3.1.2.6 Received Signal Level

The signal strength at the receiver input on a link Li is expressed in dBm.
RSL L i = EIRP L i L_Model L i + G Tx L i + G Rx L i L_Att Rx L i L_Ant L i
3.1.2.7 Thermal Fade Margin

The thermal fade margin used to compensate the fades, caused by the thermal noise, that results in an increase of the BER
on a link Li is expressed in dB.
TFM L i ,BER = RSL L i S L i ,BER
3.1.2.8 Signal Enhancement Margin

The signal enhancement margin used to compensate the enhancements, caused by the reinforcement of multipath signals,
that results in an increase of the BER on a link Li is expressed in dB.
SEM L i ,BER = O L i ,BER RSL L i ,BER
3.1.3 Interference Calculation Details

This part comprises all the calculation results that could be found while performing Interference analysis.
3.1.3.1 Single Interference Source

This part considers the interference received from a single link.
3.1.3.1.1
Interference Signal Level

The signal strength at the receiver input on a link Li from a link Lj is expressed in dBm.
I Li ,L j = EIRP L j L model L j + G Tx L j + G Rx L i L_Att Rx L i L_Ant L i IRF L i L j
3.1.3.1.2
Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I)

The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from a link Lj on a link Li is expressed in dB.
N L
I L ,L
0 ii j -
-----------------------------C
--- L i ,L j = RSL L i 10 log 10 10 + 10 10
3.1.3.1.3
Threshold Degradation
The destructive interference effect on the receiver sensitivity on a link Li from a link Lj is expressed in dB.
33

L
I L ,L
N--------------0 i
i j
----------------
10
10
10
+ 10
-
TD L i = 10 log -----------------------------------------N L
0 i
---------------
10
10
The interference signal level is considered to be disturbing the receiver and then unacceptable when TD L i TD max .
3.1.3.1.4
Effective Thermal Fade Margin

The effective thermal fade margin on a link Li used to compensate the fades, caused by the thermal noise and the interference
signal level from a link Lj, that result in an increase in the BER is expressed in dB.
e TFM L i BER = RSL L i S L i ,BER TD L i
3.1.3.2 Multiple Interference Sources

This part considers the interference received from many links.
3.1.3.2.1
Total Interference Signal Level in Clear Air Conditions

The total signal strength at the receiver input on a link Li from n different links Lj is expressed in dBm.
n
EIRP Lj Lmodel Lj + G Lj + G Li L_AttRx Li L_Ant Li IRF Li Lj
I CA L i ,L j tot =
j=1
3.1.3.2.2
j=1
j=1
i=1
i=1
j=1
j=1
Total Interference Signal Level in Rain Conditions

The total signal strength at the receiver input on a link Li from n different links Lj is expressed in dBm.
n
I R L i ,L j tot =
+ 10 log
3.1.3.2.3
EIRP Lj Lmodel Lj + G Lj + G Li L_AttRx Li L_Ant Li IRF Li Lj

j=1
n
j=1
j=1
i=1
i=1
j=1
j=1
L i L j
Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Clear Air Conditions

The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from multiple links Lj on a link Li is expressed in dB.
N L
L ,L
CA i j tot
0 i
----------------------------------------------
C
10
10
--- L i
+ 10
= RSL L i 10 log 10
I CA
tot
3.1.3.2.4
Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Rain Conditions

The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from multiple links Lj on a link Li is expressed in dB.
N L
I L ,L
R i j tot
0 i --------------
---------------------------C
10
10
--- L i
= RSL L i 10 log 10
+ 10
IR
tot
3.1.3.2.5
Total Threshold Degradation in Clear Air Conditions

The destructive interference effect on the receiver sensitivity on a link Li from multiple links Lj is expressed in dB.
TD CA L i tot
3.1.3.2.6
I CA L i ,L j
N--------------0 L i tot-
------------------------------
10
10
10
+
10
= 10 log -----------------------------------------------------N0 Li
--------------
10
10
Total Threshold Degradation in Rain Conditions

The destructive interference effect on the receiver sensitivity on a link Li from multiple link Lj is expressed in dB.
34

AT332_TRM_E0
TD R L i tot
3.1.3.2.7
I L ,L
L
R i j tot
N--------------0 i
---------------------------
10
10
10
+ 10
-
= 10 log --------------------------------------------------N L
0 i
---------------
10
10
Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Clear Air Conditions

signal level from multiple links Lj, that results in an increase of the BER is expressed in dB.
eTFM CA L i ,BER tot = RSL L i S L i ,BER TD CA L i tot
3.1.3.2.8
Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Rain Conditions

signal level from multiple links Lj, that results in an increase of the BER is expressed in dB.
eTFM R L i ,BER tot = RSL L i S L i ,BER TD R L i tot
3.2 Performance Analysis

3.2.1 Input
Name
Value
Unit
Description
MTBF Tx L i
Equipment parameter
Transmitter mean time between

failures on link Li
MTBF Rx L i
Equipment parameter
Receiver mean time between failures

on link Li
HSB Tx L i
Equipment parameter
ms
Transmitter hot stand-by

commutaion delay on link Li
HSB Rx L i
Equipment parameter
ms
Receiver hot stand-by commutaion

delay on link Li
MTTR Li
Link parameter
Mean time to repair on link Li
3.2.2 ITU-R P.530 Method

3.2.2.1 Total Outage Probability
3.2.2.1.1
Total Outage Probability in Rain Conditions

The following formula is used:
P t = Max P Rain P XPR
3.2.2.1.2
Total Outage Probability in Clear-Air Conditions

Without Diversity
P t = P s + P ns + P se + P XP
With Diversity
3
--4-
--- 3
--44
P t = P ds + P dns + P se + P XP
35

3.2.2.1.3
Total Outage Probability due to Equipment Reliability

With Hot Stand-By
MTBF Rx L i
MTBF Tx L i
---------------------------------------------------------P Eq_failure = 1 ---------------------------------------------------------MTBF Tx L i + HSB Tx L i MTBF Rx L i + HSB Rx L i
Without Hot Stand-By
P Eq_failure =
MTTR L i
MTTR L i
---------------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------------MTTR L i + MTBF Tx L i MTTR L i + MTBF Rx L i
MTTR L i
MTTR L i
- ----------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------- MTTR L i + MTBF Tx L i MTTR L i + MTBF Rx L i
3.2.2.2 Quality Performance

Quality analysis is used to assess whether the total outage probability in clear-air conditions is greater than a required outage
probability or not. The required outage probability is derived from ITU-T G.821, ITU-T G.826, or ITU-T G.828
recommendations. It can also be user-defined.
3.2.2.3 Availability Performance

Quality analysis is used to assess whether the total outage probability in rain conditions is greater than a required outage
probability or not. The required outage probability is derived from ITU-T G.821 or ITU-T G.826 recommendations. It can also
be user-defined.
3.2.2.4 Global Annual Performance

The global annual performance annual is an aggregated indicator that takes into account the quality performance and the
availability performance of a link Li in both directions.
Quality performances for each direction are considered being independent to each other, so the corresponding outage
probabilities are added. Availability performance are considered being correlated, then the worst outage probability is used.
Finally, quality performance and availability are considered being independent to each other, so the corresponding outage
probabiilties are added.
3.3 Propagation in Rain Analysis

3.3.1 Input
Name
Value
Unit
Description
R 0,01 L i
Link parameter
mm/h
Rainfall rate exceeded for 0.01% of

the average year on link Li
Cranes rainfall rate exceeded for p%
of the average year on link Li. When
36
d L i 22,5 then a probability p
Rp Li
Calculated
mm/h
k Tx L i ,pol
Calculated
None
Rain attenuation coefficient based

on the used polarisation on link Li
Tx L i ,pol
Calculated
None
Rain attenuation coefficient based

on the used polarisation on link Li
d Li
Calculated
km
Path length of link Li
is used instead of p to determine the

22,5
rainfall rate where p = p -----------d Li

AT332_TRM_E0
Name
Value
Unit
Description
C
---
I 0_Tx L i
Equipment parameter
dB
Transmitter carrier-to-interference
ratio for a reference BER on link Li
XPIF Tx L i
Equipment parameter
dB
Transmitter cross-polarisation
improvement factor on link Li
f Tx L i
Link parameter
GHz
Transmitter frequency on link Li
3.3.2 ITU-R P.530-5

3.3.2.1 Rain Fade Margin
3.3.2.1.1
Rain Coefficients
k Tx L i ,pol and Tx L i ,pol are extracted from the ITU-R P.838 recommendation using logarithmic and linear regression.
Atoll supports ITU-R P.838-1 and ITU-R P.838-3. The used method can be set in the Global parameters.
3.3.2.1.2
Rain Attenuation
The rain attenuation for a specific frequency, rainfall rate and polarisation on link Li is expressed in dB/km.
L i = k Tx L i ,pol R 0,01 L i
3.3.2.1.3
Tx L i ,pol
Effective Path Length

The effective path length that takes into account the nonuniformity of the rainfall along the path on link Li is expressed in km.
1
d eff L i = d L i -------------------------------------------------------------- with R 0,01 L i = Min R 0,01 L i 100
d Li
1 + -------------------------------------------------- 0,015 R 0,01 L i
35 e
3.3.2.1.4
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year

The rain attenuation, excceeded for 0.01% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB.
RFM 0,01 L i = L i d eff L i
3.3.2.1.5
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p% of the Average Year

The rain attenuation, excceeded for p% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB.
RFM p L i = RFM 0,01 L i 0,12 p
3.3.2.1.6
0,546 + 0,043 Log p
with 0,001% p 1%
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month
When the Average Worst Month pw% is Known
It is necessary to convert pw% of the average worst month into p% of the average year because the rain attenuation formula
only provides the rain fading margin on an average year basis.
The corresponding average year statistics p for an average worst month statistics pw can be derived from the ITU-R P.841-3
recommendation.
1
---------------------- 1
pw
1
- (%) where Q p = Q 1 p w
We have p = ----------Qp
1,15
Atoll uses = 0,13 and Q 1 = 2,85 then we have: p = 0,3 p w .

Finally the rain attenuation formula can be applied with the calculated average year probability p. The rain fade margin
exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the corresponding pw of the average worst month.
When the Average Year p% is Known
It is necessary to convert p% of the average year of into pw% of the the average worst month.
37

We have p w
12
Q1 p
= Q p p (%) where Q p =
Q1 3
Log Q 1 3
-------------------------------------Log 0,3
p
Q 1 3 ----
30
1
--
for
Q
p -----1- %
12
1
---
Q
for -----1- p 3%
12
, where 1 Q p 12
for 3% p 30%
for
p 30%
Atoll uses = 0,13 and Q 1 = 2,85 . The rain fade margin exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the
corresponding pw of the average worst month.
3.3.2.2 Total Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year
p
P Rain = --------100
Where p is the percentage of time for the average year where RFM p L i is exceeded found by solving the following equation:
RFM p L i = RFM 0,01 L i 0,12 p
0,546 + 0,043 Log p
3.3.3 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12

and ITU-R P.530-13
3.3.3.1.1
Rain Coefficients
3.3.3.1.2
Rain Attenuation
L i = k Tx L i ,pol R 0,01 L i
3.3.3.1.3
Tx L i ,pol
Effective Path Length

The effective path length that takes into account the nonuniformity of the rainfall along the path on link Li is expressed in km.
1
d eff L i = d L i -------------------------------------------------------------- where R 0,01 L i = Min R 0,01 L i 100
d Li
1 + -------------------------------------------------- 0,015 R0,01 L i
35 e
3.3.3.1.4
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year

The rain attenuation, excceeded for 0.01% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB/km.
RFM 0,01 L i = L i d eff L i
3.3.3.1.5

The rain attenuation, excceeded for p% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB/km.
For Links Located in Latitudes Equals to or Greater than 30 (North or South)
RFM p L i = RFM 0,01 L i 0,12 p
38
0,546 + 0,043 Log p
with 0,001 p 1

AT332_TRM_E0
For Links Located in Latitudes Below 30 (North or South)

RFM p L i = RFM 0,01 L i 0,07 p
3.3.3.1.6
0,855 + 0,139 Log p
with 0,001 p 1
Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month
When the Average Worst Month pw% is Known
It is necessary to convert pw% of the average worst month into p% of the average year because the rain attenuation formula
only provide the rain fading margin on an average year basis.
The corresponding average year statistics p for an average worst month statistics pw can be derived from the ITU-R P.841-3
recommendation.
1
------------
-----------pw
1
1
The conversion formula is p = ----------- (%) where Q p = Q 1 p w
Q p
1,15
Atoll uses = 0,13 and Q 1 = 2,85 then we have: p = 0,3 p w .

Finally the rain attenuation formula can be applied with the calculated average year probability p. The rain fade margin
exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the corresponding pw of the average worst month.
When the Average Year p% is Known
It is necessary to convert p% of the average year of into pw% of the the average worst month.
We have p w
12
Q1 p
= Q p p (%) where Q p =
Q1 3
Log Q 1 3
-------------------------------------Log 0,3
p
Q 1 3 ----30
--1-
for
Q
p -----1- %
12
1
--
Q
for -----1- p 3%
12
, where 1 Q p 12
for 3% p 30%
for
p 30%
Atoll uses = 0,13 and Q 1 = 2,85 . The rain fade margin exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the
corresponding pw of the average worst month.
3.3.3.2 Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year

pP Rain = -------100
Where p is the percentage of time for the average year when RFM p L i is exceeded found by solving the following equation:
RFM p L i = RFM 0,01 L i 0,12 p
0,546 + 0,043 Log p
for links located in latitudes equals to or greater than 30 (North or
South)
or
RFM p L i = RFM 0,01 L i 0,07 p
0,855 + 0,139 Log p
for links located in latitudes below 30 (North or South)
3.3.3.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Year
P XPR = 10
n 2
Where
39

12,7 + 161,23 4 mn = ------------------------------------------------------------2

Where
Ap
- with m 40 ,
m = 23,26 Log ------------------------------------------- 0,12 RFM 0,01 L i
Where A p the equivalent path attenuation is expressed in dB:
C
U ---
L + XPIF Tx L i
I 0_Tx i
-------------------------------------------------------------------------V
with XPIC
A p = 10
C
U ---
Li
I 0_Tx
---------------------------------------
V
without XPIC
10
Where
0,19
for 8 f Tx L i 20
U = 15 + 30 Log f Tx L i and V = 12,8 f Tx L i
22,6
for 20 fTx L i 35
3.3.4 Crane
3.3.4.1.1
Rain Coefficients
3.3.4.1.2
Rain Attenuation
L i = k Tx L i ,pol R p L i
3.3.4.1.3
Tx L i ,pol

The rain attenuation, excceeded for p% of the average year, for a transmitter on link Li is expressed in dB/km.
y Rp Li
e
1
s i ------------------------------------
for 0 d L i R p L i
y
RFM p s i =
z d Li
z Rp Li
y Rp Li
L ,pol B R p L i
e
e
1 ------------------------------------------------- s e----------------------------------- e Tx i
-+
for R p L i d L i 22,5
i
z
y
Where
R p L i = 3,8 0,6 Ln R p L i
B R p L i = 0,83 0,17 Ln R p L i
z Tx L i ,pol = Tx L i ,pol c R p L i where c R p L i = 0,026 0,03 Ln R p L i
B Rp Li
y Tx L i ,pol = Tx L i ,pol u R p L i where u R p L i = ---------------------- + c Rp Li
Rp Li
40

AT332_TRM_E0
3.4 Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis

3.4.1 Input
Name
Value
Unit
Description
PL Li
Link Parameter
Percentage of time during which the

refractivity gradient in the lowest
100 m of the atmosphere is less than
or equal to -100 N-units/km on link Li
H min L i
Link Parameter
The lowest antenna above the sea

level on link Li
Lat Li
Calculated
Latitude of the mid-point on link Li
Lon L i
Calculated
Longitude of the mid-point on link Li
h Tx L i
Calculated
Transmitter antenna height on link Li
h Rx L i
Calculated
Receiver antenna height on link Li
h Tx_Avg L i
Calculated
Transmitter antenna height above

the average profile on link Li
h Rx_Avg L i
Calculated
Receiver antenna height above the

average profile on link Li
d Li
Calculated
km
f Tx L i
Link Parameter
GHz
dN 1 L i
Calculated
N-unit/
km
Point refractivity gradient in the

lowest 65 m of the atmosphere not
exceeded for 1% of an average year
on link Li
Sa Li
Calculated
Standard deviation of terrain heights

within a 110 km x 110 km area with a
30s resolution of link Li
F Climate L i
Link Parameter
none
Climate factor on link Li
F Terrain L i
Link Parameter or Calculated
none
Terrain factor on link Li
Rg Li
Calculated
Terrain roughness on link Li
B 338
Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab)
none
Frequency exponent
C 338
none
Distance exponent
W M_Tx L i
Equipment parameter
GHz
Transmitter signature width in

minimum-phase multipath case on
link Li
W NM_Tx L i
Equipment parameter
GHz
Transmitter signature width in nonminimum-phase multipath case on

link Li
B M_Tx L i
Equipment parameter
GHz
Transmitter signature depth in

minimum-phase multipath case on
link Li
DFM L i ,BER
Equipment parameter
dB
Dispersive fade margin for a value of

BER, on link Li
B NM_Tx L i
Equipment parameter
GHz
Transmitter signature depth in nonminimum-phase multipath case on

link Li
41

Name
Value
Unit
Description
r_M
ns
Reference delay used to obtain the

signature in minimum-phase
multipath case
r_NM
ns
Reference delay used to obtain the

signature in non-minimum-phase
multipath case
K n_Tx L i
Equipment parameter
None
Transmitter normalized signature

parameter on link Li
K n_M_Tx L i
Equipment parameter
None

K n_NM_Tx L i
Equipment parameter
None

Capacity Tx L i
Equipment parameter
None
Transmitter capacity on link Li
M Tx L i
Equipment parameter
None
Transmitter modulation states on

link Li
GRateTx L i
Equipment parameter
bit/s
Transmitter gross rate on link Li
PRate Tx L i
Equipment parameter
bit/s
Trasnmitter payload rate on link Li
XPD g
Calculated
dB
Read from the antenna cross-polar

pattern at 0. The smallest values
between the transmitters one and
the receivers one is used.
C
---
I 0_Tx L i
Calculated
dB
Transmitter carrier-to-interference
ratio for a reference BER on link Li
XPIF Tx L i
Equipment parameter
dB
Transmitter cross-polarisation
improvement factor on link Li
Tx L i
Calculated
Transmitter wavelenghts on link Li
Sep Rx L i
Link Parameter
Receiver vertical antenna separation

on link Li
Sep_FreqTx L i
Link Parameter
Transmitter frequency separation on

link Li
G Tx L i
Antenna parameter
dBi
Transmitter antenna gain on link Li
G Rx L i
Antenna parameter
dBi
Receiver antenna gain on link Li
3.4.2 Fading
3.4.2.1 Frequency Non-Selective Fading
3.4.2.1.1
ITU-R P.530-5 - Method for Initial Planning

Geoclimatic Parameters
Geoclimatic Factor
The geoclimatic factor is calculated base on the location of the studied link:
K =
Where
42
10
10
10
10
6,5 C Lat C Lon

7,1 C Lat C Lon
5,9 C Lat C Lon
5,5 C Lat C Lon
PL Li
1,5
for
overland links
if H min L i 700m
PL Li
1,5
for
overland links
if H min L i 700m
PL Li
1,5
for medium-sized over-water links if
PL Li
1,5
for
large over-water links
if
strait or gulf
sea

AT332_TRM_E0
C Lat
o
o
0
for
53 S Lat L i 53 N
Li
o
o
o
o
= 5,3 + Lat
---------------- for 53 N or 53 S Lat L i 60 N or 60 S
10
o
o
0,7
for
Lat L i 60 N or 60 S
And
C Lon
0,3 for 30 o W Lon L i 50 o E
=
o
o
0,3 for 150 W Lon L i 30 W
0 for
others
The month that has the highest value of P L L i should be chosen from the four seasonally representative months of
February, May, August and November from maps given in ITU-R P.453 recommendation. An exception to this is that
o
only maps for May and August should be used for latitudes greater than 60 N or 60 S .
Path Inclination
The magnitude of the path inclination is expressed in milliradians:
h Rx L i h Tx L i
p = ----------------------------------------d Li
Multipath Fading Occurrence Factor

The multipath fading occurrence factor for the average worst month is expressed in percentage of time:
P o = 100 K d L i
3,6
f Tx L i
0,89
1 + p
1,4
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of time and Method for Various Percentage of Time
1. Calculate the Percentage of Time pw_25dB for the Average Worst Month where 25 dB Fading Depth is Exceeded
p w_25dB = P o 10
25
------
10
p w_35dB = P o 10
35
------
10
3. Calculate the Criterion for Selection of Percentage of Time pw_25dB

25
----q a_25dB 2
10
25-
- 4,3 10
q t_25dB = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ -------
25
800
------
10
0,016 25
1 + 0,3 10
10
Where
100 p w_25dB
20 Log Ln -------------------------------
100
q a_25dB = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
35
----q a_35dB 2
10
35-
- 4,3 10
q t_35dB = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ -------
35
800
------
10
0,016 35
1 + 0,3 10
10
Where
43

100 p w_35dB
20 Log Ln -------------------------------
100
q a_35dB = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
5. Then the following decision tree is used:
If q t_35dB 0 then q t = q t_25dB and 25 dB is the selection criterion.
If TFM L i ,BER 25 dB then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If TFM L i ,BER 25 dB then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
or
Method for Small Percentage of Time
Following is the percentage of time pw for the average worst month where TFM L i ,BER is exceeded:
p w = P o 10
TFM L i ,BER
---------------------------------
10
Method for Various Percentage of Time

q TFM L ,BER
pw
a
i
----------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
0 016 TFM L i ,BER
TFM L i ,BER
20
20
+ ------------------------------q a = 1 + 0,3 10
10
q t + 4,3 10
800
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where TFM L i ,BER is Exceeded
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
Where the geoclimatic conversion factor expressed in dB is:
0 7
o
o
10,3 5 Log 1 + Cos 2 Lat L i 2,8 Log d L i + 1,8 Log 1 + p for Lat L i 45 N or 45 S
G =
10,3 5 Log 1 Cos 2 Lat L 0 7 2,8 Log d L + 1,8 Log 1 + for Lat L 45 o N or 45 o S
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
Outage Probability due to Frequency Non-Selective Fading for the Average Worst Month
pw
P ns = -------100
44

AT332_TRM_E0
3.4.2.1.2
ITU-R P.530-5 - Method for Detailed Planning

Geoclimatic Factor
K =
10
5,4 C Lat C Lon
10
10
10
6 C Lat C Lon
PL Li
PL Li
4,8 C Lat C Lon

4,4 C Lat C Lon
1,5
1,5
for
overland links
if H min L i 700m
for
overland links
if H min L i 700m
PL Li
1,5
for medium-sized over-water links if
PL Li
1,5
for
large over-water links
strait or gulf
if
sea
Where
C Lat
o
o
0
for
53 S Lat L i 53 N
Li
o
o
o
o
= 5,3 + Lat
---------------- for 53 N or 53 S Lat L i 60 N or 60 S
10
o
o
0,7
for
And
C Lon
0,3 for 30 o W Lon L i 50 o E
=
o
o
0,3 for 150 W Lon L i 30 W
0 for
others
o
Path Inclination
h Rx L i h Tx L i
p = ----------------------------------------d Li
Antenna Height Above the Average Terrain Profile

First the linear equation of the average profile is determined using the "method of least squares":
AverageProfile x = a 0 x + a 1
Where
xi hi
i=1
i=1 x i h i ------------------------------hi a0
xi
N
=1
=1
i=1 - and a 1 = i------------------------------------------a 0 = i-----------------------------------------------------------------2
N
N
x i
N
2 i = 1
x i -------------------N
With:
x which corresponds to the distance along the path. Expressed in meters.
h which corresponds to the terrain height on a pixel. Expressed in meters.
N which corresponds to the number of extracted pixels along the path.
45

Finally the transmitter and receiver antenna heights above the average terrain profile are calculated with the
following formulas:
h Tx_Avg L i = h Tx L i AverageProfile 0 and h Rx_Avg L i = h Rx L i AverageProfile d L i
Grazing Angle
The grazing angle is expressed in milliradians:
h Tx_Avg L i + h Rx_Avg L i
- 1 m 1 + b2
= --------------------------------------------------------d Li
Where
1
c
+ 1- Cos
3 m
3
------------b = 2 m
------------ --3- + 3 ArcCos 2 --------------------3-
3m
m + 1
2
d Li
m = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 a e h Tx_Avg L i + h Rx_Avg L i
with a e = 8500
h Tx_Avg L i h Rx_Avg L i
c = ----------------------------------------------------------h Tx_Avg L i + h Rx_Avg L i

P o = 100 K d L i
3,3
f Tx L i
0,93
1 + p
1,1
1,2
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various Percentage of Time
p w_25dB = P o 10
25
------
10
p w_35dB = P o 10
35
------
10

25
----q a_25dB 2
10
25-
- 4 3 10
q t_25dB = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ -------
25
800
------
10
0,016 25
1 + 0 3 10
10
Where
100 p w_25dB
20 Log Ln -------------------------------
100
q a_25dB = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
35
----q a_35dB 2
10
35-
- 4 3 10
q t_35dB = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ -------
35
800
----- 10
0,016 35
1 + 0 3 10
10
Where
100 p w_35dB
20 Log Ln -------------------------------
100
q a_35dB = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
46

AT332_TRM_E0

or
p w = P o 10
TFM L i ,BER
---------------------------------
10

q TFM L ,BER
pw
a
i
----------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
0,016 TFM L i ,BER
TFM L i ,BER
20
20
10
q t + 4,3 10
+ -------------------------------
q a = 1 + 0,3 10
800
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
The following formaul is used:
pw
P ns = -------100
3.4.2.1.3

Geoclimatic Factor
47

K = 5 10
10
0,1 C C
C
0
Lat
Lon
PL Li
1,5
for inland links.
1 r Log K + r Log K
c
i
c
cl
if K cl K i for coastal links over/near large bodies of water.

K = 10
if K cl K i
Ki
1 r c Log K i + r c Log K cm
if K cm K i for coastal links over/near medium bodies of water.

K = 10
if K cm K i
Ki
Where
1,7 if 0 H min L i 400m
C 0 = 4,2 if 400 H min L i 700m
H min L i 700m
8 if
C Lat
o
o
0
for
53 S Lat L i 53 N
= 53 + Lat L for 53 o N or 53 o S Lat L 60 o N or 60 o S

i
i
o
o
7
for
C Lon
3 for 30 o W Lon L i 50 o E
=
o
o
3 for 150 W Lon L i 30 W
0 for
others
K i = 5 10
10
K cl = 2,3 10
K cm = 10
0,1 C 0 C Lat C Lon
10
PL Li
1,5
0 1 C 0 0,011 Lat L i
0,5 Log K + Log K

i
cl
o
Path Inclination
h Rx L i h Tx L i
p = ----------------------------------------d Li

P o = 100 K d L i
3,6
f Tx L i
0,89
1 + p
1,4
1. Calculate the transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading expressed in dB:
A t = 25 + 1,2 Log P o
If TFM L i ,BER A t then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
48

AT332_TRM_E0
If TFM L i ,BER A t then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
p w = P o 10
TFM L i ,BER
---------------------------------
10

q TFM L ,BER
pw
a
i
----------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
0,016 TFM L i ,BER
TFM L i ,BER
20
20
q t + 4,3 10
+ -------------------------------
q a = 2 + 1 + 0,3 10
10
800
Where
A
-----t-
qa 2
At
20
4,3 10
+ --------
q t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------800
At
------
0,016 A t
20
1 + 0,3 10
10
Where
100 p
20 Log Ln -------------------t
100
q a = -----------------------------------------------------------------At
Where
p t = P o 10
At
------
10
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year where TFM L i ,BER is Exceeded
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
0 7
o
o
10,5 5,6 Log 1,1 + Cos 2 Lat L i 2,7 Log d L i + 1,7 Log 1 + p for Lat L i 45 N or 45 S
G =
10,5 5,6 Log 1,1 Cos 2 Lat L 0 7 2,7 Log d L + 1,7 Log 1 + for Lat L 45 o N or 45 o S
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
pw
P ns = -------100
49

3.4.2.1.4
ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12 - Method for Initial Planning
Geoclimatic Factor
The geoclimatic factor is calculated based on the location of the studied link:
K = 10
4,2 0,0029 dN 1 L i
Path Inclination
h Rx L i h Tx L i
p = ----------------------------------------d Li

3
P o = 100 K d L i 1 + p
1,2
10
0,033 fTx L i 0,001 H min L i
A t = 25 + 1,2 Log P o
If TFM s i ,BER A t then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If TFM s i ,BER A t then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
Following is the percentage of time pw for the average worst month where TFM L i ,BER is exceeded
p w = P o 10
TFM L i ,BER
---------------------------------
10

q TFM L ,BER
pw
a
i
----------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
0,016 TFM L i ,BER
TFM L i ,BER
20
20
10
q t + 4,3 10
+ ------------------------------q a = 2 + 1 + 0,3 10
800
Where
A
-----t- A
qa 2
20
t
+ -------q t = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4,3 10
800
A
t-
----
0,016 A t
1 + 0,3 10 20 10
Where
50

AT332_TRM_E0
100 p
20 Log Ln -------------------t
100
q a = -----------------------------------------------------------------At
Where
p t = P o 10
A
t
------
10
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
pw
P ns = -------100
3.4.2.1.5
ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12 - Method for Detailed Planning
Geoclimatic Factor
K = 10
3,9 0,003 dN 1 L i
Sa Li
0,42
Path Inclination
h Rx L i h Tx L i
p = ----------------------------------------d Li

P o = 100 K d L i
3,2
1 + p
0,97
10
0,032 f Tx L i 0,00085 H min L i
1. Calculate the Transition Fading Depth Value between Deep Fading and Shallow Fading Expressed in dB:
A t = 25 + 1,2 Log P o
51

p w = P o 10
TFM L ,BER
i
---------------------------------
10

q TFM L ,BER
pw
a
i
----------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
0,016 TFM L i ,BER
TFM L i ,BER
20
20
q t + 4,3 10
+ ------------------------------q a = 2 + 1 + 0,3 10
10
800
Where
A
-----t- A
qa 2
20
t
+ -------q t = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4,3 10
800
A
t-
----
0,016 A t
1 + 0,3 10 20 10
Where
100 p
20 Log Ln -------------------t
100
q a = -----------------------------------------------------------------At
Where
p t = P o 10
At
------
10
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
pw
P ns = -------100
3.4.2.1.6

Geoclimatic Factor
52

AT332_TRM_E0
K = 10
4,6 0,0027 dN
Path Inclination
h Rx L i h Tx L i
p = ----------------------------------------d Li

Po = K d Li
3 4
1 + p
1,03
f Tx L i
0 8
10
0,00076 H min L i
A t = 25 + 1,2 Log P o
If TFM s i ,BER A t then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If TFM s i ,BER A t then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
p w = P o 10
TFM L i ,BER
---------------------------------
10

q TFM L ,BER
pw
a
i
----------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
0,016 TFM L i ,BER
TFM L i ,BER
20
20
+ ------------------------------q a = 2 + 1 + 0,3 10
10
q t + 4,3 10
800
Where
A
-----t- A
qa 2
20
t
q t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4,3 10
+ -------800
At
------
0,016
t
1 + 0,3 10 20 10
Where
100 p t
20 Log Ln -------------------
100
q a = -----------------------------------------------------------------At
Where
p t = P o 10
At
------
10
53

p = p w 10
G
-------
10
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
pw
P ns = -------100
3.4.2.1.7
ITU-R P.530-13 - Method for Detailed Planning

Geoclimatic Factor
K = 10
4 4 0,0027 dN1 L i
10 + S a L i
0,46
Path Inclination
h Rx L i h Tx L i
p = ----------------------------------------d Li

Po = K d Li
3,1
1 + p
1 29
f Tx L i
0 8
10
0,00089 H
L
min i
1. Calculate the Transition Fading Depth Value between Deep Fading and Shallow Fading Expressed in dB:
A t = 25 + 1,2 Log P o
p w = P o 10
TFM L ,BER
i
---------------------------------
10

54

AT332_TRM_E0
q TFM L ,BER
pw
a
i
----------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
0,016 TFM L ,BER
TFM L i ,BER
20
20
i
q t + 4,3 10
+ -------------------------------
q a = 2 + 1 + 0,3 10
10
800
Where
A
-----t-
qa 2
At
20
4,3 10
+ -------q t = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
800
At
------
0,016 A t
20
1 + 0,3 10
10
Where
100 p
20 Log Ln -------------------t
100
q a = -----------------------------------------------------------------At
Where
p t = P o 10
A
t
------
10
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
pw
P ns = -------100
3.4.2.2 Frequency Selective Fading

3.4.2.2.1
ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11

Method With the Equipment Signature
The outage probability due to frequency selective fading for the average worst month is:
B
M_Tx i NM_Tx i 2
2
------------------------- ----------------------------- m
m
20
20
----------- --------------P s = 2,15 W M_Tx L i 10
- + W NM_Tx L i 10
r_NM
r_M
Where is the multipath activity factor:
55

= 1e
0,2 P
0,75
0
And m is the mean time delay:

d L i 1,3
m = 0,7 ---------- 50
Method With the Normalized Equipment Signature
m 2
P s = 2,16 K n_Tx L i 2 ----Ts
Where T s is the equipment baud period expressed in ns:
Log 2 M Tx L i
T s = ---------------------------------BRate Tx L i
Where BRateTx L i is the bit rate expressed in bits:
BRate Tx L i = Capacity Tx L i PRate Tx L i
or
30
BRate Tx L i = Capacity Tx L i GRate Tx L i ------ when PRateTx L i is not available.
32
3.4.2.2.2
ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R P.530-13

Method With the Equipment Signature
B
M_Tx i
NM_Tx i
2
2
-------------------------- ------------------------------m
m
20
20
P s = 2,15 W M_Tx L i 10
- + W NM_Tx L i 10
----------- ----------------
r_NM
r_M

= 1e
0,75
0,2 P 0
And m is the mean time delay:

d L i
m = 0,7 ----------50
1,3
Method With the Normalized Equipment Signature

m 2
P s = 2,15 K n_M_Tx L i + K n_NM_Tx L i ---- Ts
Where T s is the equipment baud period expressed in ns:
Log 2 M Tx L i
T s = ---------------------------------BRate Tx L i
Where BRateTx L i is the bit rate expressed in bits:
BRate Tx L i = Capacity Tx L i PRate Tx L i
or
30
BRate Tx L i = Capacity Tx L i GRate Tx L i ------ when PRateTx L i is not available.
32
56

AT332_TRM_E0
3.4.2.3 Vigants-Barnett
3.4.2.3.1
Method for Initial Planning

Climatic Parameters
Climatic Factor
The climatic factor can be user-defined or can depend on the climate where the studied link is located :
4
for hot/humid climate
C = 1
for temperate climate
0,25 for dry climate

P o = 100 6 10
C f Tx L i d L i

Following is the percentage of time pw for the average worst month where CFM L i ,BER is exceeded:
p w = P o 10
CFM Li ,BER
---------------------------------
10
Where
CFM L i ,BER = 10 log 10
T FM L i ,BER 10
+ 10
D FM L i ,BER 10
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where CFM L i ,BER is Exceeded
3
p = p w -----12
With the assumption that the worst month conditions occur during the three summer months (June, July and August).
3.4.2.3.2
Method for Detailed Planning

Climatic Parameters
Climatic Factor
The climatic factor depends on a climate factor and a terrain factor where the studied link is located:
C = F Climate L i F Terrain L i
Where
When terrain roughness is considered

2 for hot/humid climate
F Climate L i = 1 for temperate climate
0,5 for dry climate

And
R g L i 1,3
where 6 m R g L i 42 m
F Climate L i = ------------ 15,2
When terrain roughness is not considered

0,5 for hot/humid climate
F Climate L i = 0,25 for temperate climate
57

And
4
for hot/humid climate
F Terrain L i = 1
for temperate climate

P o = 100 6 10
C f Tx L i d L i

Following is the percentage of time pw for the average worst month where CFM L i ,BER is exceeded:
p w = P o 10
CFM L i ,BER
---------------------------------
10
Where
CFM L i ,BER = 10 log 10
T FM L i ,BER 10
+ 10
D FM L i ,BER 10
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where CFM L i ,BER is Exceeded
3
p = p w -----12
With the assumption that the worst month conditions occur during the three summer months (June, July and August).
3.4.2.4 CCIR Report 338 (KQ factor)

3.4.2.4.1
Method for Detailed Planning

Climatic Parameters
Climatic Factor
The climatic factor, KQ , is user-defined. It depends on the climate and the terrain where the studied link is located.

P o = 100 KQ f Tx L i
B 338
d Li
C 338

p w = P o 10
TFM L ,BER
i
---------------------------------
10
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
58

AT332_TRM_E0
With G 10,8 dB .
pw
P ns = -------100
Recommended Values of Parameters KQ , B and C
These empirical values are proposed by the CCIR 338 for six different locations:
B 338
Japan
1,2 for
1 for NW Europe, USA and Northern Europe
=
UK
0,85 for
1,5 for
ex-USSR
C 338
3,5 for Japan,NW Europe and UK
= 3 for USA and Northern Europe
ex USSR
2 for
For maritime temperate, Meditarranean, coastal or high humidity and temperate climatic regions
4 10 3
- for USA
------------------1,3
KQ =
S1
2 10 3 for ex-USSR
For maritime sub-tropical climatic regions
10 3
KQ = 3
-------------------- for USA
1,3
S1
For continental temperate climates or mid-latitude inland climatic regions with average rolling terrain
1 10
1,4 10
8,1 10 5 4 10 4
- to ------------------- ----------------------1,3
1,3
S2
S2
3
KQ =
2,1
10 ----------------------
1,3
S1
4,1 10
2,3 10 ----------------------
1,3
S1
for
Japan
for
NW Europe
for
UK
for
USA
for
ex-USSR
for Northern Europe
For temperate climates, coastal regions with fairly flat terrain
9,9 10 ----------------------for
Japan
h1 + h2
KQ = 2,3 10 3 to 4,9 10 3 for

ex-USSR
10 6,5
----------------------for Northern Europe
1,3
S1
For high dry mountainous climatic regions
59

KQ =
3,9 10
for
Japan
1 10
-------------------- for
1,3
S1
1 10
USA
for Northern Europe
For temperate climates, inland regions with fairly flat terrain
7,6 10 3 to 2 10 3 for
ex-USSR
3
KQ =
3,3
10
-----------------------for Northern Europe
1,3
S1
Where h 1 and h 2 are the antenna heights expressed in meters. S 1 is the terrain roughness expressed in meters by the
standard deviation of terrain elevations at 1 km intervals, with 6 m S 1 42 m . S 2 is the root mean square (r.m.s) value of
the slopes expressed in millirad (mrad) measured between points separated by 1 km along the path excluding the first and
the last complete interval, with 1 S 2 80 .
3.4.3 Signal Enhancement

3.4.3.1 ITU-R P.530-5
3.4.3.1.1
Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month
TFM L i ,BER 0,01_m is found by solving the following equation:
p w = P o 10
TFM L i ,BER
0,01_m
----------------------------------------------------
10

q TFM L ,BER
pw
i
a
0,01_m
-----------------------------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
0,01_m
0,01_m
--------------------------------------------------
-
----------------------------------------------------
0,016 TFM L i ,BER

20
20
0,01_m
q t + 4,3 10
+
q a = 1 + 0,3 10
10
TFM L i ,BER 0,01_m

----------------------------------------------
800
3.4.3.1.2
Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year

TFM L i ,BER 0,01_y is found by solving the following equation:
60

AT332_TRM_E0
0,01
-------------- = P o 10
10
TFM L ,BER
i
0,01_y
--------------------------------------------------
10
G
------10
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
q TFM L ,BER
i
a
0,01_y
---------------------------------------------------------------
20
0,01- = 100 1 e 10
------------
G
------
10
10
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
0,01_y
0,01_y-
------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
0,016 TFM L i ,BER

20
20
0,01_y
+
q a = 1 + 0,3 10
q t + 4,3 10
10
TFM L i ,BER 0,01_y

-------------------------------------------
800
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
3.4.3.1.3
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various
Percentage of Time
The transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading is expressed in dB:
SEM s i ,BER = 10
Then the decison is made based on the following options:
If SEM s i ,BER SEM s i ,BER then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If SEM s i ,BER SEM s i ,BER then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
3.4.3.1.4

Percentage of Time pw for the Average Worst Month Where SEM L i ,BER is Exceeded
p w = 100 10
1,7 + 0,2 TFM L i ,BER

SEM L i ,BER
0,01_m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,5
61

Percentage of Time p for the Average Year where SEM L i ,BER is Exceeded
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
Where
p w = 100 10
1,7 + 0,2 TFM L i ,BER

SEM L i ,BER
0,01_y
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,5
And the geoclimatic conversion factor expressed in dB is:
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
Outage Probability due to Signal Enhancement for the Average Worst Month
pw
P se = -------100
3.4.3.1.5

q SEM L ,BER
pw
e
i
---------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 58,21 1 e
Where
SEM L ,BER
0,7 S EM L ,BER
SEM L ,BER
i
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
SEM L i ,BER
20
20
20
10
q s + 12 10
+ -------------------------------
q e = 8 + 1 + 0,3 10
800
Where
q s = 2,05 q e 20,3
Where
100 p w
20
q e = ---------------------------------- Log Ln 1 ---------------------
SEM s i ,BER
58,21
Where
p w = 100 10
1,7 + 0,2 TFM s i ,BER

SEM s i ,BER
0,01_m
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,5
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year where SEM L i ,BER is Exceeded
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
Where
q SEM L ,BER
pw
62
e
i
---------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 58,21 1 e

AT332_TRM_E0
Where
SEM L ,BER
0,7 S EM L ,BER
SEM L ,BER
i
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
SEM L i ,BER
20
20
20
q s + 12 10
+ -------------------------------
q e = 8 + 1 + 0,3 10
10
800
Where
q s = 2,05 q e 20,3
Where
100 p w
20
q e = ---------------------------------- Log Ln 1 ---------------------
SEM L i ,BER
58,21
Where
p w = 100 10
1,7 + 0,2 TFM L i ,BER

SEM L i ,BER
0,01_y
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,5
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
pw
P se = -------100
3.4.3.2 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R
P.530-13
3.4.3.2.1
Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month
p w = P o 10
TFM L ,BER
i
---------------------------------
10

q TFM L ,BER
pw
a
i
----------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 1 e
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
---------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------
0 016 TFM L i ,BER
TFM L i ,BER
20
20
10
+ ------------------------------q a = 1 + 0,3 10
q t + 4,3 10
800
63

3.4.3.2.2
Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year

0,01- = P 10
------------o
10
TFM L ,BER
i
0,01_y
--------------------------------------------------
10
G
------10
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
q TFM L ,BER
i
a
0,01_y
---------------------------------------------------------------
20
10
0,01
------------= 100 1 e
G
------
10
10
Where
TFM L ,BER
TFM L ,BER
i
i
0,01_y
0,01_y-
------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
0,016 TFM L ,BER

20
20
0,01_y
+
q a = 1 + 0,3 10
q t + 4,3 10
10
TFM L i ,BER 0,01_y

--------------------------------------------
800
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB .
3.4.3.2.3
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various
Percentage of Time
The transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading is expressed in dB:
SEM s i ,BER = 10
Then the decison is made based on the following options:
If SEM s i ,BER SEM s i ,BER then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If SEM s i ,BER SEM s i ,BER then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
3.4.3.2.4

64

AT332_TRM_E0
p w = 100 10
1,7 + 0,2 TFM L ,BER

SEM L ,BER
i
i
0,01_m
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,5
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where SEM L i ,BER is Exceeded
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
Where
p = 100 10
1,7 + 0,2 TFM L i ,BER

SEM L i ,BER
0,01_y
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,5
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB
pw
P se = -------100
3.4.3.2.5

q SEM L ,BER
pw
e
i
------------------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 58,21 1 e
Where
SEM L ,BER
SEM L ,BER
SEM L ,BER
i
i
i
-------------------------------
-
---------------------------------
0,7 ---------------------------------
SEM L i ,BER
20
20
20
q s + 12 10
+ -------------------------------
q e = 8 + 1 + 0,3 10
10
800
Where
q s = 2,05 q e 20,3
Where
100 p w
20
q e = ---------------------------------- Log Ln 1 ---------------------
SEM s i ,BER
58,21
Where
p w = 100 10
1,7 + 0,2 TFM L i ,BER

SEM L i ,BER
0,01_m
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,5
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where SEM L i ,BER is Exceeded
p = p w 10
G
-------
10
Where
65

q SEM L ,BER
pw
e
i
------------------------------------------------------
20
10
= 100 58,21 1 e
Where
SEM L ,BER
SEM L ,BER
SEM L ,BER
i
i
i
-------------------------------
-
0,7 ---------------------------------
---------------------------------
SEM L i ,BER
20
20
20
q s + 12 10
+ -------------------------------
q e = 8 + 1 + 0,3 10
10
800
Where
q s = 2,05 q e 20,3
Where
100 p w
20
q e = ---------------------------------- Log Ln 1 ---------------------
SEM L i ,BER
58,21
Where
p w = 100 10
1,7 + 0,2 TFM L i ,BER

SEM L i ,BER
0,01_y
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,5
0 7
o
o
G =
i
i
p
i
With G 10,8 dB
pw
P se = -------100
3.4.4 XPD Reduction

3.4.4.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11
3.4.4.1.1
Multipath Parameter
Multipath Activity Factor
The following formala is used:
= 1e
3.4.4.1.2
0,75
0,2 P 0
Cross-Polarisation Parameters
Static XPD
The static XPD during unfaded conditions is expressed in dB:
XPD g + 5 for XPD g 35

XPD 0 =
40
for XPD g 35
66

AT332_TRM_E0
XPD Improvement Factor

The improvement factor that shows strong dependence on the slope of the cross-polarized antenna patterns in the vertical
planeis expressed in dB:
k XP
Q = 10 Log -----------------
P0
Where k XP = 0,7 for one transmit antenna
Static Improved XPD
The static improved XPD during unfaded conditions is expressed in dB:
C = XPD 0 + Q
3.4.4.1.3
Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Worst Month
P XP = P o 10
M
XPD
----------------
10
Where
M XPD
C ---
L
without XPIC
I 0_Tx i
=
C
L i + XPIF Tx L i with XPIC
C --I-
0_Tx
3.4.5 Diversity
3.4.5.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R
P.530-13
3.4.5.1.1
Space Diversity
Optimum Antenna Separation
Non-Terrain Based Method

The optimum antenna separation on the receiver is expressed in meters:
3 Tx L i d L i
S Rx = ------------------------------------------8 h Tx L i
Terrain Based Method

The optimum antenna separation on the transmitter is expressed in meters:
m Tx
- with m being an even number (e.g. m 1 3 5 7 9 ... )
S Tx = ----------------2
Where
150 d L i
Tx = --------------------------------------------------------------2
d Rx
f Tx L i h Rx --------------------12,74 k
The optimum antenna separation on the receiver is expressed in meters:
m Rx
with m being an even number (e.g. m 1 3 5 7 9 ... )
S Rx = -----------------2
Where
67

150 d L i
Rx = -------------------------------------------------------------2
d Tx
f Tx L i h Tx ---------------------
12,74 k
Space Diversity Improvement Factor
I ns_s
0,04 Sep Rx L i
= 1 e
0,87
f Tx L i
0,12
d Li
0,48
Po
1,04
TFM s i ,BER G Tx L i G Rx L i
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10
10
P ns
P dns = --------I ns_s
Outage Probability due to Frequency Selective Fading for the Average Worst Month
2
P ns
P ds = ------------------------------2
1 k s_s
= 1e
0,75
0,2 P 0
And
0,8238
for
r w 0,5
0,109 0,13 Log 1 r w

= 1 0,195 1 r
for 0,5 r w 0,9628
w
0,5136
1 0,3957 1 r w
for
r w 0,9628
k s_s
Where r w is the frequency selective correlation coefficient:
2,17
2
2
1 0,9746 1 k ns_s
for k ns_s 0,26
rw =
1 0,6921 1 k 2 1,034 for k 2 0,26
ns_s
ns_s
Where k ns_s is the frequency non-selective correlation coefficient:

I ns_s P ns
2
k ns_s = 1 ----------------------
3.4.5.1.2
Frequency Diversity
Optimum Frequency Separation
Terrain Based Method

The optimum frequency separation on the transmitter is expressed in MHz:
S Tx = m f Tx with m being an even number (e.g. m 1 3 5 7 9 ... )
Where
4
7,5 10 d L i
f Tx = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2
d Tx
d Rx
h -------------------- Tx 12,74 k- h Rx --------------------12,74 k
68

AT332_TRM_E0
Frequency Diversity Improvement Factor

TFM L ,BER
i
I ns_f
--------------------------------Sep_Freq Tx L i
80
10
- 10
= --------------------------------- -----------------------------------f Tx L i
f Tx L i d L i
Where Sep_Freq Tx L i = Min Sep_Freq L i Tx 0,5

P ns
P dns = --------I ns_f
2
P ns
P ds = ------------------------------2
1 k s_f
= 1e
0,2 P
0,75
0
And
k s_f
0,8238
for
rw 0,5
0,109 0,13 Log 1 r w

= 1 0,195 1 r
for 0,5 r w 0,9628
w
0,5136
1 0,3957 1 r w
for
r w 0,9628
rw
2,17
2
2
1 0,9746 1 k ns_f
for k ns_f 0,26
=
1 0,6921 1 k2 1,034 for k 2 0,26
ns_f
ns_f
Where k ns_f is the frequency non-selective correlation coefficient:

I ns_f P ns
2
k ns_f = 1 ---------------------
3.4.5.1.3
Space and Frequency Diversity (Two Receivers)

Space and Frequency Diversity Improvement Factor
The space and frequency diversity improvement factor is the same as the space diversity improvement factor:
I ns_sf
0,04 Sep Rx L i
= 1 e
0,87
f Tx L i
0,12
d Li
0,48
Po
1,04
TFM L i ,BER G Tx L i G Rx L i
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10
10
P ns
P dns = ---------I ns_sf
69

2
P ns
P ds = --------------------------------2
1 k s_sf
= 1e
0,75
0,2 P 0
And
k s_sf
0,8238
for
r w 0,5
0,109 0,13 Log 1 r w

= 1 0,195 1 r
for 0,5 r w 0,9628
w
0,5136
1 0,3957 1 r w
for
r w 0,9628
2,17
2
2
1 0,9746 1 k ns_sf
for k ns_sf 0,26
rw =
1 0,6921 1 k 2 1,034 for k 2
ns_sf
ns_sf 0,26
Where k ns_sf is the frequency non-selective correlation coefficient:

2
k ns_sf = k ns_s k ns_f
3.4.5.2 Vigants-Barnett
3.4.5.2.1
Space Diversity
Space Diversity Improvement Factor
3
A G 10
10 f H 10
l ns = 1,2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------d
Where: f is the frequency (GHz), d is the link length (km), H is the antenna separation (m), A is the margin, and G is the
gain difference between the standard antenna and the diversity antenna.
When calculating the space diversity improvement factor, the actual improvement factor is limited to approximately 200.
3.5 Surface Reflection Analysis

3.5.1 Input
70
Name
Value
Unit
Description
d Li
Calculated
km
h Tx L i
Calculated
Transmitter antenna height on link Li
h Rx L i
Calculated
Receiver antenna height on link Li
y Rx
Site parameter
Receiver altitude of ground above

sea level
y Tx
Site parameter
Transmitter altitude of ground above

sea level
y0
Calculated
Altitude of mid-point of reflection

area above the sea level

AT332_TRM_E0
Name
Value
Unit
Description
x0
Calculated
km
Distance of mid-point of reflection

area from transmitter
ya
Calculated
Altitude of first point of reflection

yb
Calculated
Altitude of last point of reflection

xa
Calculated
km
Transmitter distance to the first

point of reflection area
xb
Calculated
km
Transmitter distance to the last point

of reflection area
k Median
Calculated
none
Median k factor
k max
User defined
none
Maximum k factor
k min
User defined
none
Minimum k factor
ae
Calculated
km
Effective earth radius
f Tx L i
Link Parameter
GHz
t_Tx
Link Parameter
degrees
Transmitter antennas tilt angle on

link Li
t_Rx
Link Parameter
degrees
Receiver antennas tilt angle on link

Li
3.5.2 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, ITU-R P.530-12 and ITU-R

P.530-13
3.5.2.1 Surface Reflection Point Location
The following calculations are conducted on the studied reflection area.
From the transmitter the location of the reflexion point is expressed in km:
d Li 1 + b
d Tx = ---------------------------------2
From the receiver the location of the reflexion point is expressed in km:
d Li 1 b
d Rx = ---------------------------------2
Where
1
3c
+ 1- Cos
3 m -
b = 2 m
--------------- + --- ArcCos ----------- -------------------3 3
2
3
3m
m + 1
Where
2
d Li
- 10 3 with a e = 6375 k Median
m = ---------------------------------------------4 a e h Tx + h Rx
Where
h Tx h Rx
c = --------------------h Tx + h Rx
Where the antenna height of the transmitter above the reflection area is expressed in meters:
3
h Tx = h Tx L i + y Tx y 0 + x 0 10 Tan v
And the antenna height of the receiver above the reflection area is expressed in meters:
3
h Tx = h Rx L i + y Rx y 0 + d L i x 0 10 Tan v
71

Where
yb ya
Tan v = --------------xb xa
3.5.2.2 Difference in Path Length Between Direct and Reflected Signals

The difference in path length between direct and reflected signals is expressen in wavelengths:
2
2

2 f Tx L i
d Tx
d Rx
3
- h Rx ------------------------------------- 10
= ------------------------ h Tx ------------------------------------0,3 d L i
12,74 k Median
12,74 k Median
This difference is calculated for k min that would produce min and for k max that would produce max .
3.5.2.3 Surface Reflection Coefficient
Sin Cos
--------------------------------------------------------- for Horizontal polarisation
2
Sin + Cos
2
Cos ----------------------------Sin
2
--------------------------------------------------------- for Vertical polarisation

2
Cos ----------------------------Sin +
2
Where is the grazing angle:

h Tx + h Rx
2
= -------------------- 1 m 1 + b
d Li
And is the complex permittivity of the surface:
18 = r j---------------------f Tx L i
Where r is the relative permittivity and is the conductivity. Both are interpolated data from the ITU-R P.527
recommendations curves.
3.5.2.4 Effective Surface Reflection Coefficient

eff = D R s R r
D is the divergence factor of the surface:
D =
1 m 1 + b
------------------------------------------------2
1 + m 1 + 3 b
R s is the divergence factor of the surface:
Rs =
4 f Tx L i h Tx h Rx 10
d L i 1 + --------------------------------------------------------------------
3 d Li
f Tx L i h Tx + h Rx
10
- x b x a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- with x = Max ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2
3
f Tx L i h Tx + h Rx 10
3 h Tx h Rx d L i
1 + ------------------------------------------------------------------
3
d
L
i
2
x
R r is the roughness factor of the surface:

2
Rr =
72
----1+g
2
--------------------------------------------------------------2
4
g
g
1 + 2,35 ----- 2 ----2
4

AT332_TRM_E0
40 f Tx L i h Sin
Where g = ----------------------------------------------------------------------3
h is the standard deviation of the surface height along the reflection area:
1
2
for Root Mean Square Method

Zi
-- N
i=1
h =
N
1
2
Zi Z
for Standard Deviation Method
---
N
i=1
RelativeHeight90 RelativeHeight10 for Interferdecile Range Method
Z i = h i AverageProfile x i ,
Where
1
Z = ---
N
Zi ,
RelativeHeight10 = RelativeHeights(Int(0.1 N
and
i=1
RelativeHeight90 = RelativeHeights(Int(0.9 N where RelativeHeights is a sorted liste of Z i .

AverageProfile x is the linear equation of the average profile etermined using the "method of least squares":
AverageProfile x = a 0 x + a 1
Where
N
xi hi
xi hi
hi a0
xi
N
=1
=1
i=1 a 0 = i------------------------------------------------------------------ and a 1 = i------------------------------------------2
N
N
x i
N
2 i = 1
x i -------------------N
i------------------------------=1
i=1 -
Where
x which corresponds to the distance along the path. Expressed in meters.
h which corresponds to the terrain height on a pixel. Expressed in meters.
N which corresponds to the number of extracted pixels along the path.
3.5.2.5 Thermal Fade Margin Attenuation

The maximum possible thermal fade margin attenuation from interference between the direct and the reflected signals is
expresses in dB:
L
A max
-----d -----s-
20
20
= 20 Log 10 10
L s is the attenuation of reflected signals expressed in dB:

L s = L a 20 Log eff
Where L a = AntLoss Tx Tx + t_Tx + AntLoss Rx Rx + t_Rx
With the corresponding angle of arrival of the refelcted signal expressed in degrees:
h Tx h Tx h Rx
h Rx h Rx h Tx
d Rx
d Tx
180
180
3
3
Tx = --------- ------ ------------------------------------- 10 and Tx = --------- ------ --------------------- ------------------------------------- 10
d Tx -------------------
d Li
d Li
12,74 k Median
d Rx
12,74 k Median
AntLoss Tx x is antenna attenuation for angle on transmitters antenna pattern.
AntLoss Rx x is antenna attenuation for angle on receivers antenna pattern.
L d is the attenuation of the direct signal expressed in dB:
L d = AntLoss Tx t_Tx d + AntLoss Rx t_Rx d
73

With the corresponding angle of arrival of the direct signal expressed in degrees:
d = 0,0045 d L i 1
--- 3
---
k 4
3.5.2.6 Attenuation Graphs

The plotted parameter on the attenuation graphs is expressed in dB:
2
= 10 Log 1 + eff 2 eff Cos 2

Three graphs can be plotted by varying:
74
The receivers antenna height

The transmitters frequency
The k factor
AT332_TRM_E0

75
Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guidefor Microwave Networks

Forsk 2016
76
Head Office
7 rue des Briquetiers
31700 Blagnac, France
Tel: +33 562 747 210
Fax: +33 562 747 211
AT332_TRM_E0
US Office
China Office
200 South Wacker Drive Suite 3100

Chicago, IL 60606, USA
Tel: +1 312 674 4800
Fax: +1 312 674 4847
Suite 302, 3/F, West Tower, Jiadu Commercial Building,

No. 66 Jianzhong Road, Tianhe Hi-Tech Industrial Zone,
Guangzhou, 510665, P. R. of China
Tel: +86 20 8553 8938 Fax: +86 20 8553 8285
www.forsk.com
October 2016

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Version 3.3.

Technical Reference Guide

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Antennas and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Antenna Diameter Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Microwave Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Ground Altitude Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Clutter Height Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Resolution of the Extracted Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Microwave Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Microwave Link Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks

2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.

Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Rain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Propagation in Rain Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks

2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.

Atoll 3.3.2 Technical Reference Guide for Microwave Networks