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A. Santini
Istituto di Ingegneria Civile ed Energetica, Universith di Reggio Calabria, Via E.
Cuzzocrea 48, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
(Received August 1992; revised version accepted 1992)
This paper presents two simplified methods for the dynamical analysis
of the response of frame-wall plane systems interacting with the
foundation soil. These methods are based on approximations widely
used in the literature and form an extension of those already presented
by the authors for structures on rigid soil. Interaction effects on the
dynamical structural response are shown by using the numerical results
obtained by these methods.
0141-0296/93/060431-08
1993Butterworth-HeinemannLtd
Engng Struct. 1993, Volume 15, Number 6 431
TI
"J
Tjsj_ 1
where
T
T
s~" = I f jT, aj,
d~r~,fo
]
[y,, q~,]
f ~ = Iv0, 0g]
U~_l
rJsfo + r'La, + r oL
"_
Yj-1
"~]-1=~J-1+ J-1
P
.....
....
w
Mj_l
Figure 2 Typical segment of coupled frame-wall system, components of state vectors sj and s/ 1
432
(1)
(2)
TI]ffo + T~sds +
T~af o = 0
(3)
providing a set of relationships for the unknown components of subvectors fo and ds. An additional set of
relationships may be obtained by writing the equilibrium
equations for the foundation plate at the interface between soil and structure (Figure 3). This can be written as
~ o + f,o + f~ = 0
(4)
Equations of motion
By specifying the equations of motion for the structural
system, a mathematical model fully equivalent to that
presented in the previous section is obtained. Such equations may easily be written in terms of displacements by
using Hamilton's principle (see Appendix 2). For computational convenience, the equation of motion is written in
matrix form as
M~l + Cd + K d = ml(r~g + z'Og)
L = K~ds
+ (M o + A - ogzE)fg = 0
(5)
and
00 = 0
~), = O,oexp{ir~t}
and
6o = 0
or
(6)
.....
.....
(7)
wall
.
So-S;+S~
Ido-M;+Mg
The behaviour of a periodic frame-wall system is governed by the following dimensionless parametersT:
%=%'+q =
v/////////////////////////z
s.
gw/n
F f Co
a.
Y
N
# = le'h/R .
=_ s.
- - T
Figure 3
Forces
structure and soil
I
acting on foundation plate at interface between
i = -i/(mh z)
= c/(2m09,)
=
/(2r09,)
EI /ZEI
433
a reference frequency
total rigidity
total mass of superstructure
interstorey height
mt
hJ r
a = G,h4/R,/2(1 + v)
7, = P,h3t /m,
7o = mo/mt
t = i/h
Numerical applications
The structure chosen for the numerical applications is a
12-storey periodic building 18, whose plan is shown in
Figure 4. The storey mass m is 57.6 kNs2m - 1, the total
height h t is 36 m and the elastic modulus E is 2 x 107 kN
m -2 for both the frame and the wall. The flexural
stiffnesses in the Y direction for the wall and the frame
are E l " = 7.50 x 1 0 6 k N m 2 and E1 y = 256000 k N m 2,
respectively. By neglecting the effects of rotatory inertia
in the frame's girders and of hysteretic damping in the
wall and in the frame columns, the parameters which
characterize the superstructure take the following values:
p = 29.30; p = 2.53; N = 12; t = 0; a n d / Z ~ = y = 0.
The viscous damping coefficients and were given so
that they have a 5~o damping ratio for both the first and
second vibration mode of the structure on rigid soil. The
foundation is taken as a rigid circular plate of radius r
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
10'1'
I
2
I
4
10 ~
lO 2
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
o.
.....
~.
Y
0
""%.
,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'IT
2
0'15 T
e
|
--'R
--
o
e-
x
3~
In
-2~
0.4
t~v
0.O'F
Figure 4
434
I
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
10
Frequency (Hz)
102'
I
300
I
400
I
500
10 3
10 2
,-,,
E
10
~,
I
I O0
10-II
I0
-&
I
200
10 - I
v, (m,-1)
10- 2
10-3
600
10
Frequency (Hz)
10
,'"',
2
,-
....-"
; ..........
...o,.
1.
lnr
-10
2
0
-Tr
0
12
Y/~r,
10
Frequency (Hz)
Figure8
435
hJr = 4.
This time the smallest response in terms of displacements is no longer attained by the structure on rigid soil
because, for flexible soils, the response is enhanced for
shear wave velocities above a value of 100 ms-~ and is
abated for smaller values. It will be shown later how this
type of behaviour is related to the effect of radiation
damping.
Modal dampin 9 ratios
The interaction effect on the structural response is related
to the change in the modal damping ratios 1-4. For a
structure on an elastic halfspace, those ratios depend on
both the loss of energy in the structure and the energy
lost by radiation in the halfspace. It is well known that
the dynamic interaction tends to reduce the damping in
the superstructure 4. When this decrease is not counterbalanced by the presence of radiation damping, the
overall damping may be less than that pertaining to the
structure on rigid soil, with a subsequent increase in the
structural response which, in some cases, may be quite
dramatic.
The overall damping ratios may be evaluated by
means of the approximate formula 6
1 .~j C(cbj)Xj
where thj and ,~'j are respectively thejth frequency and the
jth modal shape obtained by the solution of problem (7).
The damping ratios for the first two modes of the
soil-structure interacting systems, labelled in Figure 7 as
A, B, C, D, E, F, are given in Table 1.
Because the structure on rigid soil has 1.-- ~2 = 5~o,
~1 may be larger or smaller than ~1, while 32 is always
considerably larger than ~2- Thus, at least for the present
case, the contribution to the response from the second
mode is far less significant for the interacting system than
it is for the structure on rigid soil.
t~
12
10
8
///V==150
lifts-1
//
1"~=4
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Y/YT,
Figure 9
436
~1 (%)
~2 (%)
0.1 6
29.39
0.46
11.24
1.01
6.89
7.80
78.51
4.51
24.1 9
4.43
8.32
Conclusions
Two mathematical models for the dynamic analysis of
frame-wall systems interacting with the foundation soil
have been presented. The interface between the soil and
the structure is represented by a thin rigid plate. The soil
is modelled as an elastic or viscoelastic halfspace. Although these assumptions are not always fully justified,
they allow for the definition of rather simple mathematical models representing complex structures. The two
models, one based on the transfer matrix concept and the
other on the formulation of the equations of motion, are
fully equivalent and both may be used in a frequencydomain analysis. The second model may also be used in
an approximate time-domain modal analysis 6. However,
these analyses will be considered in another paper.
The first model has been used to establish, through
frequency response functions, the characteristics of the
soil-structure interaction for frame-wall systems. For the
sake of simplicity only periodic structures have been
considered and the most significant parameters have
been identified. The geometric parameter hJr appears to
be of paramount importance through which the size of
the foundation could be used to control the effects of the
soil-structure interaction. Large values of this parameter
2.061 Hz
a
0.120 Hz
<
(
a, l/
1.210 Hz
9.215 Hz
4.916 Hz
<
<
>
3.172 Hz
2.4.37 Hz
14.969 Hz
>
%
5.853 Hz
1
l
I
b
0.321 Hz
1.146 Hz
2.281 Hz
1.408 Hz
5.107 Hz
Figure 10 First five undamped frequencies and modes of vibration for structure on rigid soil and for soil-structure interacting systems; cases A
and D in Figure 7. (a), rigid soil; (b), case A: Vs = 50 ms -1, ht/r = 10; (c), case D: Vs = 50 ms -~, ht/r = 4
Acknowledgments
References
1 Luco, J. E. 'Linear soil-structure interaction: a review', Earthquake ground motion and its effects on structures, ASME 1982,
AMD 53, S. K. Datta (Ed.), New York, pp. 41-57
2 Veletsos, A. S. and Nair, V. V. D. 'Seismic interaction of structures
on hysteretic foundations', J. Struet. Div., ASCE 1975, 101 (ST1),
109-129
3 Veletsos, A. S. 'Dynamics of structure-foundation systems', in
Structural and geotechnical mechanics, a volume honoring N. M.
Newmark (W. J. Hall Ed.) Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff, N J,
15, Number
437
Appendix 2
Equations of motion
Foundation
[ K r r -- (mo + mt)~2]ys +
Ky~, - mh
co2 c~
J
mtz~2 E YJ
\j= 1
= - ( m o + m,)i~g - mh
"Oo
J
+[oo
,=1+2}s
Appendix 1
Definition of matrices appearing in equation (5)
=-mh(j~,J)i~-( ,+Nl+mh2~j=ljz)~,
F o r a p e r i o d i c s t r u c t u r e the m a t r i c e s in e q u a t i o n (5) t a k e
the f o r m :
First floor
lint N
mhj~=lJ
[ mhj~ j
N I + rnh2~ fl]
Vmw;].
B = LmhV~j,
o=[o o ,O1o
~mW~].
[mWf, 1
D = LmhV~], E = LmhV~j
jth floor
-moa2ys -jmhco2c~s - ( 6 :
where
N
m
h
m~ = N m
I
mo
Io
n u m b e r of storeys
floor m a s s
interstorey height
t o t a l m a s s of s u p e r s t r u c t u r e
floor m a s s m o m e n t of i n e r t i a
f o u n d a t i o n plate m a s s
f o u n d a t i o n plate m a s s m o m e n t of i n e r t i a
(: 1
j=l
vT =
jr~
= ~,
4, ~, ~l
j=l
where T{ is the f o u r t h r o w of t h e j t h p o w e r of the t r a n s f e r
matrix.
438
+ 6W)yj_ 1 --
Off)f-1
(6: + 6W)yj+x +
O:c~f+.:
OYyj+1