INTRAPOPULATIONAL VARIATION

By
Name
Student Number
Section
Group
Assistant

: Lutfia Nirwana
: B1K014029
: I
: 3
: Ernestin Sianipar

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL SYSTEMATIC I

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHEEDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMANUNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
PURWOKERTO
2016
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The population is a collection of individuals of one kind of organism. This
notion put forward to explain that individuals a kind of organism can be widespread
in the earth, but not all of them can be interconnected to hold a marriage or exchange
of genetic information, because the place apart. Other individuals who were living in
a particular place and among human beings can perform marriages so as to hold the
exchange of genetic information is expressed as a group called the population. Others
say that the population is a group of individuals with similar characteristics (species)
that live occupy the same space at a certain time (Darbohoesodo, 1976).
Indeed, the population of most animals are composed of several different
phena, as a result of several processes such as variations in the age of sexual
variation, seasonal variation, polymorphism and so on. Failure on this variation will
result in errors in the determination of a species and a specific category. An
understanding of the variations that occur in animal populations is very important in
the taxonomy (Darbohoesodo, 1976).
Intra population variation are the differences found in animals in a
population. Variations in nature is influenced by two main factors, namely genetic
and non-genetic factors. Genetic factors are factors that affect the variation of species
caused by the events of inheritance from parent to offspring, namely through the
factors heredity carrier (DNA). Non genetic factors are factors that affect the
variation of species in the population due to factors other than genetic, ie as due to
age variation, seasonal variation in an individual, social variation, variation habitat
(Inger & Iskandar, 2005).
B. Purpose
The purpose of this practicum, they are:
1.

Students are able to recognize some variation (age, sex, seasonal, polymorphism,
etc.) within the population.

2.

Students are able to determine the species based on the variation within
population.

3.

Students are able to use computer aplication software in the research of

intrapopulation of interpopulation variation.

CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Intrapopulation variation are the differences found in animals in a population.
While variations interpopulasi ie an animal population difference with other animal
populations. Broadly speaking, there are two causes of variation is genetic and nongenetic factors. Variations non-genetic their presence because of their age variation,
seasonal variation in an individual, seasonal variations in some breeds, social
variation, habitat variation, variation due to climatic conditions temporary, variations
determined by the host, the variation depending on the density, varaiasi alometrik,
variations neurogenetic, traumatic variations and variations of parasitic induction and
changes in the post-death. Genetic variation, occur because of sexual dimorphism as
sex differences sex primary and secondary, gynandromormorf and intersex, sex and
uniparental strain as well as variations of discontinuous and continuous variation
(Darbohoesodo, 1976). Genetic variation menggambarkankeragaman on one species,
the diversity seen from the characteristics, both within (genotype) and external
(phenotype), when seen as a genotype, a genetic variation present in the result of
crosses have a variety of different (Muharam, 2012).
Examples of genetic variations, among others:
1. Sexual dimorphism is the variation associated sex. Communicates the sexually
dimorphic behavior and morphology linking structure that can change widely,
even among closely related species and this character gives an ideal opportunity to
examine the evolution of the pattern of the structure-function. The series of
questions about sex differences in the relationship between the expansion and
evolution of dewlap and muscle morphology and cartilage mengonrol it. Sex
differences in reproductive morphology and behavior have been documented
(Johnson, 2010).
Difference of primary sex differences in the organs used for reproduction
(gonads, genitalia).
Differences in secondary sexual dimorphism that these differences are most
noticeable merupakansexual hewan.Perbedaan between males and females
sometimes sangatterbatas.Kadang very real difference that is described as a
distinct species. An example is the older brother king (Eclectus rotatus Muller)
male is green with orange hull and females are red and blue with a black hull.
Both are considered distinct species until almost 100 years.

 Intersex is an individual that shows the character mix between male and female
characters. The results from the balanced arrangement between the gene that
carries the tendency of male and female tendencies. The composition of such
genes are thought to be caused by irregularities in fertilization or mitosis, or
because of physiological disorders due to parasitism.
Gynandromorp is an individual that shows the male characters on one part of his
body and female character on the part of the body. An example is the butterfly,
lobster, crab.
2. Continuous variation that variation is due to genetic differences are very low. The
average value, variance and coefficient of variation for each of the properties is
the character of each of the populations and species.
Gynandromorph are individuals who show a male character on the part of his
body and female character on the part of the body (butterfly, lobster, crab). Intersek
are individuals who show the character mix between male characters and female
characters that occur as a result of the balanced arrangement between the gene that
carries the male tendency of female tendency, for example, that the worm. Sexual
dimorphism is a characteristic possessed by humans or other living creatures because
of their gender differences refer to differences in size, shape, color and others
(Qurratu'aini, 2010). Gynandromorfi can be distinguished from intersek with a clear
separation of male and female parts in the same individual, whereas the feminization
of male intersek occur due to reduction of the symmetrical nature of the male. In
gynandromorfi have genetic campuransel men and women genetically, while the
development of the extreme temperatures, parasites or recessive mutant gene resulted
intersek (Ali and Rasheed, 2008).
Polymorphism or specialization forms for the division of labor, is
characteristic of many social colonies. Individuals experiencing specialization for the
function of feeding, defense or reproduction (Djuhanda, 1982). Caste soldier and
worker ants are famous examples in social insect colonies. Structurally united
colonies can also have a complex polymorphism. Sexual dimorphism is related to
various time differences, size, color and structure between the males and females of
the species suatau polymorphism. Sexual dimorphism present in many animals
nonkoloni (Mayr, 1982).
The example of polymorphism is goldfish, the goldfish is a very important
ornamental fish in China, as well as a very popular pet around the world due to its

variety of color patterns and morphological characteristics. It is speculated that this

species was derived from wild crucian carp (C. auratus) under the combined forces
of natural selection and domestication pressures, especially artificial breeding
practice. As consequence, goldfish has been developed in plenty of varieties or
strains, such as the dragon-eye, moor, and ryukin strains. In human-mediated
domestication process, the breeders have paid more attention to the goldfish variation
and hoped to develop the goldfish with high ornamental value and to keep their
substantial variation . According to dorsal fin, two taxonomies of goldfish can be
clearly defined: one consists of dorsal fins goldfish (such as shubunkin and
kurodemekin) and another is non dorsal fins goldfish (such as ranchu, chotengan and
chinese ranchu). The non-dorsal fin goldfish would have originated from the dorsal
fin goldfish (Zaizhong, et.al., 2015).
Examples of non-genetic variation, according to Mayr (1982) among others :
1. The individual variation by age
Variation age that the animals will pass juvenile or larval phase is very different
from the adult stage. Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia has immature form quite
different from the adult.
Seasonal variations in one individual is an animal that lives through several
seasons can show individual variations. Birds will have a brighter color in the
mating season and turned pale after the breeding season. Some species of coat
color changes occur only in individual males.
Seasonal variations in different breeds of puppies that are emerging in the winter
will be born puncat of summer. Some tropical butterfly has Phena dry season
(dry) and Phena rainy season. Cyclomorphosis ie morphological changes due to
seasonal changes such as changes in temperature, turbulence and so forth.
The example of variation age in invertebrate animal is butterfly. Optimal flight
in butterflies depends on structural features of the wings and body, including
wing size, flight muscle size, and wing loading. We weighed individual body
parts, including the thorax (flight muscle) and wings, and computed wing
loading and wing thickness for all specimens. When we compared each
morphological trait between sexes, we found that females did not differ from
males in terms of relative thorax (wing muscle) size. Females were generally
smaller than males, but females had relatively thicker wings than males for their
size, which suggests greater mechanical strength. Importantly, females had

significantly lower wing loading than males (7% lower). This would translate to
more efficient flight, which may explain their higher migratory success (Davis &
Holden, 2015)
2. Social Variation
Insects are examples of social variation.
3. Variations ecology
Variation habitat are the mussels that live in different regions upstream of the
living downstream. Individuals who live in waters with a high lime content
results in a shell different from waters with low lime.
Variation due to climate change is temporary in animals with high plasticity,
different if conditions change. Fish will grow slowly but otherwise if the good
environmental conditions and sufficient food supply will grow rapidly.
Variation due to host that parasites that live on a different host will memeiliki
morphological or physiological differences. For example parasites.
Variation due to density, for example, certain locusts have biologically unstable
phase. Each phase has anatomy, color and character behave differently.
Variation allometric which individuals in the population who have alometrik
growth will result in variations alometrik (heterogonik), generally occurs in
insects. Examples of the ant's head, horns frontal and thorax on ladybugs, beetles
mandible.
Variations neurogenic or neurohumoral that is focused on changing the color of
an animal in response to the environment. Change happens because the spreadgathering organ atu color carriers (chromatophore). Occurred in the chameleon,
crustaceans, cephalopods and vertbrata cold blooded (Kurniati, et.al., 1997).
4. Variations traumatic
Variation Induction parasite that is in addition to the general impact of
parasitism such as swelling, disorders and other mechanical injuries can also
cause structural modifications.
Changes postmortem namely plumage color change due to the loss of volatile
components dalamwarna and use of chemicals as preservatives or killers such as
cyanide.
Selecting animals obtained from an area four possibilities will arise, as noted in
the following table.
Table Grille Determination for Example Sympatric

No. Morphology
1.
2.

Not

occurred

reproductive Occurred

reproductive

isolation
isolation
Phena the same from one
Identical
sibling species
species
Phena different from the same
Different
different species
species
Isolation mechanism that prevents the close of allied species and inhabit the

same geographic area to mate with each other, called sympatric species to
differentiate with allopatrik species, which closely related species living in different
geographic areas. Sympatric species prevalent, for example in frogs Bengal
(bullfrog), green frogs, tree frogs and spotted frog genus Rana all of which are
included can be found in or near the same pool. These animals or animals other
sympatric prevented mating by many mechanisms of reproductive isolation
(Wodsedalck, 1970).
Allopatric speciation is speciation by geographic isolation, for example by
habitat fragmentation and migration. Selection under these conditions can produce
very rapid changes in the appearance and behavior of the organism, because of
selection and drift act independently on populations isolated, separation may
eventually produce organisms that can not interbreed. Allopatrik speciation occurs
because of physical barriers such as rivers, mountains, and geographical location.
This barrier separating the population from its parent population, which means
cutting the gene flow between the two pupulasi. Their isolation to form a number of
genetic differences, including reproductive barrier that distinguishes it from its parent
population. Examples of these are the result of speciation allopatrik the evolution of
the population of finches in the Galapagos Islands that is separate from its parent
population in the southern part of the Americas (Suranto, 2000).
A low level of genetic variation is doubtful for further adaptation to
environmental change nature. Discussion with genetic diversity in native range is
relevant to the planning of conservation action to secure the long-term maintenance
of this type of variability and viability. Genetic diversity is important to the longterm survival with genetic variations thought to shrink berduajangka short and longterm power adjustment of population variables and changes in the natural
environment (Ranjan, 2009).

Arlequin 3.5 is a software that can analyze a population genetic data with a
variety of basic methods and statistical tests. Arlequin is a translation of the word
"Arlecchino" of Francis yangmerupakan language characters are the famous Italian
"Commedia dell'Arte". Polymorphic capability symbolized by the costumes in a
variety of colors that become design icons Arlequin.Arlequin 3.5 can analyze and
infer genetic information andvarious demographic aspects of the collection of the
sample population (Excoffier, et al., 2005).
DnaSP is an interactive computer program used to analyze the DNA
polymorphism of the data string of nuleotida. This program can calculate some
measure variations in the DNA strand and between populations (noncoding) in the
same area or not, gene flow, gene conversion, recombination and linkage
disequilibrium parameters. In addition, the test can

do Fu and Li's, Hudson,

Kreitman and Aguad's, McDonald and Kreitman, and Tajima. Software DnaSP very
useful for researchers who want to analyze the DNA strand polimerfisme both
intrapopulasi and interpopulasi (Kreitman, 1983).
A haplotype is, in the simplest terms, a specific group of genes or alleles that
progeny inherited from one parent. There are, however, several specific definitions of
the term being used in the field of genetics. First, it is a portmanteau word for
haploid genotype, which is a collection of specific alleles (that is, specific DNA
sequences) in a cluster of tightly-linked genes on a chromosome that are likely to be
inherited together that is, they are likely to be conserved as a sequence that survives
the descent of many generations of reproduction (Johnson, 2010).

CHAPTER III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Mat

erial

The tools used in the lab event is speciment tray, forceps, gloves, magnifying
glass, microscope, camera, stationary, Arlequin 3.5 software and computer.
Materials used include specimens at every stage of life frog (Fejervarya
cancrivora), lizards (Eustopis multifasciata), goldfish (Carassius auratus), male and
female crickets (Gryllus sp.), and bees (Apis sp.).

B. Methods
The method is performed in the lab include:
1. Student draw and take picture of frog life stage, and defline the variation within
population.
2. Student draw and take picture of monitors and crikets (male and female), the
reproductive organs, and define the variation within population.
3. Student observe the bees colony and define the variation within population.
4. Student observe the goldfish polymorphism and defline the variation within
population.
5. Student complete the interm population.

B. Discussion

Cricket (Gryllus sp.) has morphologycal of the male and female are different.
The female cricket have a bigger size then male, have ovipositor while male didnt
have. And female criket have a bigger and longer wing than male cricket. Cricket has
genetic variation intrapopulational it is sexual dimorphism. Variation intrapopulation
genetic also intersex (hemaphrodite), the example invertebrate animal is earthworm
(Pheretima sp.). The earthworm (Pheretima sp.) are hemphrodite sincrone. It have
two sex, female and male.
Lady bug (Coccinellidae sp.) have morphological of each lady bug are
different, some of them are red colour, volcadote, black, etc. So, because it lady bug
(Coccinellidae sp.) have variation intrapopulation polimorphism. Butterfly
(Rhopalocera sp.) have morphological of young butterfly are caterpillar while the
mature are butterfly. It has different morphology but its still one species. Butterfly
(Rhopalocera sp.) have variation intapopulation age there are non genetic variation.
The example social variation in non genetic variation is ant (Formicidae sp.),
bee (Apis sp.) and termites (Isoptera sp.) have morphological variation is depend on
each social funtion, as queen, drown, and worker. Each have its unique
characteristics. The queen is long abdoment, the drown its thorrax and abdoment
inequal size, and the worker small size.
And the othe variation non genetic is allometric, the example animal
invertebrate animal is horn bug (Cerambycidae sp.). It have different morphology
depent of its nutrition and metabolism. It make different ratio of dimensional object.
In vertebrate animal also have variation intrapopulation of age. The example animal
is frog (Fejervarya cancrivora). Intrapopulation variation that causes by age. Can see
and compare young and adult of an organism look like different species. The frog
(Fejervarya cancrivora) have metamorphosis stages they are premetamorfik as
tadpole, prometamorfik as tadpole with leg, and metamorfik climax as froglet with
tail.
Variation sexual dimorphism (genetic) in vertebrate animal its example is
lizards (Eustopis multifasciata). Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in
form between individuals of different sex in the same species. For the example the
male and female of lizards (Eustopis multifasciata). In social variation vertebrate
animal is wolf (Canis lupus). The wolf (Canis lupus) have social position it is the
variation intapopulation causes by the placement position group of organism.

The variation polimorphism in vertebrate animal is goldfish (Carassius

auratus). Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) is a freshwater fish of familia and
order Cypriniformes Cyprinidae. Carassius auratus auratus varieties of domesticated
and displays finned tail mutations body double and compressed round shape.
Goldfish is one example of polymorphism genetic variation, which has a lot of
morphological variation.
Goldfish kinds Penser have a web or a bump on the head. Number of anal fin
of the goldfish This fish is two. Shape rounded mouth with shades of orange colored
body. The body shape of the fish of this kind is a long round, forked caudal fin and
eye flat. Goldfish kinds Pearl does not have a web or a bump on the head. Having an
anal fin and has a shape pointed mouths. This goldfish patterned orange, black and
white with the small round body shape. Caudal fin forked flat and have eyes.
Goldfish Lowo types do not have a web or a bump on the head, had an anal fin.
Goldfish Lowo of fish's mouth are small round. The patterned black goldfish with
long rounded body shape, has a forked caudal fin and has a protruding eyes. Goldfish
types Komet not have a web or a bump on the head. Having an anal fin, mouth
rounded shape. Long body shape with shades of orange and white color. Caudal fin
unbranched and have eyes that average. Goldfish Rancu types do not have a web or
a bump on the head and has the mouth shapes that taper. Goldfish is patterned yellow
and black with short rounded body shape. Goldfish types Rancu has no anal fin, but
have a forked caudal fin and has a flat eye.
The variation non genetic (habitat) in the vertebrate animal is finch bird
(Fringillidae sp.). The intrapopulation variation it caused by its habitat. Some of
finch bird have different beak. It is depend on this habitat and its food.
Species sibling (variation interpopulation) is one of two ore more species that
are nearly indistingui shable morphologically. And usually its look like the same
species, but actually it is in different species. For the example in hamster (Phodopus
sp.). We see that winter (Phodopus songorus), campbell (Phodopus campbelli), and
robovsky (Phodopus robovskii) like in the same species but actually not. It is
different species.
The first step taken to operate DnaSP is a way to change the format of the
data in the form FASTA first in order to be read by DnaSP. Open the application
DnaSP then click open and locate the folder containing the data form FASTA earlier,
and then click open and select requend sequence set. Copy sequences (ranging from

breeding, Bira and so on), click the right arrow and choose select all if the data a lot.
After that, click add new sequences set and will appear small windows, and then
name the population and click ok. Search for the next population in the same way
that the copy sequence, click the right arrow and choose select all, then choose add
new sequences, name population and click ok. Repeat this step until stocks last, after
all the populations finished in the entry, click updates all entries. Data for the
population already stored. Select generate, then click Hypothyled the data file to
determine sequence information, click considered and then select included.
Steps in running the software Arlequin 3.5: first, the DNA sequence of the
sequence data prepared in advance. After arlequin software is opened, starting with a
new project menu, input type DNA thereto. DNA sequence data set as a sample and
divided into haplotype list and then stored with the genetic structure .arp format, then
create a new project in the tab Arlequin. Copy the DNA sequences contained in the
notepad by blocking halotype file, select the name of the desired taxa and the
sequence data. Copy the file into the project halotypes arlequin be used. A sample
format that will be used by the place, then stored and used to find the molecular
diversity, reopen arlequin, and start a new project. Input initial data that has been
created to be calculated, for the diversity index obtained hasi molecular diversity and
genetic structure can be seen on the table results amova and comparison populations,
then will get the desired result. Used a population sample taken from different
geographical conditions. Distribution haplotypes also scattered in different locations,
causing the diversity of participating influenced different sample sizes and
haplotypenya. In standard diversity indices are influenced by a number sequence, dna
copy, locus number and level polimorfismenya. At the molecular diversity is
influenced by the sample size and composition of the nucleotides contained.

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESION

A. Conclusion
Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded as follows:
1. The causes of variation there are 2 kinds of genetic and non-genetic variation.
Genetic variation one of which is sexual dimorphism and polymorphism. Nongenetic variation one of which is age variation and social variation.
2. Variation occurs in the life of a frog (Fejervarya cancrivora). Variations
polymorphism occurs in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Sexual dimorphism
variation occurs in lizards (Eustropis multifasciata) and crickets (Gryllus sp.).
And social variation occurs on bees (Apis sp.)
3. Software Arlequin 3.5 is a computer program that can provide the analysis and
the conclusions of the sampled genetic information on a wide variety of
demographics. DnaSP is a computer program that analyzes a polymorphism in
the DNA strand both intra and interpopulasi.
B. Suggesion
Preparations for entry should not be charged to the lab animal practitioner, as
the practitioner is already paying UKT. Mixture test animals were taken by the
practitioner if and only if the practitioner did inhal practicum course

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Calsium

noo

Achantina
fulica

Sephia sp.

Deustromia
Citin
Luidia sp.

Tagmatization

Octopus sp.

Cephalotorrax

Needles
Protostromia

Heterometrus sp.
Gryllus sp.
Thorrax

Ovipositor
Stand out
Valanga sp.

Non Ovopositor

Orthetium sabina