giga zedania

ara-sxvis kuzeliseuli cneba

nikolaus kuzelis1 (1401-1464) filosofias safuZvlad udevs
intuicia, rom radganac sasrulsa da usasrulos Soris proporcia ar
SeiZleba arsebobdes2, amitom usasrulos gamosakvlevad ar
ivargebs meTodi, romelic, Cveulebriv, mecnieruli gamokvlevisas
gamoiyeneba. am wanamZRvridan TiTqos erTmniSvnelovnad
unda gamomdinareobdes usasrulosa da sasrulis dapirispireba,
romelsac logikur Sedegad is daskvna eqneboda, rom Cven,
rogorc sasrul arsebebs, usasrulos Semecneba ar ZalgviZs,
amitomac sasrulo sagnebis kvleviT unda davkmayofildeT.
magram am pirvel STabeWdilebas SecdomaSi SevyavarT: kuzeli
askvnis, rom radgan Cven ar ZalgviZs usasrulos zusti
Semecneba, amis gamo Cven arc sxva raime sasruli myofis zusti
saxiT Semecneba SegviZlia3. rogorc kardinalis erT gviandel
naSromSi
vkiTxulobT:
"filosofiuri
monadireebi,
romlebic
cdilobdnen sagnebis raobebis moxelTebas RmerTis raobis codnis
gareSe, da isinic, romlebic cdilobdnen RvTis mudam
Sesamecnebeli raobis Secnobas, tyuilad Svrebodnen, radgan
mcodne arcodnis velze ar iyvnen Semdgarni" 4.
am citatis bolos naxsenebi mcodne arcodna (docta ignorantia)
kuzelis fundamentur moZRvrebas warmoadgens. mcodne
arcodna swored is arazusti codnaa, romelic mudam iZleva
sakuTari sizustis xarisxis gazrdis SesaZleblobas. swored am
codnas unda mivmarToT, rodesac vxvdebiT, rom arc usasrulo da
arc sasrul yofierTan ar gvaqvs pirdapiri da ueWveli mimarTeba,
romelic namdvili codnis garanti iqneboda. magram Tavdapirveli
kuzelis Sesaxeb ix.: g. TevzaZe, "nikoloz kuzaneli", wignSi: Sua saukuneebis filosofiis
istoria, Tbilisi 1996; b. moiziSi, "nikolaus kuzeli: De coniecturis", filosofiuri
ganazrebani 1 (2001), 117-134. (filosofosis saxelis qarTuli transkrifciis Sesaxeb aqve
SevniSnavT, rom rogorc qarTul filosofiur literaturaSi damkvidrebul "kuzanels", ise
Cvens mier arCeul "kuzels" TavianTi Sesatyvisi germanuli formebi gaaCniaT).
2
Nicolaus de Cusa, De docta ignorantia I 3, in: Opera omnia (= h), Vol. I, ed. E. Hoffmann, R.
Klibansky, Leipzig 1932, 8, 20-21: "Ex se manifestum est infiniti ad finitum proportionem non esse".
3
oRond am arazusti codnis sferoSi ori gamonaklisi arsebobs: maTematikuri obieqtebi,
romelTa dasabamic adamianur gansjaSia da adamianisave mier xelovnurad
damzadebuli xelsawyoebi; rogorc Cans, swored kuzels Semoaqvs filosofiaSi idea,
rom mxolod imis Semecneba ZalgviZs, rac Cven TviTon davamzadeT _ koncefcia,
romelsac SemdegomSi gaiziareben viko (ix. I. Berlin, "Vicos Begriff des Wisssens", in: Gegen
das Gelufige, 1982, 196-206) da kanti: "goneba mxolod imas swvdeba, rasac TviTon is
sakuTari monaxazis mixedviT awarmoebs" ("wminda gonebis kritika", B XIV).
4
Nicolaus de Cusa, De venatione sapientiae XII, ed. R. Klibansky, I. G. Senger, in: Opera omnia, Vol. XII,
Hamburg 1982, 34, 16-19: "Vides nunc venatores philosophos, qui nisi sunt rerum quiditates ignorata
quiditate dei venari et qui dei quiditatem semper scibilem facere scitam nisi sunt, fecisse labores inutiles,
quoniam campum doctae ignorantie non intrarunt".
1

dapirispirebidan usasrulos (RmerTis) da sasrulos Soris bevri

aRaraferi rCeba. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva _ rogor unda
ganisazRvros maSin am ori cnebis urTierTmimarTeba?
es mimarTeba ar SeiZleba iyos winaaRmdegobaze
dafuZnebuli.
marTlac,
Tu
usasrulos
sasrulis
sapirispirod
moviazrebT, amiT Cven swored am usasrulos vaqcevT sasrulad,
imiT, rom mas sazRvars davudebT, SemovsazRvravT sasruliT.
sasruli ver warmoidgineba usasrulos gareT da gareSe myofad,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cven veRar vilaparakebdiT namdvil
usasrulobaze: "gxedav ufalo . . . rom usasrulo xar. amitom araferia
SenTvis sxva an gansxvavebuli an dapirispirebuli. usasruloba
SeuTavsebelia sxvaobasTan, radgan Tu aris usasrulo, maSin
araferia mis gareT. absoluturi usasruloba yovelives Seicavs da
moicavs. amitom, rom arsebobdnen usasruloba da sxva mis
gareT, maSin arc usasruloba iarsebebda da arc _ sxva" 5.
magram usasrulobis es axali gageba, romelic SeuZlebels
xdis mis eqsplikacias sasrulTan martiv korelaciaSi, ayenebs
kardinalur amocanas kuzelis winaSe _ cnebiT CarCoSi Casvas
Tavad es RmerTi Tu ara, maSin am RmerTis moazrebis
SeuZlebloba mainc.
RmerTisaTvis
yoveli
dadebiTi
predikatis
miweris
arasakmarisobis cnobierebidan aris amozrdili negatiuri Teologia,
romlis legitimurobasac kuzeli sakuTari filosofiuri ganviTarebis
yvela etapze aRiarebs, dawyebuli pirveli ZiriTadi filosofiuri
Sromidan ("mcodne arcodnis Sesaxeb", 1440) 6 damTavrebuli
1458 wels dawerili "beriliT" 7. magram miuxedavad privilegirebuli
poziciisa, romelic negatiur Teologias uWiravs, is kuzelisaTvis sxva
araferia, Tu ara pozitiuris meore mxare. orive gzis, orive
"meTodis" safuZvelSi gansjaa (ratio), romlisTvisac, Tavis mxriv,
ganmsazRvrelia winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. "RmerTi
aris sikeTe" (hoyofiTi Teologia), "RmerTi ar aris sikeTe" (uaryofiTi
Teologia) _ orive es gamonaTqvami gamoricxvis meTodzea
damyarebuli, da amitom arc erT maTgans ar ZaluZs usasrulos
moazreba.8
amiT Cven mivuaxlovdiT kuzelis meore fundamentur
koncefcias, kerZod ki moZRvrebas dapirispirebulTa damTxvevis
(coincidentia oppositorum) Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
5

Nicolaus de Cusa, De visione dei XIII, ed. A. D. Riemann, in: Opera omnia, Vol. VI, Hamburg 2000, 46,
10-15: "Domine Deus meus . . . video te ipsam infinitatem esse. Ideo nihil est tibi alterum vel diversum vel
adversum. Infinitas enim non compatitur secum alteritatem, quia cum sit infinitas nihil est extra eam.
Omnia enim includit et omnia ambit infinitas absoluta. Ideo quando foret infinitas et aliud extra ipsam non
foret infinitas neque aliud".
6
Nicolaus de Cusa, De docta ignorantia XXVI, h I, 54-56.
7
Nicolaus de Cusa, De beryllo 11, ed. I. G. Senger, C. Bormann, in: Opera omnia, Vol. XI 1, Hamburg
1988, 15, 11-13.
8
am pozicias kuzeli yvelaze naTlad 1453 wels erT-erT werilSi gamoTqvams, sadac
laparakia disunqciiur Teologiaze, romliTac RmerTTan an mtkicebebis saSualebiT
mivdivarT an uaryofebis. ix. E. Vansteenberghe, Autour de la docte ignorance: Une controverse sur
la thologie mystique au XVe sicle, Mnster 1915, 114.

amasTan
dakavSirebiT
im
garemoebas
aqvs,
rom
dapiripirebulebSi igulisxmeba ara marto relaciuri (mama/Ze), an
kontraruli
(TeTri/Savi),
aramed
kontradiqtoruli
saxiT
9
dapirispirebulnic (TeTri/ara-TeTri) . dapirispirebulTa damTxvevis
danaxva gansjas ar ZaluZs, es gonebis, inteleqtis (intellectus)
privilegiaa, romelic ara marto
gadis winaaRmdegobis
SeuZleblobis kanonis moqmedebis farglebidan10, aramed, kuzelis
mixedviT, swored is xdis SesaZlebels am kanonis genezisis
Cvenebas _ imis gamo, rom gansjis safuZveli da dasabami
swored gonebaa.
magram rogoraa SesaZlebeli am damTxvevis, am
koincidenciis cnebiTi, da saerTod, enobrivi gamoTqma? kuzeli
xSirad laparakobs gonis Wvretaze (visio mentis), romlis
gamoTqmac Cvens SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. "forma iZleva
yofnasa da Semecnebas; amitom is, rasac forma ar gaaCnia,
radgan formas win uswrebs an mosdevs, ver gaigeba, rogorc
RmerTi da materia da arara. rodesac maT gonis xedviT vwvdebiT,
es wvdoma gagebaze maRla an gagebaze dabla xdeba". 11 es
TiTqosda unda amarTlebdes mravalricxovan interpretatorTa mier
kuzelis mistikosad Tu ara, mistiuri filosofiis warmomadgenlad
Seracxvas mainc.12 saqme isaa, rom kuzelisaTvis ena, rogorc
diferenciaciis instrumenti, rogorc "gansxvavebaTa sistema",13
Sinaganad aris dakavSirebuli gansjasTan14, ris gamoc eWvis qveS
dgeba gonebiTi (e. i. koincidentaluri) WeSmaritebis gamoTqmis
SesaZlebloba enis SigniT. am mosazrebisaTvis tipuri citata rom
moviyvanoT: "vinc waikiTxavs, rac sxvadasxva wignebSi
damiweria, dainaxavs, rom xSirad dapirispirebulTa erTianobiT
viyavi dakavebuli, da rom isev da isev vcdilobdi dameskvna
inteleqtualuri
Wvretis
mixedviT,
romelic
gansjis
Zalas
dapirispirebulTa oTxi saxis Sesaxeb moZRvrebisaTvis Sua saukuneebSi (relacia,
privacia, kontraruli da kontradiqtoruli dapirispireba) ix. Thomas Aquinas, De Quattuor
Oppositis, in: Opuscula philosophica, Roma 1954, 207-217. dapirispirebulebTa Sesaxeb am
moZRvrebis warmoSoba cxadia aristoteluria. Sdr."metafizika " wigni IV, Tavebi II, IVVIII.
10
Vansteenberghe, 111-115: "sectretissima theologia, ad quam nullus philosophorum accessit, neque
accedere potest stante principio communi totius philosophie, scilicet quod duo contradictoria non
coincidant".
11
Nicolaus de Cusa, Directio speculantis seu de non aliud IX, ed. L. Baur, P. Wilpert, in: Opera omnia, Vol
XIII, Leipzig 1944, 19: "Forma dat esse et cognosci; ideo quod non est formatum, quia praecedit aut
sequitur, non comprehenditur, sicut Deus et hyle et nihil et talia. Quando illa visu mentis attingimus, supra
vel citra comprehensionem attingimus".
12
ix. magaliTad A. M. Haas, Deum mistice videre . . . in caligine coincidencie. Zum Verhltnis Nikolaus'
von Kues zur Mystik, Basel/Frankfurt am Main 1989.
13
es sosiuriseuli gamoTqma mTlianad Tavisufal asociacias ar umadlis am konteqstSi
gamoCenas, aqcenti enaze rogorc diferenciaciis mediumze aaxloebs enis kuzeliseul
koncefcias struqturuli lingvistikis fuZemdeblis warmodgenebTan.
14
K. O Apel,"Die Idee der Sprache bei Nikolaus von Cues", in; Archiv fr Begriffsgeschichte 1, (1955)
200-221; B. Mojsisch, "Philosophie der Sprache bei Nikolaus von Kues Explikation und Kritik", in: Die
Grenzen der Sprache. Sprachimmanenz - Sprachtranszendenz, hrsg. von Chr. Asmuth, Fr. Glauner, B.
Mojsisch, Amsterdam / Philadelphia 1998, 71-83.
9

aRemateba."15 magram sakiTxavia _ aris ki es visio intellectualis

aucileblad mistiuri momentis Semcveli?16 garda imisa, rom
mxolod inteleqtualur Wvretaze saubari namdvilad ver CaiTvleba
mistikurobis niSnad (am SemTxvevaSi sityva "mistika"
dakargavda konkretul azrs da miyenebadi gaxdeboda mag.,
platonis "nusisa" da huserlis "inteleqtualuri mWvretelobis"
cnebebis mimarT), erTi uaRresad sagulisxmo garemoebis
gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro _ kuzelTan es Wvreta WeSmaritebis
gauSualebeli wvdoma ki araa, romelic yovelive danarCens ukan
moitovebda; piriqiT, mxolod Seqmnili samyaros gavliT (iqneba es
grZnobadi Tu inteligibeluri yofieri) SegviZlia Cven am gonier
Wvretamde misvla. "maSasadame, saWiroa mWvreteli iseve
moiqces, rogorc is, vinc wiTeli minis gavliT ucqers Tovls; is Tovls
xedavs da wiTlis gamovlenas ara Tovls, aramed minas miawers,
aseve akeTebs goni, romelic formebis gavliT uWvrets uformos" 17.
da ramdenadac aseTi Wvretis komunicireba mxolod enis gavliT
SeiZleba moxerxdes, kuzeli SeuCerebliv muSaobs enaze, rac
mis mier Seqmnil neologizmebSic aisaxeba. erTi aseTi neologizmi
gvxvdeba 1460 wels daweril teqstSi "SeZlebaris Sesaxeb" (De
possest)18; rogorc ukve saTauridanve Cans, aq pirvelprincipis saxeli
swored dapirispirebulTa damTxvevis principis mixedviTaa
konstruirebuli, SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile, yofna _ kategoriebi,
romlebic
yovel
sxva
sasrul
myofSi
erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeba, pirvelprincipSi erTmaneTs emTxveva.
meore saintereso mcdelobas xelovnurad Seqmnili enobrivi
warmonaqmnebis Semotanisa absolutis aRsaniSnad vxvdebiT
kuzelisave teqstSi "saxelmZRvanelo mWvretelisaTvis anu arasxvis Sesaxeb". winamdebare statiaSi swored am mcdelobis
ganmartebas SevecdebiT.
mokle istoriuli beqgraundi: teqsti "ara-sxvis Sesaxeb" 19
1461-1462 wlebis zamTarSia dawerili, kardinalis romSi yofnis
15

Nicolaus de Cusa, De beryllo I, h XI 1, 3, 2-5: "Qui legerit ea, quae in variis scripsi libellis, videbit me in
oppositorum coincidentia crebrius versatum, quodque nisus sum frequenter iuxta intellectualem visionem,
quae excedit rationis vigorem, concludere".
16
Sdr. k. flaSis komentari wignSi: K. Flasch, Nicoalus Cusanus, Mnchen, 2001, gv. 24-25.
17
Nicolaus de Cusa, De non aliud IX, h XIII, 19-20: "Oportet igitur speculantem facere, uti facit videns per
vitrum rubeum nivem, qui nivem videt et apparentiam rubedinis non nivi, sed vitro attribuit, ita facit mens
per formam videns informatum".
18
mcire SeniSvna "SeZlebaris" rogorc terminis Sesaxeb: gansxvavebiT germanuli,
inglisuri da rusuli enebisagan, qarTuli gvaZlevs saSualebas, zustad vTargmnoT
laTinuri terminis struqtura, romelic posse-sa ("SeZleba") da est-s ("aris") Soris
arsebul ukanasknelsa da pirvel saerTo xmovan e-s umadlis sakuTar konstruqcias.
qarTul sityvebs "SeZleba" da "aris" aso "a" akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. es
damakavSirebeli xmovani sruliadac araa uniSvnelo teqstis argumentaciisaTvis, mas
teqstSi specialuri fsevdokabalisturi spekulaciac ki eTmoba, ix. Nicolaus de Cusa, Trialogus
de possest, ed. R. Steiger, in: Opera omnia, h. Vol. XI 2, Hamburg, 1973, 68, 17 ff.
19
teqstis interpretaciisaTvis ix. B. Mojsisch, "The Otherness of God as Coincidence, Negation and
Not-Otherness in Nicholas of Cusa: An Explication and Crititque, in: The Otherness of God, ed. by O. F.
Summerell, Charlottesville/London 1998, 60-77; K. Flasch, Nicolaus von Kues. Geschichte einer
Entwicklung.Frankfurt am Main, 1998, 553-576; D. Ptzold, Einheit und Andersheit. Die Bedeutung
kategorialer Neubildungen in der Philosophie des Nicolaus Cusanus, Kln 1981.

dros. teqsti stilizebulia rogorc dialogi Tavad kuzelsa da filosofiuri

problemebiT dainteresebul sam pirs Soris; esenia: abati ioahanes
andreas dei busi20, prokles "platonuri Teologiis" laTinurad
mTargmneli petrus balbusi,
da eqimi
ferdinand matimi 21,
romelic,
rogorc
aristotelikosi,
Tavis
platonikos
TanamosaubreebTan kontrastirebs. teqstis pirvelive paragrafi
gvacnobs dialogis monawileebs maTi filosofiuri interesebis
mixedviT: abati dakavebulia "parmenides" prokleseuli komentaris
SeswavliT, petre _ proklesave "platonuri TeologiT", xolo ferdinandi
_ aristoteles kvleviT. kuzels rac Seexeba, is Tavisufal dros dionise
areopagelis Studiebs uTmobs. amiT Tavidanvea dasaxelebuli
rogorc is ori platonikosi avtori (prokle da fsevdo-areopageli),
romlebic mniSvnelovan rols Seasruleben teqstis argumentaciis
gaSlisas, aseve mTavari mowinaaRmdege
aristoteles saxiT,
romlis kritikasa da gadalaxvasac ramdenime Tavi daeTmoba am
sakmaod mcire moculebis nawarmoebSi.
'ara-sxvis' cnebis analizisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania is
svla, romliTac am cnebis Semotana xdeba teqstSi. kuzeli svams
kiTxvas: ra aris is, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevimecnoT, is, rac
Segvamecnebinebs
(quod
nos
facit
scire)?
razedac
ferdinandisagan iRebs pasuxs: "definicia", gansazRvreba. am
ukanasknelis saxeli, Tavis mxriv, im garemoebas ukavSirdeba,
rom is yovelives gansazRvravs, maT Soris _ sakuTar Tavsac. ase
rom, askvnis kuzeli, yovelives ganmsazRvreli gansazRvreba araa
sxva, Tu ara gansazRvruli [sagani] 22. da es yovelivesa da sakuTari
Tavis ganmsazRvreli gansazRvreba swored "ara-sxvaa". kuzeli
sTxovs fernands, gansazRvros "ara-sxva", razedac fernandi
pasuxobs: "ara-sxva aris ara sxva, vidre ara-sxva" 23.
ukve teqstis wakiTxvis am sawyis etapzeve SeiZleba
Tanamedrove komentatorma aRniSnos24, rom kuzeli aq saqmes
iadvilebs _ ferdinandi, romelic teqstSi eqspliciturad aris
Semoyvanili rogorc aristotelikosi, veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver
daeTanxmeboda msjelobis aseTi mimarTulebiT wayvanas, radgan
aristotelizmSi gansazRvrebas sruliad gansxvavebuli, erTxel da
interess moklebuli ar unda iyos is faqti, rom es swored is andrea de busia,
romelmac pirvelad ixmara gamoTqma "Sua saukuneebi", gamoacxada ra maTi
dasasruli da axali epoqis dawyeba. ix. N. Winkler, Cusanus zur Einfhrung, Hamburg 2001, 7.
21
es is ferdinandia, romelsac paolo toskanelim (sxvaTa Soris, kuzelis axalgazrdobis
megobarma) 1474 wels miswera ganTqmuli werili, sadac amtkicebda, rom indoeTis
miRweva sazRvao gziT dasavleTidanac aris SesaZlebeli. ganTqmuli ki es werili imiTaa,
rom kolumbma is sakuTari xeliT gadaiwera, ris gamoc toskaneli lamis kolumbis
winamorbedadac ki Seracxes amerikis aRmoCenis saqmeSi. ix. P. Wilpert-is SeniSvna
wignSi: Nikolaus von Kues, Vom Nichtanderen, Hamburg, 1976, 193, Anm. 1; Flasch, Nikolaus von Kues,
Geschichte einer Entwicklung, 178-179 (iqve Sesabamisi literaturis sia).
22
Nicolaud de Cusa, De non aliud I, h XIII, 4, 8-9: "Vides igitur definitionem omnia definientem esse non
aliud quam definitum"
23
Nicolaud de Cusa, De non aliud I, h XIII, 4, 29-30:"'Non aliud est non aliud quam non aliud'".
24
rasac akeTebs kidec, mag., E. Sonderreger, "Cusanus: Definitio als Selbstbestimmung", in:
Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch fr Antike und Mittelalter, hrsg. von B. Mojsisch, O. Pluta, R. Rehn.
4 (1999), 153-177.
20

samudamod dadgenili saxe gaaCnia: sagani ganisazRvreba

gvariTa da specifiuri gansxvavebiT. anu, rogorc Sua saukuneebis
sqolastikaSi ityvian: "definitio fiat per genus proximum et
differentias specificas" esaa gansazRvrebis gageba, romlidanac
amodis rogorc kuzelis winandeli, ise kuzelis Semdgomi filosofia 25.
raime gansazRvro imiT, rom is "aris ara-sxva vidre ..." nebismieri
aristotelikosisaTvis miuRebeli meTodia.
magram aseTi saxis kritikas kuzelis mTavari intencia rCeba
gauTvaliswinebeli, romelic TviT-gansmsazRvreli gansazRvrebis
aRmoCenazea mimarTuli. gansazRvrebas, romelic sakuTari Tavis
gansazRvras SesZlebda, aranairad ar ZaluZs rekurireba mis
'gareT' mdgom gvarebsa Tu ganmasxvavebel niSnebze. TviTganmsazRvreli gansazRvrebis moTxovniT kuzeli Tavidanve
ukeTebs blokirebas aristotelikosTa kritikas es ukanaskneli
apelirebas akeTebs saganze, romelic, gansxvavdeba ra sxva
sagnebisagan,
diferencirebul
mTlianobaSia
mosaazrebeli,
magram swored am diferencirebulobis gamo (romelic, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, kuzelisaTvis gansjis produqtia), ar ZaluZs mas
moiazros absoluti, romlis moazrebac ar iqneboda damokidebuli
misgan gansxvavebuli sagnebze. kuzelis pirvelive svliT teqstSi
aRmoCndeba TviT-ganmsazRvreli struqtura, romelic
sakuTar
Tavs (iseve rogorc yovelive sxvas) gansazRvravs, da
romlisaTvisac araa saWiro raime sxvaze (aliud)rekurireba. mTeli
danarCeni teqsti sxva araferia, Tu ara am "struqturis" Semdgomi
ganmarteba da interpretacia. magram rac Tavidanvea aRsaniSni,
esaa faqti, rom es TviT-ganmsazRvreli struqtura araTu araa
damoukidebeli enisagan, aramed swored enobriv gamoTqmaze
amoikiTxeba.26 rogoric ar unda iyos kuzelis 'manifesturi'
moZRvreba enis Sesaxeb, 'latenturad' mis metafizikur intuicias
ena udevs safuZvlad.
davubrundeT kuzelis teqsts. winadadebiT "ara-sxva aris ara
sxva, vidre ara-sxva" kuzelma monaxa is, rac sakuTar Tavs
gansazRvravs. magram ZaluZs ki am TviT-ganmsazRvrel
gansazRvrebas yovelive danarCenis gansazRvra? kuzelis azriT,
pasuxi cxadze cxadia _ gana Cven nebismieri myofis (sxvis)
gansazRvrisaTvis ar vityodiT: is araa sxva, vidre sxva? mag., "ca
araa sxva, vidre ca" (anu, cota ufro gasagebi qarTuliT Tu
gamovTqvamT, "ca sxva araferia, Tu ara ca")? es gansazRvreba
ara-sxvis saSualebiT kuzelisaTvis yvelaze zustia, da amasTan _
yovlismomcveli, radganac ar arsebobs sasruli yofieri, romlis am
saxiT gansazRvrebac ar SeiZlebodes.
Sdr. mag., Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, q. 3, a. 5., ed. Petrus Caramello, Roma 1952, 17ff.
es enobrivi gamoTqma bolomde Tavad empiriuli enisaganac (am SemTxvevaSi,
laTinurisagan) rom ar aris Tavisufali, es qarTuli Targmanis mouqnelobaSic Cans ("ara
sxva vidre" ufro adeqvaturad qarTulad, raRa Tqma unda, "araferi sxva, Tu ara"-Ti
gadmoicemoda, magram es kuzelis intenciisaTvis arasaWiro konotaciebs Semoitanda
TargmanSi).
25
26

ratom xdeba ara-sxvis privilegireba sxvasTan SedarebiT?

sxva verasodes iqneba Wvretis saboloo mizani, radgan is araa
mWvretelis safuZveli. sxvisi Wvretisas adamiani jer kidev sasruli
samyaros farglebSia, is jer kidev ver aRwevs usasrulos, romelic
sasruloTa Soris kidev erT sasrulod ki ar moiazreba, aramed _
rogorc sasruloTagan ganusxvavebeli.
magram ara-sxvis sxvisagan gamijvna mxolod am
ganusxvaveblobis relaciiT araa sakmarisi. rogorc RmerTi, is yoveli
myofis yofnisa da Semecnebis principia. anu kuzelma aq unda
aCvenos, rogor xdeba sxvisi warmoSoba ara-sxvidan. magram
amis asaxsnelad kuzels metaforikisaTvis uxdeba mimarTos,
romelsac mis cnebiT spekulaciasTan bevri araferi aqvs saerTo,
TumcaRa is cxadad miuTiTebs tradiciaze, romlis SigniTac kuzeli
azrovnebs. esaa naTlis metaforika, romlis platonuri filiacia
kargadaa cnobili da romelsac kuzeli adreuli teqstebidan
moyolebuli xSirad mimarTavs. rogorc grZnobadi naTeli ara marto
sagnebis aRqmas (e. i. Semecnebas) xdis SesaZlebels, aramed
garkveuli SemTxvevebSi _ Tavad sagnobriobasac (magaliTisaTvis
kuzeli asaxelebs fers, romelic "mxolod grZnobadi naTlis
SemosazRvraa")27, aseve warmoadgens ara-sxva yoveli sxvis
yofnisa da Semecnebis princips. swored aqaa imisi mizezi
saZiebeli, rom ara-sxvas Cveulebriv yuradReba ar eqceva _
rogorc raime sagnis xedvisas Cven mxedvelobin gvepareba
sinaTle, romelic am xedvis SesaZleblobis makonstituirebeli
momentia, aseve gvaviwydeba yuradReba mivapyroT ara-sxvas
sxvisi kvlevis dros. 28
meore mxriv, am Sedarebis logikuri Sedegia is, rom arasxvis pirdapiri moazreba iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc naTlis uSualo
Wvreta. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom ara-sxva CvenTvis
dafarulia is, iseve rogorc naTeli, Tavis Tavs avlens. is, rac
yvelaze miuwvdomelia, yovelwamierad amJRavnebs Tavs, amis
gareSe verc mcodne da verc sacodneli ver iarsebebdnen.
ara-sxva isaa, rasac Cven "RmerTis" saxeliT vicnobT,
magram am ukanasknelTan SedarebiT igi ufro axloa masTan,
rasac asaxelebs: "maSin roca pirvelprincips yvela RmerTs
uwodebs, Sen dainaxav, rom is 'ara-sxvis' saSualebiT ukeT
aRiniSneba".29
magram am SemTxvevaSi kuzelma unda
aCvenos, Tu ras iZleva am axali cnebis Semotana im tradiciuli
filosofiur-Teologiuri problemebis gaSuqebis saqmeSi, romlebic
arsebiTia Suasaukuneebis azrovnebisaTvis. aq am problemebidan
ors davasaxelebT: moZRvreba transcendentaliebis Sesaxeb da
spekulacia samebaze.
27

Nicolaud de Cusa, De non aliud III, h XIII, 7, 8ff.

ibid, 27ff.
29
Nicolaud de Cusa, De non aliud II, h XIII, 5, 21-22: "Cum cuncti primum principium Deum appelent,
videris tu quidem ipsum per li 'non aliud' velle significari".
28

*****
moZRvreba transcendentaliebis Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebis
filosofiuri
azris
mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli
nawilia. 30
"transcendentaliebi" am moZRvrebis mixedviT aRniSnaven
gansazRvrulobebs, romlebic yoveli kategorialuris sazRvrebs
gareT gadian. transcentaliebis CamonaTvali Sua saukuneebSi
meryeobs, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi saxeldeba 'erTi', 'myofi',
WeSmariti' da 'keTili'. swored am oTxs CamoTvlis aseve
ferdinandi,
rodesac
kuzelis
winaSe
Tavis
gakvirvebas
gamoTqvams imis Taobaze, rom kardinali ara-sxvas maTze maRla
ayenebs.
kuzelis Tavis arguments amgvarad ayalibebs: yoveli
transcendentalia, iqneba es erTi, myofi, keTili Tu WeSmariti, aris
ara sxva, vidre Tavisi Tavi. erTi aris ara sxva, vidre erTi da a. S.
anu erTi, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva, sakuTari Tavis
gansazRvrisaTvis ara-sxvas saWiroebs. igivenairad aixsneba
myofis, keTilisa da WeSmaritis daqvemdebareba ara-sxvisadmi.
am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod SeiZleba Tqvan, rom es
sulac araa argumenti, aramed mxolod transcentaliebis
gadaazreba axali Teoriis kuTxiT, romlis erTaderT Rirsebac
sityvebis gonebamaxvilur TamaSia. imisaTvis, rom kuzels es
braldeba Tavidan avaciloT, saWiroa
iTqvas, Tu ra aris am
argumentis azri. mizezi, romlis gamoc kuzeli transcendentaliebs
"aqveiTebs", Semdegia _ rogorc erTs, ise myofsa da sxva
gansazRvrulobebs gaaCniaT sapirispiro _ erTisaTvis esaa
mravali31, myofisaTivs _ arara da a. S. es dapirispirebuloba maT
isev sasrulobis sferoSi aqcevs, sferoSi, romlis datovebac mxolod
ara-sxvis cnebiT xerxdeba.
meore Temas, romelsac kuzeli aseve ara-sxvis Sesaxeb
moZRvrebis kuTxiT gadaiazrebs, samebaze spekulaciaa. kuzeli
samebis tradiciul warmodgenas mamas, Zed da suliwmidad
arazustad miiCnevs, Tumca iqve daurTavs, rom am saxelebis
avtoritets wminda werilSi maTi xseneba uzrunvelyofs. aq is
garemoeba unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom kuzelisaTvis filosofiuri
karieris
dasawyisidanve
samebis
sakiTxi
erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes Temas warmoadgenda, da ukve Tavis pirvel
ZiriTad filosofiur naSromSi "mcodne arcodnis Sesaxeb" cdilobs is
(Sartris skolidan gadmoRebuli) cnebebiT _ erTianoba (unitas),
ix. J. A. Aartsen, U. G. Leinste, "Transzendental", in: Historisches Wrterbuch der Philosophie 10,
hrsg. von J. Ritter, K. Grnder, Basel 1998, 1360-1376.
31
Tumca kuzelisaTvis kargadaa cnobili is faqti, rom neoplatonistTa erTi mravalTan
dapirisipirebaSi ar moiazreba da rom is yovelgvar dapirispirebaze maRla dgas.
amitomac gvxvdeba maTTan paradoqsuli gamoTqma "erTi erTamde" (unum ante unum).
magram swored aqaa "ara-sxvis" cnebis Semotanis mizezi _ am cnebis SemTxvevaSi
aseTi ganmartebebi saWiro aRar aris. neoplatonistTa erTTan ara-sxvas mimarTebaze
ix. qvemoT.
30

toloba (aequalitas), kavSiri (con(n)exio) _ samebis gaazrebas. 32

magram ara-sxvis aRmoCena, kardinalis mixedviT, am gzaze
winsvlis SesaZleblobas iZleva _ Tu ara-sxvis definicia
gavixsenebT, "ara-sxva aris ara sxva, vidre ara-sxva" _ aqaa,
kuzelis mixedviT swored samebis yvelaze adeqvaturi enobrivi
gamoxatuleba33. aq erTi gansazRvravs sakuTar Tavs da, amasTan,
vlindeba rogorc sameba.
kuzeli aseve axleburad afuZnebs
mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom ar SeiZleba samebis gageba
ricxvobrivad _ axali konceftidan gamomdinare, samebis daTvla ar
SeiZleba, radgan is yovel sxvas win uswrebs, maT Soris _
ricxvsac.
"ara-sxvis Sesaxeb" daweril teqstSi mocemul am azrTa
msvlelobis anticipacias mkvlevarebi ukve 1447 daweril teqstSi
"dabadebis Sesaxeb"34 xedaven. aq yovlgvar gansxvavebaze
adreulis moxelTeba TviTon igives (ipsum idem) saxeliTaa nacadi.
rogor unda gavigoT es cneba? pirvel rigSi, Tavidan unda aviciloT
cduneba, romlis safuZvelic gansjis logikaa, da romelic iqiTken
gvibiZgebs, gaviazroT es igive gansxavavebasTan opoziciaSi.
marTlac, Tu kuzelTan erTad davsvamT kiTxvas, Tu rogor SeiZleba
TviTon igive yovelives imis safuZveli iyos, rac erTmaneTisagan
ase gansxvavdeba da erTmaneTs ase upirispirdeba, maSin
mTavar miznad igiveobis axali moazreba gaxdeba saWiro. "TviTon
absoluturi
igivea,
romelic
yvela
gansxvavebasa
da
dapirispirebaze maRlaa, radgan igivea. maSasadame, araferi
sxvisaTvis araa igive da arc gansxvavebulia gamouTqmeli igive,
romelSic yovelive igivea".35 es RvTaebrivi igiveoba jer kidev
igiveobisa da gansxvavebis dapirispirebulobamde arsebobs, da
swored isaa imis mizezi, rom TiToeuli myofi sakuTar Tavis
identuria. xolo is, rom igive myofi yoveli sxva myofisagan
gansxvavdeba, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom sasruli araa Tavad
absoluturi igiveoba, TviTon igive.36
kiTxva, romelic aq ismis, Semdegia: aris Tu ara-sxva
negatiuri gamoTqma imisa, rasac TviTon igive pozitiurad
gamoxatavs? es ori cneba udaod erTsa da imaves umiznebs,
orive cdilobs erTisa da imaves aRniSvnas _ imisa, rasac
Cveulebriv "RmerTi" ewodeba. magram aq sakiTxi swored "erTi
da igive"-s sazriss Seexeba. aris Tu ara is saazrovno svlebi,
romlebsac am or cnebasTan mivyavarT, identuri? am kiTxvaze
32

Nicolaus de Cusa, De docta ignorantia VII, h. I, 15, 8ff.

es enobrivi gamoxatuleba raRa Tqma unda, veranairad ver iqneba adeqvaturi
samebis arsebis mimarT. iseve rogorc Tavad cneba "ara-sxva", kuzelisave metaforas
Tu gamoviyenebT, aris ara qalaqi, romliskenac miviswrafviT, aramed am qalaqisaken
mimavali gza.
34
De genesi. "genezisi" aq rogorc bibliur "dabadebas", aseve ufro filosofiurad mJRer
"warmoSobasac" gulsixmobs.
35
Nicoalus de Cusa, De genesi, ed. P. Wilpert, in: Opera omnia, Vol. IV, 106, 7-10: "est ipsum idem
absolutum omni diversitati et oppositioni suprapositum, quoniam idem. Nulli igitur alteri est idem aut
diversum ineffabile idem, in quo omnia idem ".
36
Sdr. Nicoalus de Cusa, De genesi, h V, 107, 5ff.
33

pasuxis gasacemad pirvel rigSi Tavad kuzelis azria saintereso,

romelic gviandel teqstSi "nadiroba sibrZneze" wers: "daakvirdi,
rogor ar niSnavs ara-sxva mxolod imas, rasac igive. aramed
radgan igive aris ara sxva vidre igive, ara-sxva win uswrebs mas
da yovelives, risi dasaxelebac SeiZleba".37 anu igives
SemTxvevaSi transcendetaliebTan dakavSirebiT ukve naxsenebi
mosazrebaa relevanturi: TiTouli am transcendentaliaTagan
mxolod SezRuduli saxiT SeiZleba iyos mniSvneladi absolutis
dasaxasiaTeblad, radganac maT gaaCniaT dapirispirebulni: yofnas
upirispirdeba arara, sikeTes boroteba da a. S. magram RmerTi,
romelic dapirispirebulTa damTxvevaze maRla dgas 38, ar SeiZleba
aseTi
"calmxrivi"
predikatebiT
daxasiaTdes.
aqedan
gamomdinare kuzeli (impliciturad) igiveobis sakuTar cnebasac
kritikis qveS aqcevs _ igiveobas gaaCnia dapirispirebuli, araigiveobrivi, gansxvavebuli, maSin rodesac, amtkicebs kuzeli, arasxvas aranairi dapirispirebuli ar SeiZleba gaaCndes. amitom
miiCnevs kuzali ara-sxvas pirvelprincipisaTvis yvelaze Sesafer
cnebad. ara-sxva "absoluturi konceftia" 39 _ rogorc Cans, terminis
pirveli gamoCena filosofiis istoriaSi.
magram ratom ar SeiZleba ara-sxvas dapirispirebuli
movunaxoT? gana TavisTavad cxadi ar aris, rom ara-sxvas swored
sxva upirispirdeba? kuzeli ganuwyvetliv cdilobs, es Secdoma
aacilos mkiTxvels Tavidan: "ara-sxva arc sxvaa, arc sxvisTvis
sxvaa da arc sxvaSi sxva". 40 magram kuzelis es deklaraciebi jer
kidev araa argumenti. am argumentis rekonstuireba Cven TviTon
unda movaxerxeoT. da es arc ise rTulia, Tu ara-sxvis struqturas
davakvirdebiT: sxva (aliud) Tavad aris negatiurobis Semcveli,
masSi mudamaa raRacis negaciis, uaryofis momenti, da swored
am nagacias moxsna xdeba "ara"-Ti, romelic kuzelis mier
gamomuSavebul cnebaSi win uswrebs "sxva"-s. anu, ara-sxvas
SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs ormagi negacia, romelsac
veranairad ver daupirispirdeba mis mier negirebul-moxsnili
termini.
oRond axla unda vikiTxoT, ramdenad Seesabameba Cvens
mier SemoTavazebuli wakiTxva Tavad kuzelis teqsts. gana
kardinali mudmivad xazs ar usvams imas, rom ara-sxva yovel
poziciasa da negacias win uswrebs?41 aq mxedvelobaSi erTi
garemoeba unda miviRoT:
swored ara-sxvas struqturis
37

Nicolaus de Cusa, De ven. sap.XIV, h XII, 40, 22-24: "Advertas autem, quomodo li non-aliud non
significat tantum sicut li idem. Sed cum idem sit non aliud quam idem, non-aliud ipsum et omnia quae
nominari possunt praecidit".
38
is dapirispirebulze maRla dgas ganxiluli RvTaebrivi poziciidan, gansxvavebiT
inteleqtualurisagan,
romlisTvis
RmerTi
dapirispirebulTa
damTxvevaa,
da
gansjiseulisagan, romlis mier moazrebul RmerTs dapirispirebuli gaaCnia rogorc,
mag., yofnas. ix. b. moiziSi, "nikolaus kuzeli: De coniecturis", 126-127.
39
Nicolaus de Cusa, De non aliud XXI, h XIII, 49, 20f: "Vocetur igitur ipsum 'non aliud' conceptus
absolutus".
40
Nicolaus de Cusa, De non aliud VI, h XIII, 13, 25-26.
41
Nicolaus de Cusa, De non aliud IV,h XIII, 9, 7-8.

10

aRmoCenisas kuzeli garkveulwilad trivializebas ukeTebs sakuTar

aRmoCenas _ mas ar gamoaqvs is daskvnebi sakuTari
aRmoCenidan, romlebic ontologiuri dinamizmis daSvebas
moiTxoven misgan _ marTlac, ara-sxvis struqtura sabolood
masTan adamianis inteleqtis gamoxatuleba ufro gamodis, romelic
verasodes miaRwevs pirvelrpincips, vidre ontologiuri realobisa.
aRiareba imisa, rom ara-sxva imdenad cneba ki araa,
ramdenadac struqtura, marTalia kuzelma nawilobriv ganaxorciela
_ samebaze spekulaciaSi, magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom is
xSirad ukan ixevs _ ara-sxvis iseTi gagebisaken, romelic araa
Tavisufali neoplatonuri erTis konotaciebisagan.
*****
SevecadoT kuzelis koncefciis adgilis moxazvas filosofiis
istoriaSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dialogis pirvelive paragrafi
warmogvidgens mosaubreebs im teqstebisa da avtorebis
mixedviT, romlebis SeswavliTac isini dakavebulni arian. teqstis
gaSlas win uswrebs sami saxelis evocireba: platoni, prokle,
dionise.
marTalia kuzelis biblioTeka
platonis ramdenime dialogs
42
Seicavda , magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom kuzels saSualeba
hqonda, uSualod gascnoboda im platons, romelsac Cven dRes
vkiTxulobT. platonis kuzeliseuli gageba
15-e saukunis doneze
rCeba, anu is platonis neoplatonur interpretaciiTaa gaSualebuli.
(berZnuli enis Seudareblad ukeTesad mcodne marsilio fiCinoc, 15
saukunis filosofiis meore mniSvnelovani figura, am punqtSi
kuzelisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba). kuzelis SemTxvevaSi avtori,
romlis saTvaleebiTac platoni ikiTxeba, aris prokle.
miT ufro sainteresoa Semdegi istoriuli konstelacia: Tu
neoplatonizmis
mier
warmodgenili
moZRvrebisaTvis
pirvelprincipis Sesaxeb ganmsazRvrelia platonis "parmenides"
meore nawilSi mocemuli (da ontologiurad gagebuli) pirveli
hipoTeza erTis Sesaxeb43, paradigmatulad kuzelis
ara-sxvis
winamorbedi koncefcia ufro platonisave "sofisteSi" unda iyos
dasaZebni (imis gareSe, rom kuzelisaTvis es teqsti cnobili
yofiliyo),
kerZod ki mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
"sofisteSi"
gadmocemuli moZRvreba gvarebis gadabmis Sesaxeb. gviandeli
platonis mier sakuTari adreuli poziciebis gadasinjva, romlis
mixedviTac grZnobadi samyaros axsnisaTvis sakmarisi araa
calkeuli, erTmaneTTan mimarTebis gareSe mdgomi ideebis
daSveba, aramed saWiroa Tavad ideebs Soris gadabmagadaxlarTvis ("siumploke") relaciis gaazreba _ es intuicia, cxadia
42

J. Marx, Verzeichnis des Handschriften-Sammlung des Hospitals zu Cues bei Bernkastel am Mosel, Trier
1905.
43
E. R. Dodds, "The Parmenides of Plato and the Origin of the Neoplatonic 'One'", in: The Classical
Quarterly 22 (1928), 129-142.

11

Secvlil-gadamuSavebuli saxiT, kuzelTan wamotivtivdeba. aq

gasaTvaliswinebelia
teqstis
recipirebis
Semdegi
istoriuli
garemoeba:
plotinidan
moyolebuli,
"sofiste"
da
masSi
gadmocemuli moZRvreba xuTi mTavari gvaris Sesaxeb ganxiluli
iyo rogorc meore hipostazisaTvis, anu gonebisaTvis
Sesaferisi
moZRvreba. "parmenides" meore nawilis meore hipoTezasTan
erTad is warmoadgenda im kategoriul aparats, romelic verasodes
mieyeneboda pirvel hipostazs _ erTs. platonis es plotiniseuli
interpretacia mTlianadaa gaziarebuli prokles mier.44
meore mxriv, kuzeli Tavad neoplatonur moZRvrebaSi erTis
Sesaxeb, rogorc is, magaliTad, prokleseul "parmenides
komentarSia" gadmocemuli, poulobs sakuTari ara-sxvis koncefciis
nawilobriv anticipacias.45
rogorc vnaxeT, kuzeli akritikebs
moZRvrebas transcendentaliebis Sesaxeb, da saxavs misi
gadalaxvis gzas ara-sxvis cnebis saSualebiT. magram yuradRebis
gareSe ar unda davtovoT is faqti, rom erTs transcendentaliebis
siaSi cxadi prioriteti eniWeba: rasakvirvelia, ara-sxva ufro
martivia, vidre erTi, radgan es ukanaskneli swored ara-sxvas
umadlis sakuTar erT-obas46. magram kuzeli arc im "Teologebs"
iviwyebs, romlebmac "miiRes ra erTi ara-sxvis magivrad, Tavad
am erTs kontradiqciamde moiazrebdnen" 47. kuzeli iqve asaxelebs
am "TeologTa" teqstebs: platonis parmenide (e. i. "parmenides"
prokleseuli komentari) da areopagituli korpusi (rac, sxvaTa Soris
imaze miuTiTebs, rom
Teologia kuzelisaTvis araa aucileblad
qristianul
moZRvrebasTan
dakavSirebuli;
am
sityviT
is
gulisxmobs, sityvis antikuri gamoyenebis kvalad, moZRvrebas
pirvelprincipze).
Tavad neoplatonuri tradiciis SigniT gansakuTrebuli adgili
kuzelisaTvis fsevdo-dionise areopagels uWiravs. teqstis pirveli
TavSi ferdinandis kiTxvaze, wina moazrovneebidan romelimes Tu
hqonia gamoTqmuli ara-sxvis idea, kuzeli pasuxobs: "Tumca me
aravin wamikiTxavs [es azri rom gamoeTqvas], mimaCnia, rom
sxvebze metad
mas dionise miuaxlovda. radgan yovel mis
gansxvavebul gamoTqmaSi Tavad 'ara-sxvaa' gaSuqebuli.
magram rodesac is mistiuri Teologiis bolos aRwevs, ambobs, rom
Semoqmedi arc raime dasaxelebadi da arc raime sxvaa. oRond
amas is ise ambobs, rom ar gamoCndes, man rom didi ram
gaamJRavna, magram yuradRebiani mkiTxvelisaTvis man aq
saidumlo
'ara-sxva'
gamoTqva,
romelic
mas
bevrgan
44

W. Beierwaltes, Denken des Einen. Studien zur neuplationischen Philosophie und ihrer
Wirkungsgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main 1985, 202
45
ix. W. Beierwaltes, "Cusanus und Proklos. Zum neuplatonischen Ursprung des Non Aliud", in: Cusano
agli inizi del mondo moderno, Atti del Congresso internazionale in occasione del V centenario dell morte di
Nicolo Cusano, Bresanone, 6-10 settembre 1964, Firenze (1970), 137-140; agreTve: W. Beierwaltes,
Identitt und Differenz, Frankfurt am Main 1980, 114ff.
46
Nicolaus de Cusa, De non aliud IV, h XIII, 10, 6-8: "Igitur 'non aliud' est simplicius uno, cum ab ipso
'non aliud' habeat, quod sit unum; et non e converso".
47
ibid, 8-10: " . . . quidam theologi unum pro 'non aliud' accipientes ipsum unum ante contradictionem
perspexerunt".

12

sxvadasxvagvarad aqvs ganmartebuli". 48 rogorc vxedavT,

dionisesTan "ara-sxvis" aRmoCena imdeni stipulaciiT xdeba, rom
is
sruliad
hkargavs
damajereblobas
_
Tanamedrove
mkiTxvelisaTvis mainc. marTlac, Tu fsevdo-areopagelis im teqsts
mivurbrundebiT, romlis Sesaxebac kuzeli am citataSi laparkobs,
iq mxolod imas amovikiTxavT, rom RmerTi "arc sxva raimea,
CvenTvis an vinme sxvisaTvis nacnob myofTagan" ("mistiuri
TeologiisaTvis", Tavi V, 1048b). am teqstSi ara-sxvis Sesaxeb
moZRvreba mxolod mas SeeZlo aRmoeCina, vinc ukve icoda, risi
moZebnac iyo saWiro.
magram fsevdo-dioniseze apelacia ar amoiwureba am erTi
miTiTebiT. dialogis erTi (kerZod ki XIV) Tavi sxva araferia, Tu ara
florilegiumi areopagelis teqstebidan, xolo sami momdevno Tavis
ganmavlobaSi kuzeli am citatebis interpretacia-ganmartebiTaa
dakavebuli. kuzeli xazs usvams imas, rom dionise prokleze
adreuli avtoria49.istoriulad Tu ganvixilavT, dionises roli marTlac
Zalze didia: swored masTan xdeba Semotrialeba neoplatonistebis
urelacio erTidan dasaxsruli samebisaken; fsevdo-dionisur
korpusSi, kerZod ki _ "RvTaebriv saxelTaTvis"-Si, sadac samebis
ierarqizaciis SeuZleblobis gamo erTsa da imave RmerTs
miewereba ara marto umaRlesi saxeli "erTi", aramed aseve
saxelebi "igive", "sxva" da a.S.50 sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad SeeZlo
Tavad kuzels dionises am rolis Sefaseba. Cveulebriv, is fsevdodionises moZRvrebebis im aspeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
romelic henologias, erTze moZRvrebas exeba.51
48

Nicolaus de Cusa, De non aliud I, h XIII, 5, 13-19: "Licet nullum legerim, prae ceteris tamen Dionysius
propinquius videtur accessisse. Nam in onmibus, quae varie exprimit, 'non aliud' ipse dilucidat. Quando
vero ad fine mysticae pervenit theologiae, creatorem affirmat neque quicquam nominabile, neque aliud
quid esse. Sic tamen hoc dicit, quod non videatur ibi magni aliquid propalare, quamvis intendenti 'non
aliud' secretum expresserit undique per ipsum aliter explicatum"
49
interess moklebuli araa faqti, rom swored am wlebSi, romlebic uSualod usrebs win
dialogis Seqmnas, lorenco vala pirvelad dasavleTSi gamoTqvams eWvs dionisuri
korpusis avTenturobis Sesaxeb. kuzelis ucnauri daJineba im faqtze, rom dionise
prokleze adre cxovrobda mxolod im garemobiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom misTvis es
eWvi ukve cnobilia. metic, j. monfazanim imis Cvenebac ki SesZlo, rom, savaraudoa,
15 saukunis romSi dionisuri korpusis avTenturobis Sesaxeb Zveli eWvebis aqtualizeba
swored kuzelis wreSi, ufro sworad ki petrus balbusisa da, gansakuTrebiT, misi
megobris, bizantieli sqolastis Teodor gazelis mier moxda, rac gaxda safuZveli
lorenco valas (romelic Teodores axlo megobari iyo) mier am teqstebis
fsevdoepigrafikuli xasiaTis dadgenisa. ix. Monfasani, J., "Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in
Mid-Quatrocento Rome", in: Supplementum festivum. Studies in Honour of Paul Oskar Kristeller: Ed. by J.
Hankins, J. Monfasani, F. Purnell, Jr, Binghamton/New York, 1987, 189-219. kuzelis survili, fsevdodionisuri korpusis avTenturobis yovelgvari eWvi gaaqarwylos, advili gasagebi
gaxdeba, Tu gavixsnebT, rom "mcodne arcodnis apologiaSi" (1451) is pirvel rigSi
swored dioniseze apelirebiT cdilobs sakuTari Tavis dacvas araorTodoqsulobis
braldebebisagan, romlebic mas iohan venkma wauyena. Sdr. K. Flasch, Nicolaus von Kues.
Geschichte einer Entwicklung, 570-571.
50
kuzelis fsevdo-dionisesTan mimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis ix. W. Beierwaltes, "Der verborgene
Gott. Cusanus und Dionysius", Trier 1997.
51
b. moiziSi detalurad ganixilavs gansxvavebulTa ganusxvaveblobis ekhartiseul
moZRvrebas, rogorc ara-sxvis koncefciis wyaros. B. Mojsisch, Meister Eckhart. Analogie,
Univozitt und Einheit. Hamburg: 1983, 92-94.

13

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom "ara-sxvis" cnebiT

kuzeli ormag nabijs akeTebs _ pirvel rigSi, esaa daSoreba erTis
rogorc pirvelprincipis yvelaze eminentur saxelad miCnevis
neoplatonuri tradiciisagan. meore mxriv, esaa garkveuli
distancireba (an, ufro zustad, progresi) Tavis adrindel
mcdelobasTan SedarebiT, moeazrebina pirvelprincipi rogorc igive.
ara-sxva, erTi SexedviT, bevriT ar gansxvavdebodeba igivesagan,
magram, Tu davfiqrdebiT, urelacio erTidan urelacio igivemde
daSoreba arc ise Soria, xolo ara-sxva ukve igiveobas
gvaazrebinebs sxvagvarad. ara-sxvis cnebaSi moazrebulia
igiveoba rogorc relacia, rogorc sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTeba, rac
marTlac SeiZleba miviCnioT neoplatonuri erTis gadalaxvad. 52
meore mxriv, imis uaryofac ar SeiZleba, rom kuzelis am teqstSi
Zlieria umimarTebo erTis neoplatonuri koncefciis gavlena, romelic
negatiuri Teologiis primats gulisxmobs53. am ori dapirispirebuli
saazrovno impulsis erTmaneTisagan ufro naTlad diferenciisaTvis
produqtiuli Cans ara-sxvis Sesaxeb kuzelis spekulaciis Sedareba
hegelis sxvisa da raimes dialeqtikasTan.
pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom TumcaRa hegeli kuzelis
Sromebs ar icnobs, is SesaniSnavad erkveva neoplatonur
tradiciaSi54, da arc cneba "sxva"-s istoriaa misTvis dafaruli. meore
mxriv, araa gamoricxuli kuzelis gaSualebuli gavlena hegelze
brunosa da iakobis gavliT. magram amjerad Cveni interesis
sagani iqneba ara imdenad istoriuli, ramdenadac sistematuri
kavSirebi kuzelisa da hegelis spekulaciebs Soris.
Tavidanve yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom kuzeli,
iseve rogorc hegeli, naTlad acnobierebs absolutis predikatebis
saSualebiT
Semecnebis
SeuZleblobas.55
am
meToduri
SeuZleblobidan amoizrdeba hegelis moZRvreba spekulatiuri
winadadebis Sesaxeb, romelic spekulatiuri WeSmaritebis
predikatiuli winadadebiT gamoTqmis SeuZleblobis Cvenebas
isaxavs miznad56. "msjelobis anu winadadebis buneba saerTod,
romelic subieqtisa da predikatis gansxvavebas Seicavs Tavis
TavSi, spekulatiuri winadadebiT nadgurdeba".57 am destruqciis
am problemis zusti monaxazisaTvis haidegers unda mivmarToT, romelic TumcaRa
aranairad ar iTvaliswinebs sakuTar "yofnis istoriaSi" neoplatonur tradicias, magram
es ar ukargavs relevanturobas mis mier swored platonis "sofistedan" moyvanili citatis
magaliTze ganviTarebul azrs kuzelis ara-sxvis koncefciisaTvis: "igiveoba dasavluri
azrovnebis istoriaSi erTobis xasiaTSi vlindeba. magram es erToba arasgziT araa
mosawyeni sicarieli imisa, rac, sakuTar TavSi umimarTebo, xangrZlivad erTnairzea
gaCerebuli". Heidegger, "Der Satz der Identitt", in: Identitt und Differenz, Pfullingen 1957, 15.
53
Flasch, K. Metaphysik des Einen bei Nikloaus von Kues, Leiden 1973, 318-329.
54
hegelis neoplatonizmTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb ix. J. Halfwassen, Hegel und der sptantike
Neuplatonismus : Untersuchungen zur Metaphysik des Einen und des Nous in Hegels spekulativer und
geschichtlicher Deutung, Bonn 1999.
55
Hegel, Enzyklopdie der Philosophischen Wissenschaften I, in: Werke in 20 Bnden, Bd.8 Frankfurt am
Main: 1999, 94
56
spekulatiuri winadadebis Sesaxeb ix. G. W. F. Hegel, Phnomenologie des Geistes, hrsg. von
W. Bonsiepen, R. Heede, in: Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 9, Hamburg 1980, 43ff.
57
G. W. F. Hegel, Phnomenologie des Geistes, 43.
52

14

aucilebloba gamowveulia "konfliqti[T[ winadadebis formasa

saerTod da .... cnebis erTianobas Soris". 58 Tavis mxriv, kuzelic,
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, am SeuZleblobis gadalaxvas axali
kategorialuri warmonaqmnebis SemotaniT cdilobs, romlebic
masTan xSirad neologizmebis formas iReben ("SeZlebaris" iqneba
es Tu "ara-sxva").
meore mxriv, interess moklebuli ar unda iyos cnebis "sxva"
Temis gaSlisaTvis Tvalis midevneba hegelTan, miTumetes, rom is
mWidrod ukavSirdeba usasrulobis problemas. am Temas hegeli
"logikis" im TavSi ganixilavs, romelic munyofnas 59 eZRvneba.
munyofna anu gansazRvruli yofna, swored am gansazRvrulobis
gamo (sapirispirod ganusazRvreli yofnisa logikis dasawyisSi,
romelic araras igiveobrivia), sasrulobiT xasiaTdeba. raimes
gansazRvravs da SemosazRvravs sxva, spinozaseuli principis
mixedviT, romlis Tanaxmadac yoveli gansazRvreba uaryofaa.
hegeli miuTiTebs imaze, rom yoveli sxva Tavad aris raime, da
yoveli raime _ sxva.60 magram es azri mxolod cudi
usasrulobisaken gvibiZgebs, radgan erTaderTi, risi moazrebac
SeiZleba misi saSualebiT, esaa raimesa da sxvis mier erTmaneTis
dausabamo cvla. mxolod imis gacnobiereba, rom sxva
raimesaTvis Tavsmoxveuli da SemTxveviTi ki ar aris, aramed misi
identurobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli da arsebiTia, anu, rogorc hegeli
ambobs, "sakuTari Tavis sxvaa", gvaZlevs am cudi usasrulobidan
gamosvlis SesaZleblobas _ imis magivrad, rom raimesa da sxvis
monacvleobis
usasrulobaze
gavCerdeT,
Cven
vamCnevT
identurobas am procesSi, riTac vaRwevT namdvili usasrulobis
cnebas. es is usasrulobaa, romelic aRar upirispirdeba sasruls
(winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is TviTonac SemosazRvruli e. i.
sasruli iqneboda).
rac aq gvainteresebs, esaa "sakuTari Tavis sxvis" cneba,
romlis saSualebiTac hegeli sasrulis struqturas axasiaTebs. am
cnebas ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs mTeli hegeliseuli logikis
ganviTarebisaTvis da Tavisi dialeqtikuri struqturiT kuzelis "arasxvis" analogiad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. magram msgavsebebis
miRma fundamenturi gansxvevebebic imwamsve iCens Tavs _ ara
marto is garemoebaa mniSvnelovani, rom ara-sxva usasrulos
cnebas warmoadgens, xolod sakuTari Tavis sxva _ sasrulisas 61.
iqve.
Dasein, qarTulad Targmnili iyo agreTve rogorc "aqarsi".
60
saintereso detali: am azris zustad gadmosacemad hegeli laTinur enas mimarTavs,
kerZod ki _ swored temins "aliud"! Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, Erster Band: Die Lehre vom
Sein (1832), hrsg. von F. Hogemann, W. Jaeschke, in: Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 21, 1985, 195: "laTinurSi,
rodesac orive [raime da sxva _ g. z.] erT winadadebaSi gvxvdeba, orives aliud hqvia".
Sdr. aseve danarTi enciklopediidan, Hegel, Enzyklopdie I, 198: "Tu Cven axla raimesa da
sxvas Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb davsvamT kiTxvas, davinaxavT, rom orive erTi da
igivea, da es identuroba aseve laTinurSic orives saxelebiT rogorc aliud-aliud
gamoiTqmis".
61
iqve: "amiT saerTod sasrulis buneba gamoiTqmis, romelic rogorc raime sxvis
sapirispirod . . . ki ar dgas, aramed TavisTavad sakuTari Tavis sxvaa da amiT icleba".
58
59

15

unda davsvaT kiTxva, Tu ra aris am gansxvavebis mizezi. amaSi

hegelis mier "raimes" cnebis analizi dagvexmareba, romlis
Sedegic isaa, rom "raime negaciis pirveli negaciaa". 62 swored aq
unda veZioT gansxvaveba hegelisa da kuzelis ZiriTad filosofiur
intuiciebs Soris _ hegelisaTvis "sxva" imitom aris uaryofis
uaryofa, rom ukve ganviTarebis umdables safexurze unda
Segvxvdes struqtura, romelic srulyofili saxiT umaRles safexurze
gaiSleba, es struqtura ki hegelisaTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara
subieqti. "negatiuris negatiuri rogorc sxva, subieqtis mxolod
dasabamia; . . . is gansazRvravs sakuTar Tavs . . . jer rogorc Tavis
TavisTvis myofs da ase Semdeg, sanam is cnebaSi pirvelad
subieqtis konkretul intensiurobas miiRebs".63 kuzelisaTvis ki,
marTalia,
sasruli
("umdablesi
safexuri")
usasrulosagan
gansxvavebulad ar unda warmovidginoT, magram maT Soris sruli
identurobis, ufro sworad ki _ sasrulis mier usasrulos (unaSTo)
moazrebis ideisagan kuzeli Sors dgas.
magram, meore mxriv, am gansxvavebam ar unda
dagvakarginos TvalTaxedvidan erTi fundamenturi msgavseba:
rogorc hegeliseuli "sakuTari Tavis sxvis", iseve kuzelis "ara-sxvis"
moazreba
SeuZlebelia gansjiT, romlisTvisac dapirispirebulTa
erTianoba miuwvdomelia (da romlisTvisac, amis gamo,
winaaRmdegobis
SeuZleblobis
kanonia
ganmsazRvreli) 64.
gansxvaveba gansjasa da gonebas Soris is gadamwyveti
momentia, romelic hegelisa da kuzelis filosofiebs anaTesavebs.
goneba orivesTvis is instancia, romelsac ZaluZs dapirispirebulTa
erTianobis moazreba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs sxvagvar
ontologias, sxvagvar warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu 'ra arsebobs'
(quaini). es is ontologiaa, romelic "logikis" saxeliT dagvitova
hegelma, da romelic gansxvavdeba imisagan, rasac Cveulebriv
"bunebriv ontologias" uwodeben xolme. am axali ontologiis
aucilebloba naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom gansja
hegelisa da kuzelisaTvis ara marto Cveulebriv mecnierul kvlevas
udevs safuZlvad, aramed adamianebis yoveldRiur qmedebebsa
da sjasac, da, Tavis mxriv, garkveul ontologias gulisxmobs, romlis
gadalaxvis problemac uSualod mohyveba gansjis logikis
gadalaxvis amocanas gonebis mier. marTalia aseT 'formalur
ontologias' damuSavebuli saxiT kuzelTan tyuilad davuwyebT
Zebnas, magram dapirispirebulTa damTxvevis principSi, iseve
rogorc moZRvrebaSi ara-sxvis Sesaxeb SeiZleba aseTi ontologiis
sawyisebis aRmoCena.
62

G. W. F. Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, 103.

iqve.
64
is, rom, kuzelis gverdiT, hegelic maT ricxvs ekuTvnis, visTvisac winaaRmdegobis
SeuZleblobis kanoni TavisTavad cxad mocemulobas ar warmoadgens, Tundac
Semdegi citatidan Cans cxadad: "dapirispirebulTa erTianoba yovel cnobierebas udgas
Tvalwin, magram cnobiereba, romelic goniers ver acnobierebs, am dros
dapirispirebulebs mudam erTmaneTisagan acalkevebs", G. W. F. Hegel, Vorlesungen ber
die Geschichte der Philosophie II, in: Werke in zwanzig Bnden, Bd. 19., 1998, 71.
63

16

SesaZloa daisvas kiTxva, Tu ramdenad legitimuria kuzelis

filosofiis hegeliseuli cnebiTobis saSualebiT ganxilva, romelic,
miTumetes, ar emyareba istoriuli filiaciis mkarc CarCos. teqsti,
iqneba is filosofiuri Tu raime sxva saxis, xom gansazRvrul istoriul
konteqsts ekuTvnis. mas win uZRvis teqstebi, romlebic misi
cnebiTobis CamoyalibebaSi TamaSobs rols, da mxolod am
teqstebis konteqstSi unda iyos SesaZlebeli misi Seswavla.
magram vikiTxoT: ra uSlis xels imas, rom es teqsti iseT sxva
teqstebTan movides mimarTebaSi, romlebic masTan istoriul
kavSirSi araa? veranairi istoriul-kritikuli purizmi, romelsac teqstis
mis uSualo konteqstze reducireba surs, ver moaxerxebs
heterogenuli teqstebis dakavSirebis am procesisaTvis xelis
SeSlas, Tundac im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom dekonteqstualizaciis
es procesi ukve mudam dawyebulia (da es 'ukve mudam' metia,
vidre empiriuli faqtis konstatacia). filosofiur teqsts gaaCnia
usasrulo raodenobis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul gagebis
konteqstebSi funqciobis unari. am garemoebis "gasagnebam"
(anu filosofiuri kanonis SigniT am teqstebisaTvis stabiluri adgilis
miniWebam) SeiZleba philosophia perennis-is aRiarebamde
migviyvanos, magram es araa aucilebeli Sedegi. aq unda
gavixsenoT baxtinis mier gakeTebuli gansxvaveba "mcire drosa"
(Tanamedroveoba, uaxloesi warsuli, gamocnobadi (sasurveli)
momavali) da "did dros" Soris. teqsti araa SemozRuduli pirveliT,
mas "Soreul konteqstebSi" Sesvlis unari aqvs; es xdis
SesaZleblad teqstis did droSi Sesvlas, did droSi, romelsac baxtini
gansazRvravs, rogorc "usasrulo da dausrulebel dialogs, romelSic
arc erTi sazrisi ar kvdeba"65.

Cusanus's Concept of the Non-other

The article analyses the concept of the non-other as a result of Cusanus'
life-long preocuppation with the problem of linguistic and conceptual expression
of the first principle. The non-other appears as the "absolute concept", which
along with the Possest, another name for the Absolute, overcomes the logic of
understanding (ratio) and is conceived according to the logic of reason
(intellectus). Cusanus' dependance on and distance from the neoplatonic
speculation on the One as represented by Proclus and Dionysius Pseudo65

, .
.., " ", ,
1986,386.
17

Areopagita is analysed, as well as the difference between the conception of the

non-other and Cusanus' own earlier attempt, to think the Absolute under the name
of the 'same itself' (idem ipsum).

18