Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Thisarticleisbroughttoyouwiththesupportof
SingaporeConcreteInstitute
www.scinst.org.sg
AllRightsreservedforCIPremierPTELTD
YouarenotAllowedtoredistributeorresalethearticleinanyformatwithoutwrittenapprovalof
CIPremierPTELTD
VisitOurWebsiteformoreinformation
www.cipremier.com
Abstract
Tests conducted by the authors have revealed that buckling is a possible design criterion for deep
beams particularly for the more slender sections. Of the major deep beam design documents currently
in use, the CIRIA guide is the only one that gives guideline for the buckling strength of deep beampanels. It is stated, however, that in the absence of experimental evidence, such recommendations
were based on theoretical studies and engineering judgement. The Portland Cement Association
Design Aid for the buckling of the tilt-up load-bearing walls is the only other design document which
could be adapted for the buckling of beam-panels, though its use is limited by a number of parameters.
The present experimental programme, which consists of 7 slender concrete deep beams having
height/thickness (h/b) ratios in the range of 20 to 70, models as closely as possible the PCA Design
Aid and aims at comparing for the first time the two buckling design procedures. The tests show that
buckling failure occurs at a significantly reduced strength capacity, particularly for higher slenderness
(h/b ratios). Deep beams having h/b ratios of around 70 should be avoided in practice as they might
buckle at less then a 1/3 of their strength capacity. The test results also show that, while both design
methods are safe against buckling, the PCA method, when applicable, is easier to use, less
conservative and hence more accurate. In contrast, the CIRIA buckling provisions have a broader use
but are more conservative particularly for the very slender sections and have a more complicated use.
Indeed, first time users may find them difficult to follow.
Keywords: Instability, Slender Concrete Deep Beam, Slenderness Ratio, Buckling Strength, Tilt-up
Load-bearing Walls, Diagonal Cracks, Horizontal Cracks, Local Crushing, Sheer Strength.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the past, researchers and designers alike have always avoided the problem of buckling in concrete
deep beams by opting for stocky sections. With the advance in materials technology, higher-strength
concrete has become commercially available and, as a result of its expanding use, more slender
members will be used in the construction industry such as slender concrete deep beams in high rise
buildings or in offshore structures. Consequently, stability rather than strength requirements might be
the main criterion for design in order to avoid premature buckling failures.
Of the major deep beam design documents currently in use throughout the world, namely the
American building code ACI (318-89) (1), the Canadian building code CAN3-A23.3-M84 (2) the model
code CEB-FIP (3) and the CIRIA Guide N 2 (4), the CIRIA Guide is the only one that gives
recommendations on the buckling strength of deep beams. The Guide states explicitly that buckling
should not be disregarded as a possible failure criterion. However, in the absence of experimental
data, the CIRIA buckling provisions were based on theoretical studies and engineering judgement; to
quote from the CIRIA Guide (4) .. there is no experimental data to substantiate these procedures n. In
the late seventies, the development of the tilt-up method of construction, particularly in north America,
highlighted the need for a buckling design procedure to deal with slender load-bearing panels. The
Portland Cement Association responded to such need by publishing a buckling design aid for tilt-up
load bearing walls (5) based on numerical analYSis on column models. As for the CIRIA Guide, the
253
PCA Design Aid is not founded on experimental data on the buckling of wall-like panels or deep
beam-panels. The scarcity of experiments on such structural members is believed to be due to the
complexity of the buckling tests which are difficult to carry out and require attention to details in order
to achieve reliable results and to prevent any risks such as injury to personnel or damage to
equipment.
In the past, the authors, jointly with others, have reported for the first time buckling tests on 38
slender concrete deep beams (6) where the CIRIA buckling provisions were assessed. The PCA
buckling design method could not be assessed since the tests reported did not fulfil the requirements
of the PCA Design Aid which, strictly speaking, has a more specific use. In the present tests, the 7
deep beam-panels with h/b ratios ranging from 20 to 70 were conceived so as to meet the
requirements of the PCA Design Aid and hence a comparison of the two buckling design manuals
could be made for the first time. It is believed that the 7 deeper beam-panels (span/height Uh=1.0)
together with the 38 slender deep beams (Uh=1.4) reported earlier by the authors jointly with others
(6) represent most of the experimental data available in the literature and that deep beams with
slenderness ratio as high as 70 such as reported in the present tests are among the highest ever
tested though structural concrete members with such a high slenderness ratio are very few in
practice.
2. TESTING PROGRAMME
254
locations, a 100 mm square grid was marked on the white-washed faces of the beams. The
measurements were taken at each load increment and the hand ones were stopped when buckling
danger was felt (lateral deflection exceeding 4.0 mm ) .
3. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Crack Patterns, Failure Modes and Ultimate Loads
Figure 3 shows the crack patterns up to failure of the beams. The load at which each crack was first
observed is indicated together with the extent of the crack at that load.
The general trend of the crack development is similar to that described elsewhere (8 ; 13) for slender
deep beams with the flexural cracks being the first to form in the maximum bending moment region.
The maximum flexural crack width reached the 0.3 mm serviceability in the less slender beams (0.3
mm in 8-20-0.182; 0.36mm in 8-25-0.182; 0.40mm in 8-30-0.182) before closing up after full
development of diagonal cracking. One common feature with flexural cracking in these deeper beams
( Uh = 1.0 ) is that it extended upward to as high as 0.75h within the maximum bending moment
region and was maximum in width above the tension steel, in some cases, at mid-height region (825-0.182; 8-30-0.182). This suggests that in the deeper beams the tensile steel should not be
contained in a narrow region at the bottom but distributed at least over half the depth from the bottom.
Indeed strain measurements have revealed an important tension zone above mid-height (Fig 4) in
addition to the one at the soffit. These two tension zones are linked with an almost unstressed zone
which becomes tensile after full development of flexural cracking.
Diagonal cracks formed within the shear-spans from support to loading points and were very long
even when first observed. Their maximum width exceeded by far the 0.3 mm limit particularly in the
less slender beams and caused splitting failure in beam 8-25-0.182. With the beams having the same
load-eccentricity/thickness ratio e/b, the failure mode depended mainly on the slenderness ratio h/b :
-For h/b ratios greater than 25, failure was by buckling. The beam split horizontally approximately
along mid-height (Fig.3). Horizontal cracks appeared across the full length of the beam at failure
and hence could not be used as a warning sign for collapse. In some cases, the beam may appear
to be stable after the final load increment when a sudden buckling failure occurs. With dial gauges
placed at the theoretical critical section, the prominent failure could be detected by the continuous
creeping of these dial gauges. From the cracking patterns of Fig.3 and from the failure loads given in
table 2 it can be deduced that the buckling strength was about 30% greater than the diagonal
cracking load for beams with h/b ratio of 30 and 35 (8-30-0.182; 8-35-0.182), 20 % greater for those
with h/b ratio of 40 and 50 (8-40-0.182; 8-50-0.182 ) and that with htb ratio of 70 buckled at the
same load at which the diagonal crack formed ( 8-70-0.182) and hence diagonal cracking evolution
could not be possibly used as a warning sign of failure as suggested earlier by Kong et al. (6).
- For htb ratios smaller than or equal to 25, the beams failed either in shear (8-25-0.182) or at the
bearing (8-20-0.182). However, the measured lateral defections indicatey that even beam (8-250.182) which failed in shear was on the verge of buckling; its maximum lateral deflection just prior to
failure was 6.0 mm as recorded by both a dial gauge and displacement transducers above one of
the supports, an order of magnitude similar to those recorded for the beams that buckled. It should
also be pointed out that 'buckling' in this work is regarded as failure with pronounced lateral
deflection. Following this argument, beam 8-25-0.182 was assumed to have reached its ultimate
shear as well as buckling strength capacities. In contrast, beam 8-20-0.182 being the least slender,
did not reach its buckling nor its shear capacities when it failed prematurely by crushing at the loading
point despite additional confining reinforcement. In practice however, such failure could be avoided
by the use of high strength concrete. A close examination of the lateral displacement profiles (Fig.5)
reveals that for such beam the maximum deflection was 3.5 mm despite that the ultimate load was
highest. 8y experience gained from these tests and from others (6), buckling failure is likely to occur
when the lateral deflection exceeds 4.0 mm.
It would seem that buckling failure is most likely to occur with slenderness ratio htb of 25 and up when
the load is eccentrically applied with a significant reduction in strength for h/b ratios above 35 (table2).
The measured ultimate loads of the 7 beams are given in the table 2. The loads based on the shear
strength capacity as estimated by the modified Kong-CIRIA formulae for slender deep beams (8) are
also given in the same table. It can be seen that the beams buckled at lower loads than their shear
capacities, particularly for the higher h/b ratios. Figure 6 below shows clearly that, for a constant etb
ratio, the buckling strength is very much dependent on the h/b ratio and decreases sharply as this
ratio increased .
255
256
the same e/b ratio and the same steel ratio the load capacity factors are independent of the panel
thickness b and the eccentricity e taken as separate factors and depend only on h/b ratio. An example
for e/b =0.5 and a steel ratio of 0.25 is reproduced here:
b (mm)
140.0
165.0
190.0
e( mm)
70.0
82.5
95.0
20
30
hlb
40
50
0.110
0.110
0.110
0.051
0.050
0.054
0.030
0.026
0.030
0.017
0.018
0.010
(table A 1 of PCA)
(table AS of PCA)
(table A9 of PCA)
Following this, the use of the PCA method to the present beam-panels seems to be justified. The e/b
ratio of 0.182 adopted in the present tests corresponds to table A 1 with a steel ratio of 0.5 % in the
PCA Design Aid. Table 2 shows the buckling loads for the tested beams predicted by the PCA
method together with the safety factors indicated by a subscript pca to R. It can be seen from table 2
that, compared to the two-panel method of the CIRIA guide, the PCA method gives a safe and more
accurate prediction of the buckling strength with an average safety factor of 2.76 for the beams for
which the method is applicable. For these beams (h/b between 25 and 50 ), the two-panel method
gave a safety factor of 6.68 and hence appears to be twice more conservative than the PCA method.
For h/b ratios between 25 and 40, the PCA method gives a safety factor of 2.33 as compared to
almost twice this value ( 4.10) given by the two-panel-method. Moreover, the PCA method is easier to
use and hence more practical compared to the two-panel method given in the CIRIA guide. However,
the application of the PCA method is limited by a number of parameters such as the material
properties ( concrete f c ::; 4000 Psi; reinforcement fy ::; 60000 Psi ), the steel ratio (between 0.25% and
0.75% ), the loading arrangement ( eccentricity at the load only) and a slenderness ratio not exceeding
50. The relatively more conservative two-panel method of the CIRIA guide, though more complicated
in use, copes with wider ranges of these parameters. Furthermore, for slenderness ratio hlb between
20 and 25, the PCA may not be safe enough, though bearing capacity or shear may govern the design
for such cases. Beam B-20-0.182 had 3.5 mm maximum lateral deflection when it crushed at the
bearing. From experience, if such beam did not fail at the bearing it could not have sustained more
than 15 % of the 800 kN bearing failure load and the safety factor would have been 1.1 according to
the PCA method, hence, insufficient against buckling.
5. CONCLUSIONS
a- The failure mode of slender concrete deep beams is strongly dependent
on the
height/thickness ratio h/b and the eccentricitylthickness ratio e/b. Beams with h/b ratios as
high as 50 failed in shear when the e/b ratio was zero in previous tests (6; 8). In the present
tests, deep beams of slenderness ratio as low as 25 buckled when the load was applied
eccentrically (e/b = 0.182).
b- Buckling failure is accompanied by a significant reduction in strength which could be as high
as high 50 % for the upper range of slenderness ratio h/b. Deep beams having slenderness
ratio of around 70 should be avoided in practice as they might buckle at less than a 1/3 of their
strength capacity .
c- The buckling design recommendations in both the CIRIA guide and the PCA Design Aid were
in general found to be safe for use. Of the three methods given in the CIRIA guide, the twopanel method is the most realistic, though still conservative for higher h/b ratios.The
supplementary rules and the singles-panel method are excessively conservative and need
more refinement. The designer using the CIRIA guide is advised to work with the two-panel
method despite its complicated use.
d- Between the two-panel method of the CIRIA guide and the PCA method, the latter is more
accurate and easier to use for designers with the two-panel method giving safety factors twice
as much. However, while the PCA method has its use restricted by many parameters, the twopanel method covers a wider range of deep beam-panels. Moreover, the PCA method may
not be safe enough for the buckling of deep beams with smaller h/b ratios, though in this
range of slenderness, other failure criterion may govern the design.
257
REFERENCES
[1] ACI Committee 318 "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete", ACI(318-89) and the
Commentary (ACI 318R-89); American Concrete Institute, Detroit, July 1990.
[2] Canadian Standards Association: "Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings (CAN-A23.3M84),,; CSA, Rexdale, Ontario; December 1984.
[3] CEB-FIP Model Code for Concrete Structures; Cement and Concrete Association(British
Cement Association), London 1978.
[4] CIRIA Guide No.2 "The Design of Deep Beams in Reinforced Concrete"; Construction Industry
Research and Information Association; London 1977 (Reprinted 84).
[5] Portland Cement Association (PCA) ; "Tilt-Up load bearing walls: A Design Aid"; Publication
No.EB074.02D; Illinois, 1977,27 pages.
[6] Kong, F.K.; Garcia, R.C.; Paine, J.P.; Wong, H.H.A.; Tang, C.W.J.; and Chemrouk, M.;
"Strength and Stability of Slender Concrete Deep Beams"; The Structural Engineer; vo1.64B; No.3,
September 1986, pp.44-56.
[7] Chemrouk, M. "Slender Concrete deep beams: Behaviour, Serviceability and Strength"; Ph.D
Thesis; University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, 1988.
[8] Chemrouk, M. and Kong, F.K; "Diagonal Cracking and Ultimate Shear Strength of slender
Concrete Deep Beams"; paper accepted for publication in "Advances in Structural Engineering - an
International Journal". Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
[9] Kong, F.K.; Wong, H.H.A.; Tang, C.W.J.; and Chemrouk, M.; "Worked Examples on the use of
the CIRIA Guide No.2 to calculate the buckling strengths of slender Deep Beams"; Technical
Report STRUCT 7/3A; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987,
17pp.
[10] Kong, F.K., Chemrouk, M, Tang, C.W.J. and Wong, H.H.A.; "Worked Examples on the
buckling design of slender concrete deep beams"; Technical Report SRUCT6/4A; Department of
Civil Engineering, University of Newcastle upon-Tyne; 1986; 22pp.
[11] BS 8110; "The Structural Use of Concrete"; Part 1; British Standards Institution London;
1985.
[12] CP11 0; "The Structural Use of Concrete" ; Part 1; British Standards Institution London;
1972.
[13] Kong, F.K., TENG, S., MAIMBA, P.P., TAN, K.H. and GOAN, L.W.; "Single Span, Continuous
and Slender Deep Beams Made of High-Strength Concrete"; ACI Special Publication SP149 on
'High Performance Concrete'; American Concrete Institute; Detroit, 1994; pp.413-432.
258
8eam
Thick. b
(mm)
8-70-182
8-50-182
8-40-182
8-35-182
8-30-182
8-25-182
8-20-182
20
28
35
40
47
56
70
Span/height
Llh
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Total shear
Span/height
a/h
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
Splitting
strength ft
2
(N/mm )
3.34
2.96
2.92
2.70
2.97
2.98
3.69
Main Steel
Size
(mm)
10
10
12
10
10
12
12
0.84
0.60
0.69
0.84
0.72
0.87
0.69
Web Steel
horizontal
Size
%
(mm)
0.50
6
6
0.50
0.50
6
6
0.50
0.50
6
0.50
6
0.50
6
Vertical
Size
%
(mm)
0.50
6
0.50
6
0.50
6
0.50
6
0.50
6
0.50
6
0.50
6
Notation: The series of beams is indicated by the letter 8 followed by the slenderness ratio after the first hyphen and the e/b ratio after the second hyphen.
Measured
Load (kN)
Kong-CIRIA
Equation(8)
8-20-0.182
8-25-0.182
8-30-0.182
8-35-0.182
8-40-0.182
8-50-0.182
8-70-0.182
Mean
800
750
620
560
280
280
90
1045.7
885.4
691.2
611.3
516.4
387.0
315.6
Supp.Rules
Single-Panel
Load
(kN)
Rsr
Load
(kN)
Rsp
/
16.93
27.47
41.2
27.4
0.56
63.24
/
99.0
56.4
30.6
20.4
08.6
09.9
/
07.57
11.0
18.31
13.7
32.57
31.6
/
44.0
22.6
13.6
10.2
04.0
01.4
41.13
19.12
Tow-Panel
Load
Rtp (kN)
/
250.0
133.2
075.2
050.2
022.0
008.8
PCA
Load
Rpca (kN)
/
03.0
04.65
07.45
05.57
2.75
10.28
07.28
835.5
453.5
284.6
168.0
129.6
062.8
/
0.96
1.65
2.18
3.33
2.16
4.46
/
02.76
PI2
I
\
I
I
II
L 1400
1700
e,
b) Loading scheme
R6
at 16'0Il
I'--
R6 at 168
1I
3T12 ---{
&
B- 40 - O.1B'2
o
_:compression
p~
8-25-0.192
8-ll-0.192
.:tension
o
8-35-0.18Z
"s, micro-strain
/
J
/
/
.....
\ /
/ / ,''',,\
.rO /
\/
\
Figure 3 : Crack Patterns at Failure
B- 70 - 0.1'62
261
B - 20 -0.192
1400
L
1300
"E
E
E
1000
:t::
0
VI
c:
..,
(I)
0'1
1000
.....
.....0
1300 kN
700 kN
600 kN
:t:
400 kN
200 kN
.l::
.t::
700
<11
500 kN
VI
400 kN
E
0
"T1
620 kN
560 kN
(Q
B-30-0.1~2
1400
1300
700
Q/
C
CI
t:;
"0
'i3
400
r
( I)
..,
400
M
-2 -1 0 1 '2 3 4 5
L
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
CI
N
0\
N
100
100
en'
R
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
~0123
lateral deflection (mm)
-1012345
"C
S
(")
(I)
3(I)
:J
..,
""0
0
:::!!
(I)
tn
B - 35 -0.1'02
1400
1300
1400
1300
4130 kN
e-E
=1000
:1000
t0
VI
___ 200 kN
150 kN
.....'Qj
.'!!
700
OJ
u
"0
2130 kN ___
250 kN ___
III
B-40 - 0.1'02
M
E<It
'is
400
100
L
-1 0 1234567S
-1 0 1234567
-1 0 123456
-2 -1
M
1 34567
R
-1012345678
~
"'0
c:J
700
600
500
e/b :: 0.182
400
300
200
100
O~~~~~~~~_
20 30 40
50
60
70 h/b
~
"0
c:l
.2
B- 20- O.1S2
SOO
700
B- 30- 0.192
600
B- 35 - 0.182
500
400
B-50-0.1S2
300
6-40-0.182
200
B-70 -0.1S
100
0
6
7
lateral deflection (mml
263