Application:

Chilled Beams with DOAS

BAY 1

BAY 2

BAY 3

BAY 4

Location
Atlanta, GA (Climate Zone: 3a)

Occupancy
Corporate Office Building
Schedule: 8 am 5 pm

 Advanced
d
d Energy Design Guide
d (AEDG)
Relevant codes
Standard 90.1-2010
Standard 55-2010
Standard 62.1-2010
Standard 189.1-2011

Contents
Chapter
p 1:

Introduction

Chapter 2:

Integrated Design Process

Chapter 3:

Integrated Design Strategies

Chapter
p 4:
4

Design
g Strategies
g & Recommendations
by Climate Zone

Chapter 5:

How to Implement Recommendations

8

 Better environment = Increased productivity

Favorable light, sound and temperature

Better IEQ = Lower absentee rates

Improved productivity and profit margin

Better Design = Lower utility consumption

Life cycle cost analysis vs. first-cost
Consistency in annual budget (lower risk due to

utility fluctuation)
10

 Remember that design

g alone does not g
guarantee

good operational performance

Constructed per design Commissioning (Cx)
Chapter 5 and Appendix B of AEDG

Properly operated - Training of staff

Monitoring
g building
g performance
p
Identify operational issues
Building eQ: www.buildingenergyquotient.org
Energy Star Portfolio Manager: www.energystar.gov
11

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13

14

15

16

17

 HVAC systems, loads, humidity control,

energy recovery, equipment efficiencies,

ventilation
l
and
d outdoor
d
air, construction, etc.
AEDG does not identify all systems, but rather

the most common and least efficient

18

Water side: Ground bores acting as the heat source and sink are
connected to water-to-water heat pumps that provide chilled
and hot water to active chilled beams located within the space.

Air side: Ventilation will be conditioned and dehumidified prior to

being supplied to the space by MAU (DOAS). The ventilation will
first be tempered reducing the load with an energy recovery
ventilator (ERV).

Humidity: Chilled beams cannot handle latent loads, therefore

the DOAS units must supply the ventilation air at a temperature
and
d relative
l
humidity
h
d that
h can balance
b l
out the
h latent
l
loads
l d off the
h
spaces.
19

Hydronic One-Line
To other
Bores

Pump &
Redundant
Pump

Water-toWater HP

T
T

To other
Chilled
Beams

Chilled Beam

20

Air One-Line
Energy
Recovery
Ventilator

Make-up Air Unit

OA
Exhaust
From
other
Spaces
To other
Chilled
Beams

EA

Chilled
Beam

OA

SA

Chilled
Beam
SA

RA

OA
SA

SA
RA

21

22

Energy Efficiency
HVAC Chilled Beams

23

 User Control
Reliability
Multiple units

Limited ductwork = decreased plenum space

Lower SA volume = energy saving
Reduced
d d noise
OA volume specific to space needs
Simultaneous heating & cooling
No heat gain or loss in air distribution
Minimal mechanical room space
Minimal maintenance at the room level

24

Chilled Beam Efficiency

Reduced HP

1 in. diameter
Water Pipe

18 x 18 in. Air Duct

Higher leaving water temperature increases

chiller efficiency or allows the use of HP

25

 Condensation when humidity cannot be controlled

High internal latent loads (kitchens, workout rooms, etc.)

Limited air change rate

Spaces that require exhaust (bathrooms)

Lack
L k off familiarity
f ili it
More coordination of reflected ceiling plan
Slow response time
Increased first-cost
first cost (5% - 10% higher then VAV)
26

Spaces with high latent loads

Fitness centers, indoor swimming pools, etc.

Spaces with uncontrolled humidity

Areas with exterior openings
p
g - hallways
y

Spaces with high ceilings (more than 14 ft)

Spaces that
h d
do not allow
ll recirculated
l d air
Labs, healthcare, etc.

27

 Active chilled beams are typically cassettes

installed flush in the ceiling, 4 ft in length (max

~2000 BTUh/ft
/ cooling)
g)
Each active chilled beam has four pipe

connections: HWS
HWS, HWR
HWR, CHWS & CHWR
Active chilled beams continually introduce

ventilation when spaces are occupied

occupied, therefore
the spaces must be relieved. Separate relief grilles
will be provided and the ductwork will be routed
to the ERV.
28

Air One-Line
Energy
Recovery
Ventilator

Make-up Air Unit

OA
Exhaust
From
other
Spaces
To other
Chilled
Beams

EA

Chilled
Beam

OA

SA

Chilled
Beam
SA

RA

OA
SA

SA
RA

29

Condensation greatest obstacle

CHWS temperature 2-3F above Dew Point Temp

Humidity monitoring to reset water

temperature due to increased dew point:
Relative humidity sensor or dew point sensor
CHWS pipe condensation monitor
Window sensors

30

 Space temperature: 74 78F summer

68 72F winter
Primary supply air temperature = 50 65F
Commonly 58
58 60
60F
F

Heating: EWT = 110 130F, T = 10 20F

High heating loads should install an

additional
add
t o a perimeter
pe ete heating
eat g syste
system
31

Cooling: EWT = 55 58F, T = 5 8F

Controlled byy space

p
dew p
point

32

Room Temp: 75F / 50% RH

Room
Dew Point

DP Temp:
p 55F
55

Cooling: EWT = 55 58F, T = 5 8F

Controlled byy space

p
dew p
point

Although the space dew point is 55F, the

apparent room dew point is 2 3F lower
due to insulating affect of air film on coil

Condensation
C
d
i would
ld not form
f
untilil water
temperature is 52 53F
34

BAY 1

BAY 2

BAY 3

BAY 4

35

Make-up air unit sized to:

Heat/cool the ventilation air load (sensible & latent)
Heat/cool a portion of the internal space loads

AND
Condition ALL of the space latent load (OA and
space) must be handled by the primary air

Make-up air unit must handle ALL latent loads

36

Chilled beam sized to:

Accept the primary air
Primary air volume must be capable of:
Providing minimum ventilation
Deliver air dry enough to offset space latent loads
Induce enough air flow to offset space sensible loads

Heat/cool a p
portion of the space
p
load

37

The primary airflow

rate:
f
(1) Minimum ventilation rate
635.5 ft2 x 0.06 CFM/ft2 + 6 people x 5 CFM/person = 68 CFM

(2) Offset space latent gains

Space latent load: Ql = People latent load
= 6 x 155 BTUh/person = 930 BTUh
Ql = 4840 CFM (W) 930 BTUh = 4840 (68) (W)
W = 0.0028 lbwater/lbair
Required difference in humidity ratio between SA and room air
38

0.0093 0.0028 = 0.0065 lbwater/lbair

Room

0.0093 lbwater/lbair

DP 45F
DP=
F
0.0065 lbwater/lbair

The primary airflow

rate:
f
(1) Minimum ventilation rate: 68 CFM
(2) Offset space latent gains: 46F air needed with
68 CFM - too cold
Consider 50F; W= 0.0076 lbwater/lbair
Ql= 4
4840
4 CFM (W)
930 BTUh = 4840 (CFM) (0.0093 0.0076)
CFM = 1133
40

The sensible cooling capacity of supply air:

Qs = 1.1CFMT 1.1(113)(75-50) = 3107.5 BTUh

Room

0.0093 lbwater/lbair
0.0076 lbwater/lbair
0.0065 lbwater/lbair

 This requires that the primary air system be a

mixing system or bring in more OA than

required.
68 CFM 113 CFM

42

 Alternate solution: Dehumidify

f the OA with an

energy recovery ventilator with reheat

capability
b l (dual
d l wheel)
h l in conjunction with
h the
h
DOAS unit; this provides primary air at a dew
point that
h allows
ll
the
h llower CFM and
da
reasonable primary air temperature.
The sensible cooling capacity of supply air:

Qs = 11.1CFMT
1CFMT 1.1(68)(75-60)
1 1(68)(75-60) = 1122 Btu/h
43

44

OA

Room

0.0093 lbwater/lbair

0.0065 lbwater/lbair

e se
s b e coo
g capac
ty o
The
sensible
cooling
capacity
of supp
supplyy aair:
Qs = 1122 BTUh
The sensible cooling required from chilled coil:

9500 1122 = 8378 BTUh

If 1000 BTUh per foot length unit is selected,

8.4 ft of chilled beam is required to serve Bay 1

46

47

48

EQUIPMENT

Fans
Chilled Beams
Water to Water HP
DOAS unit

AEDG

1.3 HP/1000 CFM

NA
Htg: 3.1 COP, 50F EWT
Clg:
g 13.8 EER, 86 F EWT
Htg: NA
Clg: NA

90.1-2010
90 1 2010
HP CFMs*0.0015
NA
NA
Htg: NA
Clg: NA

Not all equipment is listed in the efficiency tables

49

50

AEDG:
DCV
Provide Variable airflow on DOAS unit if provided

90.1-2010:
DCV is required when density > 40 people /1000

ft2 (0.04)
Max
M for
f this
hi area: 6 people/635
l /6 fft2 not required
i d
189.1-2011 would only require DCV if limit is 0.025

51

BAY 1

BAY 2

BAY 3

BAY 4

52

53

AEDG recommends w/ specific efficiencies

90.1 requires because >80% OA for DOAS

54

90.1-2010 Effectiveness: 50%

55

56

 AEDG:
AEDG
Seal Class B (Traverse and longitudinal joints sealed)

90.1-2010: (6.4.4.2)
Seal Class A (All joints & openings)

189.1-2011:
Seal Class A

57

AEDG: R-6
58

59

 Thermal comfort
f setpoints
CLO = 0.6 0.8 (trousers and shirt)
Met Units = 1.0 (reading, seated; writing)

60

61

A high induction ratio

Discharge air normalization: discharge

temperatures closer to room temp

Room temp = 75F
Discharge temp = 64F

Higher average room air velocities

acceptable (30 fpm)
62

 Ventilation airflow
calculation
f
100% OA
Ventilation is the sum of all zones
4 Bays x 68 CFM/Bay = 272 CFM

63

64

 For any system, it is very important to write

clear instructions in the construction

documents.
For a relatively new design strategy like chilled

beams, it is doubly important to accurately

describe the system and paint a complete
picture of it.

65

 As mentioned in the p
previous example,
p , we

recommended to present the entire system at the

beginning
g
g of the construction document package.
p
g
This is even more important for a chilled beam

system.
t
Slide 7
70 has a DOAS diagram
g
that can be

modified to include any terminal device including

a chilled beam.
66

 Chilled beams can be installed fully exposed,

exposed

recessed within a suspended ceiling or

positioned above a perforated or an open grid
ceiling.
For beams installed within or above a ceiling,

suitable access must be provided for service

and maintenance.

67

 Chilled beams are relatively compact devices.

devices
They are installed right in the zone they serve.
They are relatively slim (most are less than 12 in.

in height)
height).
They do not require condensate drains/piping.

68

 Air ducts in a DOAS are relatively small,

small

because they only carry ventilation air.

Duct shafts in a DOAS system can then be

smaller.

69

70

The total load is 140 tons.

The heat pump capacities must be able to

handle the heating and the cooling loads.

IIn Atlanta,
Al
the
h cooling
li load
l d is
i the
h dominant
d i
load; so if the cooling load is met by the heat
pump capacities,
i i the
h h
heating
i lload
d will
ill too.

71

 Having selected a water-to-water heat pump

(WWHP) system to feed chilled and hot water

to cooling
l and
d hot
h water coils,
l we are limited
l
d
by the sizes commonly offered for WWHP.
In this case, we selected 3 x 30-ton units and 1

x 50-ton
50 ton unit.

72

 WWHP are piped in parallel.

3 x 30T WWHP are preferentially selected for

heating duty at first.

73

74

Tons off Refrigeration

 In this application,
application the heat pumps will

alternate from heating to cooling, and will thus

be providing hot water or chilled water.
water
To maintain a high COP:
Hot water temperature = 120oF
Chilled water temperature = 46oF

75

 Ground loop: Pumps are variable speed

controlled by temperature
Load loop: Pumps are variable speed

controlled by static pressure

76

To other
Bores
B

Water-toWater HP

Pump &
Redundant
Pump
T
T

To other
Chilled
Beams

Chilled Beam

77

 The BAS has to process that some of the coils will

be in heating mode (hot water from a WWHP in

heating mode) while most coils will need chilled
water (from the remaining WWHP).
The
Th voting
ti on modes
d off operation
ti iis usually
ll nott

detailed by the design engineer; the BAS

contractor (more likely a pre
pre-programmed
programmed
software offering) will address the sequencing of
WWHPs and the switching between modes
modes.
78

 The design
g engineer
g
has to detail the p
predicted

schedules of operations for the WWHPs:

In summer
summer, the heat pumps will all be in cooling

mode.
In shoulder seasons,
seasons the heat pumps will mostly

be in cooling except maybe for a morning warmup,

p, or for an exceptionally
p
y cool day.
y
In winter, one or more of the WWHPs will operate

mostly
ost y in heating
eat g mode.
ode
79

 Using the hourly load calculations output, you

can determine approximately when the

WWHPs willll go from
f
full
f ll cooling
l in summer, to
partial heating in shoulder season, to more
heating in winter.
Prepare a schedule for the BAS contractor, so

that the BAS schedule is based on your

calculations.
80

81

Chilled Beam:
Base specifications on performance
Noise
Throw
Air
Ai fl
flow
Avoid dimensions in specifications (too

manufacturer-specific)
f t
ifi )

82

Air handling unit / Make

up air unit:
Make-up
Base specifications on performance, materials

and dimensions
Favor Commercial over Custom
Special features can be expensive hooks ($$)
Checkered plate floors
g
Marine lights
Wall insulation over 2 in.
Materials
ASHRAE Stds 62.1 and 90.1 apply
83

Water-to-Water Heat Pump

Base on performance using real data points
Acoustics
A
i are not a major
j iissue, b
because WWHP

are not in occupied spaces

ASHRAE Std 90.1
90 1 must be met
Specify water quality (and/or materials in heat

exchanger)
Consider longest available warranty on

compressor
84

 Chilled beams are relatively new to the HVAC

industry so long-term historical data of the

equipments life
l f expectancy are rare.
However, we know that induction systems

lasted 30-40 years when properly maintained;

very few moving parts means that as long as
they are kept clean, they will likely work.

85

System
Chilled beams with Ground
Source Heat Pumps
Chilled beams with Water Source
Heat Pumps
Distributed Ground Source Heat
Pumps
Fan coil units with Ground Source
Heat Pumps

Relative LCC cost

over 25 years
$1.00
$0.94
$1.05
$1.19

Lets discuss the results...

This is for a specific example LCC results will vary based
on location, occupancy, size and type of building, etc.
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