Makalah Morphology 'Six Processes of Word Formation'

PREFACE
With the grace of God Almighty, the paper is finished by taking the title Six Processes of
Word Formation is a significant part in the process of morphology. This paper shows the
meaning of six processes and some examples of its use in English.
This paper is addressed to us, to know more about the Six Processes Of Word Formation.
Six Processes of Word Formation that have a distinctive characters.
Thank you to those who helped research and sources to collect the contents of this paper.
This paper will not achieve its present form without their help.
Tondano, 6 Juni 2012
Writer
Helny F. Lonteng

TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE......................................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENT.................................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2 : CONTENT................................................................................................ 2
A. CLIPPING............................................................................................................ 2
B. ACRONYMY....................................................................................................... 3
C. BLENDING.......................................................................................................... 4
D. BACK-FORMATION.......................................................................................... 4
E. FOLK ETYMOLOGY......................................................................................... 5
F. ANTONOMASIA................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 3 : CLOSING
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 7

ii

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Word as a part of language has important rule in forming a language. People always use it to
build a sentence, but they dont know where do actually those millions words come from. People
as the user of language sometimes dont think about how a language is formed. There are
millions words now used by people. Everytime people get more and more new words unless they
know the way it happens. The meaning of the new word form is influenced by the process of
forming a word. This process is usually called word formation process.
Word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted with
semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. Word-formation process is a way

of forming new words or terms from the use of old words. The processes consist of clipping,
blending, acronymy, back-formation, folk etymology, and antonomasia.
Change or making a new word. There are, of course, numerous word formation processes that do
not arouse any controversies and are very similar in the majority of languages.

1.

Chapter II
CONTENT
SIX PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION
A. Clipping
Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its
parts (Marchand: 1969). Clippings are, also, known as "shortenings."Clipping mainly consists of
the following types:
1. Back clipping
2. Fore-clipping
3. Middle clipping
4. Complex clipping
a. Back clipping
Back clipping or apocopation is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The
unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ad (advertisement),
cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), gas (gasoline), math (mathematics), memo
(memorandum), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium) mutt (muttonhead), pub (public house), pop
(popular concert), trad (traditional jazz), fax (facsimile).
b. Fore-clipping
Fore-clipping or aphaeresis retains the final part. Examples are: phone (telephone), varsity
(university), chute (parachute), coon (racoon), gator (alligator), pike (turnpike).
c. Middle clipping
In middle clipping or syncope, the middle of the word is retained. Examples are: flu (influenza),
tec (detective), polly (apollinaris), jams (pyjamas), shrink (head-shrinker).

d. Complex clipping
Clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often
remains intact. Examples are: cablegram (cable telegram), op art (optical art), org-man
(organization man), linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as
in navicert (navigation certificate). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant
formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is
not always clear. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, sci-fi,
and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings. According to Marchand (1969), clippings are
not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms
of a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc., in the intimacy of a
milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example,
2.
in school slang originated exam, math, lab, and spec(ulation), tick(et = credit) originated in
stock-exchange slang, whereas vet(eran), cap(tain), are army slang.

B. Acronymy
Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and IBM, that are formed
using the initial letters of words or word parts in a phrase or name. Acronyms and initialisms are
usually pronounced in a way that is distinct from that of the full forms for which they stand: as
the names of the individual letters (as in IBM), as a word (as in NATO), or as a combination (as
in IUPAC). Another term, alphabetism, is sometimes used to describe abbreviations pronounced
as the names of letters.
Examples :

pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters:

o FNMA: (Fannie Mae) Federal National Mortgage Association

laser: light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation

pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters:

o Amphetamine: Alpha-methyl-phenethylamine
o Gestapo: Geheime Staatspolizei ("secret state police")

pronounced only as the names of letters

o BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation
o DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

shortcut incorporated into name

o 3M: (three em) originally Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company

o E: (e three) Electronic Entertainment Exposition

recursive acronyms, in which the abbreviation itself is the expansion of one initial
(particularly enjoyed by the open-source community)
o GNU: GNU's Not Unix!
o HURD: HIRD of Unix-Replacing Daemons, where "HIRD" stands for "HURD of
Interfaces Representing Depth"

pseudo-acronyms are used because, when pronounced as intended, they resemble the
sounds of other words:
o ICQ: "I seek you"
o CQR: "secure", a brand of boat anchor

multi-layered acronyms:
o GTK+: GIMP Tool Kit, i.e. GNU Image Manipulation Program Tool Kit, i.e.
GNU's Not Unix Image Manipulation Program Tool Kit
o VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language, i.e. Very High Speed Integrated
Circuits Hardware Description Language

3.

C. Blending
A blend is a word formed from parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but not
always, morphemes.
A blend is different from a portmanteau word in that a portmanteau refers strictly to a blending of
two function words, similar to a contraction.Most blends are formed by one of the following
methods:
1. The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other. For example, brunch is a blend of
breakfast and lunch. This is the most common method of blending.
2. The beginnings of two words are combined. For example, cyborg is a blend of cybernetic and
organism.
3. One complete word is combined with part of another word. For example, guesstimate is a
blend of guess and estimate.

4. Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For example, the word
Californication, from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is a blend of California and
fornication.
When two words are combined in their entirety, the result is considered a compound word rather
than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend,

D. Back-formation
Back-formation refers to the process of creating a new lexeme (less precisely, a new "word") by
removing actual or supposed affixes. The resulting neologism is called a back-formation. Backformations are shortened words created from longer words, thus back-formations may be viewed
as a sub-type of clipping.
For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was then
backformed hundreds of years later from it by removing the -ion suffix. This segmentation of
resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had many examples of Latinate
words that had verb and verb+-ion pairs in these pairs the -ion suffix is added to verb forms in
order to create nouns (such as, insert/insertion, project/projection, etc.).
Many words came into English by this route: Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted
as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation
from the field of study statistics. In Britain the verb burgle came into use in the 19th century as a
back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North America verb burglarize
formed by suffixation).
4.

E. Folk Etymology
Folk etymology is a linguistic phenomenon where by borrowed or archaic phrases are
reinterpreted according to analogy with other common words or phrases in the language.
Etymology refers to the origin of words. For example, the etymology of etymology can be traced
through Old English and Latin to the Greek roots etymo, meaning true, and logos, meaning
word.

female (Old French femelle, diminutive of femme woman), by assimilation with male
(Old French masle, from Latin masculus).

penthouse from pentice, borrowed from Anglo-Norman pentiz attached building

(ultimately from Latin appendicium appendage). Note that pentice continues as a
technical term in English.

causeway was modified from obsolete causey (French cause) to assimilate it with way.

bridegroom from Old English bryd-guma bride-man, after the Old English word guma
man (cognate with Latin homo) fell out of use.

hangnail from Middle English agnail (Old English angngl, cognate with anguish and
anger).

E. Antonomasia
Antonomasia means the formation of a common noun, verb, or an adjective from the name a
person or a place. This trope is of the same nature as metonymy, although it can not be said to
exhibit the idea more vividly. It consists in putting in place of a proper name, another notion
which may be either in apposition to it or predicated of it. Its principal use is to avoid the
repetition of the same name, and the too frequent use of the pronoun. The most frequent forms of
it are, naming a person from his parentage or country; as, Achilles is called Pelides; Napoleon
Bonaparte, the Corsican: or naming him from some of his deeds; as, instead of Scipio, the
destroyer of Carthage; instead of Wellington, the hero of Waterloo. In making use of this trope
such designations should be selected as are well known, or can be easily understood from the
connection, and free from ambiguitythat is, are not equally applicable to other well-known
persons.

5.

Chapter III
CLOSING
conclusion
In this paper different word formation processes were explained including blending, clipping,
acronymy, backformation, folk etymology, and antonomasia.
Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its
parts.
Acronymy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a
succession of words.
Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first parts of the one word with the last
part of another.
Back-formations are shortened words created from longer words, thus back-formations may be
viewed as a sub-type of clipping.
Folk etymology is a linguistic phenomenon where by borrowed or archaic phrases are
reinterpreted according to analogy with other common words or phrases in the language.
Antonomasia means the formation of a common noun, verb, or an adjective from the name a
person or a place.

6.

REFERENCES
Haspelmath, M. (2003). Morphology. London: MacMillan Press LTD.
Plag, I. (2003). Word-Formation in English. UK: Cambridge University Press.Hans
Katamba, F. (2005). English words. London: Ruotledge.
Bloomfield, L. (1962). Language . London: Oxford press.
Wikipedia.com

http://helnylin.blogspot.co.id/2012/06/makalah-morphology-six-processes-of.html