th

19

Century
Philippines:
The Long Century
(Fast and Richardson, Bancoff, Ileto,
Schumacher, Camagay, Robles,
Legarda)

Objectives

Understand the concept of

colonialism in the context of

the Philippine experience;

Describe the economic,

socio-cultural, political, and

religious milieu of the 19th
century;

Objectives

Situate Rizal in the context

of the 19th century; and,

Develop an appreciation for

the process that led to the
growth of Filipino
nationalism.

Concept of 19th Century

1801-1900
Collapse of the Spanish, First and Second
French, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires.

Concept of 19th Century

Long 19th Century

1789-1914
Short 20th Century

Eric Hobsbawm

Age of Revolution, 1789-1848

(Eric Hobsbawm, 1962)

Global trends:
Political revolutions in the late 18th
and early 19th centuries

Agricultural and industrial revolutions,

1700-1850

Transformation of Eurasian societies

in an era of global trade and rising
European power, 1750-1870

Industrial Revolution

Kolonyalismo

Imperyalismo
Ideolohiya?

Colonialism and Imperialism

- involves political and economic control
over dependent territory
Colonialism
-practice means the transfer of population
to a new territory, new arrivals lived as
permanent settlers while retaining
allegiance to country of origin
-from the Latin colonos, meaning farmer

Imperialism

- comes from Latin imperium, meaning

to command

- the term draws attention to the way a

country exercises power over the other

whether through settlement,
sovereignty or indirect mechanism of
control

- a term used in the 19th in relation to

British Empire

Imperyalismo

Kolonyalismo

NeoKolonyalismo

19th century Europe

- intensification of debate between

liberal thought and colonial

practice, but many political
philosophers
who
were
defenders of universalism and
equality
still
supported
colonialism and imperialism .

Bakit???

Civilizing
Mission
- Suggested a temporary period
of political dependence or
tutelage was necessary in
order for civilized societies to
advance to the point where
they are capable of sustaining
liberal institutions and selfgovernment

Colonialism or
Imperialism by
nature is violent!

Some scholars say

that it is
Developmental

Life in the Colony

Socio-Cultural Development
during the Spanish Regime in the
Philippines

Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines

(Fanon, Fast and Richardson, Rafael and Salazar)

1. Colonialism was possible because of

mercantilism/capitalism
-There was unity among religion,
business and the state

FERDINAND MAGELLAN
http://www.voyagesphotosmanu.com/Complet/images/magellan.jpg

KING PHILIP II
OF SPAIN

MIGUEL LOPEZ DE
LEGASPI

AUGUSTINIANS

Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines

(Fanon, Fast and Richardson, Rafael and Salazar)

2. Colonialism does the work of

devaluing pre-colonial history of the
colony.
-Colonialism came to lighten our
darkness

Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines

(Fanon, Fast and Richardson, Rafael and Salazar)

3. Colonialist does not seek to be

considered by the native as a gentle,
loving mother who protects her child
from a hostile environment. But rather
a mother who unceasingly protects
her fundamentally perverse offspring
from committing suicide and from
giving free rein to its evil instincts.

Babaylan o Catalonan

A
S
W

diwatta.multiply.com

A
Lynch, Francis X. S.J. An Mga
Asuwang: A Bicol Belief

N
G
12fma.blogspot.com

Tugbuk/Tudruk
http://pinoy-culture.com/blog/note-this-post-is-for-mature-audiencesonly/

Virgin Mary
www.consolers.org

Magdalene
aviana.com

Bakunawa

Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines

(Fanon, Fast and Richardson, Rafael and Salazar)

4. Use of divide and rule tactic,

privileging certain ethnic groups
over others (e.g.Christian and
Muslim conflict)
5. Colonial geography was uneven,
there were spaces for freedom and
emancipation.

Economic Conditions
1. Rise of Haciendas - Cash-Crop
Economy
- Western powers penetrated economy
- sugar no. 1 cash- crop (Negros and
Panay),tobacco (Ilocos and Cagayan
valley), abaka (Bicol), coffee (Batangas)

2. Shift from barter to moneyed economy

- indios became more impoverished

3.Land as the source of wealth

- Church/ religious orders as the biggest
land-owners

- eve of Revolution owned 215,000 hectares

valued at 16 million US dollars

Three Land Tenure Patterns in

the 19th century (Ofreneo, 1980)

John N. Schumacher, S.J., The

Making of a Nation, (1991).

Rising prosperity led to hostilities between

inquilinos and hacienderos

Hacienda de San Juan Bautista (Calamba

Hacienda Case, 1887-1891)

http://haciendadecalamba.blogspot.com/

Manila was opened to international trade

(1834)

Opening of the Suez

Canal (1869)

Effects:
a. economy developed un-evenly
(away from self-sufficiency)
b. massive land grabbing practices
b. usurious loan practices
c. large scale conversion of rice lands
d. increased landlessness
e. increased population

f. Migration from rural to urban areas,

resulting in:
Tondo- first urban slum
Binondo 1st red light district,
financial center

J. Fast and J. Richardson, Roots of

Dependency (1979).

The revolutionary changes in

the countrys economic

structure that occurred in the
19th century were the critical
formative influence in the
prelude to nationhood.

Administrative Unit/Law and Order

pueblo

barangay

In the Philippines, for colonialism to

take place, the Spaniards

Reorganized socio-political
relations: reduccion
barangay

visita

cabecera

pueblo

Remodelling of settlements:
abajo de la campana
Ilaya /
ilawud

pueblo

Administrative Unit/Law and Order

Pueblo bayang Kastila (sa konsepto ng

reduccion)
Walled City of Manila:

Intramuros

Intramuros

Casa Manila

Vicente Rafael, Reducing Native Bodies, in

Contracting Colonialism (1988)

To
colonize

To
reduce

Reducir (reduccion)

to reduce a thing into its former state; to

convert; to contract; to divide into small

parts; to contain; to comprehend; to bring
back into obedience

The

conversion
colonization of the
populace necessitated
physical relocation.

The

and
local
their

relocation of native
bodies permitted them to be
identified in Spanish political
and religious terms.

Vicente Rafael, Reducing Native Bodies,

in Contracting Colonialism (1988), p.90

[Reducing] sums up the

thrust of Spanish colonization

as both a political and a moral
undertaking designed to
reconstitute the natives as
subjects of divine and royal
laws.

These changes were met

with

Resistance

Igorots in the north

Muslims in the south
Lumad of the interior

Reluctance but later on

adhered to resettlement and

conversion

Lowland coastal dwellers

Social/Cultural Conditions

1. Birth of the middle class Secular

priests to Ilustrados
- mostly Chinese mestizos,
inquilinos (Rizal family)
- most Hispanized, integrated Spanish
culture

Second Class: Insulares

First Class: Peninsulares
o criollos (Mga
(Mga Kastila mula sa Espaa) Kastilang ipinanganak
sa PIlipinas)

Ang Principalia (tax

collectors) Mga dating local
elite - datu, raja, lakan.
Sa kalaunan tatawagin silang
gobernadorcillos o maliliit na
gobernador, alcalde mayor at
mga cabeza de barangay.

Third Class: Mestisong

Intsik at urbanisadoing

Fourth Class: Indios

(natibo o katutubo)

 Cultural Development

Spread of higher education

among middle and lower middle

class Filipinos

Return of the Jesuits in the

Philippines (1859)

The Philippines owes [the Jesuits]

the beginning of the Natural
Sciences, soul of the 19th century.
Filosofo Tasio (Noli me tangere)

 Cultural Development

Establishment of public primary and

secondary; and Normal schools.

A chapter on The Schoolteacher in Noli

me tangere

[through studies of literature, science,

and philosophy] the eyes of my

intelligence opened a little and my heart
began to cherish nobler sentiments.

P. Jacinto, Memorias de un edtudiante de

Manila (1949)

 Cultural Development

Early nationalists were educated in

local universities such as Santo
Tomas, San Juan, and San Jose.

Growing interest in the Filipino past:

the emergence of the Filipino national

consciousness

"To foretell the destiny of a

nation, it is necessary to open a

book that tells of her past."
Rizals Annotation to Antonio de Morgas
Sucesos de las islas Filipinas

Colegio de San Jose (1601)

http://pinoykollektor.blogspot.com/2013/02/82-colegio-de-san-josepostcards-phil.html

http://pinoykollektor.blogspot.com/2013/02/82-colegiode-san-jose-postcards-phil.html

Colegio de Nuestra Seora del Santisimo

Rosario (1611)

La Real (1785)
y Pontificia (1902)

Colegio de San Juan de Letran

Colegio de Santa
Isabel

Colegio de Santa Isabel

2. The nation as a concept was

born.
- as a product of a capitalist,
exchanged economy
- articulated by the middle class
and later by the lower class.

3. Along with it (nation), the concept

Filipino was started to be imagined
as applying to the mestizos and indios
- in the writings of Francisco Balagtas

- among the Secular priests (led by

Padre Jose Burgos)
- later by the Ilustrados

Two Concepts of a Nation

Hermano Pule (Apolinario dela Cruz),

1841

Cofradia de San Jose

(Kilusang milenaryo)

Sekularisasyon
(1803)

GomBurZa
(Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora)

Kilusang

Propaganda

ang mga Ilustrado tagapagdala ng

kaliwanagan

kabataan, high-spirited, lokal na elite, liberal,

edukado

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Jose Rizal, Mariano Ponce,
Marcelo H. del Pilar

(http://www.kabayancentral.com/book/bookmark/9715692354.jpg
and
http://history.boisestate.edu/swoods/images1/Noli.jpg)

Andres Bonifacio
ama ng pagkamakabayan at ang
Himagsikang PIlipino

4. Religion was redefined, became

Filipino
- combined faith and rebellion
(Katipunan teachings, Aglipay)

5. Literacy (a Western legacy)

became Filipino
- a weapon for decolonization

Kamulatang Makabansa sa
Katipunan
-Mayroong mithiing makabansa (soberenidad,
pagkakapantay-pantay) ang Katipunan ni Andres
Bonifacio. Ngunit nagpaliwanag ito sa kalagayan ng
bayan sa sariling wika sa pahayagang Kalayaan

-Tri-partite din ang pagtingin.

-Higit na may kinalaman sa pagpapaganda sa buhay
ng karaniwang tao at hindi nagpapaligsahan lamang
sa katayuang intelektual at pagiging sibilisado.
-Agosto 23, 1896 pagputok ng himgasikan.

Environmental Concerns
Agriculture affected the ecology of the island
1. Expansion of monoculture

2. Spread diseases due to increased mobility

(cholera)
3. Huge areas of forest were cleared
4. Flooding especially along river banks of densely
settled regions (land reclamation projects)

5. Drought due to lowering of moisture level

6. Locust infestations due to grasslands
expansion
7. Rinderpest among cattle (foot and mouth
disease from imported cattle)

CONCLUSION
How did I
influence my
time?

How can we
influence our
time?

References:

Abinales, Patricio and Donna Amoroso. State and Society in the

Philippines. Quezon City: Anvil Publishing, Inc., 2005.

Agoncillo, Teodoro. Filipino Nationalism, 1872-1970. Quezon City:

R.P. Publishing, Co., 1974.

Fast, Jonathan and Jim Richardson. Roots of Dependency: Political

and Economic Revolution in 19th Century Philippines. Quezon City:
Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1979.

Legarda, Benito, Jr. After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic

Change and Entrepreneurship in the 19th Century Philippines.
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999.

Ofreneo, Rene. Capitalism in Philippine Agriculture. Quezon City:

Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1980.

Quibuyen, Floro C. A Nation Aborted: Rizal, American Hegemony,

and Philippine Nationalism. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila
University Press,

Rafael, Vicente. Contracting Colonialism. Quezon City: Ateneo de

Manila University Press, 1988.

Schumacher, John N., S.J. The Making of a Nation: Essays on

Nineteenth Century Filipino Nationalism. Quezon City: Ateneo de
Manila University Press, 1991.

Electronic Sources and Photo Credits

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosphy

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism
Hacienda de Calamba, 1887-1891
http://haciendadecalamba.blogspot.com/
Global Trends
http://www.nchs.ucla.edu/Standards/world-historystandards/world-era-7
Vistas de las Yslas Filipinas y traje de sus abitantes 1847
http://www.flickr.com/photos/bibliotecabne/
A Photo Illustration of Philippine History
http://philhistorypics.blogspot.com/2009/11/spanish-eraphilippines.html