Umts Introduction Alcatel

UMTS/UTRAN
Introduction
Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03
Page 1
Introduction to UMTS
Table of contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Services Provided
3.
UMTS system description
4.
WCDMA for UMTS
5.
UTRAN (Release 1999)
Appendix
Related Documentation
Abbreviations and acronyms
Page 2
1.
Introduction
Page 3
1.Introduction
Definition
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunication
System
UMTS is one of the major new third generation mobile
communications systems being developed within the framework
which has been defined by the ITU and known as IMT-2000
UMTS Forum
Page 4
1. Introduction
1.1
Context
1.2
Standardization
1.3
UMTS goals
1.4
UMTS technical overview
Page 5
1.Introduction/1.1 Context
Past mobile systems (1)

First Generation (1G)
In the early 80s, analog systems
e.g Radiocom 2000, C-Netz
Service:
speech
Limitations of 1G:
poor spectrum efficiency
expensive and heavy user equipment
mobility only in a small area
no security of communications
Page 6
Past mobile systems (2)

Second Generation (2G)
In the early 90s, digital systems
Europe : GSM
US
: IS-95 (also called cdmaOne), IS-136 (TDMA system)
Japan : PDC
Services: Speech and low data rate
Limitations of 2G:
Congestion
more than 300 million wireless subscribers worldwide -->need to increase system
capacity
Limited mobility around the world -->need for a global standardisation
Limited offer of services
more than 200 million internet users--> Need for new multimedia services and
applications (video telephony, e-commerce...)
Page 7
Technical solutions
Two types of solutions were possible :

enhancement of 2G system --> 2,5G
low cost but short term
e.g.: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE for GSM evolution
design of a complete new standard --> 3G
high cost, long term, but great amount of new potential services
e.g: UMTS
Page 8
GSM evolution (1)

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data)
Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time slots
on a circuit-switched basis.
Performance: up to 115,2 kbps
Already implemented but not all operators/manufacturers have made this
choice.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time slots
on a packet-switched basis (the allocation of time slots is performed
dynamically at the initialisation and during the connection)
Performance: up to 171,2 kbps
1999/2000 : deployment phase
2002 : service offers for most operators
Page 9
GSM evolution (2)

EDGE (Enhancement Data rates for GSM evolution)
Principle: new modulation scheme (8PSK instead of GMSK)
Performance: up to 384 kbps
Implementation is yet to come (foreseen for 2003)
EDGE might be a good alternative to 3G systems in certain areas or for
operators who do not have 3G licences, although the 3G brings more in
terms of new multimedia services.
Page 10
Lets take some examples!

Downloading a map (50
KBytes)
GSM 42 s
GPRS
8s
EDGE 3 s
UMTS 0.2 s
A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music

file
(2.4 MBytes)
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
34 mn
7 mn
128 s
10 s
Downloading a Word document Audio and Video

(500 KBytes)
streaming
GSM 7 mn
GPRS 82 s
EDGE 27 s
UMTS
2s
Streaming with all

technologies
except with GSM
Page 11
1.Introduction
1.1
Context
1.2
Standardization
1.3
UMTS Goals
1.4
Page 12
1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization
IMT-2000: definition
IMT-2000 is a framework for third generation mobile systems (3G) which is

scheduled to start service worldwide around the year 2000 subject to market
considerations.
IMT-2000 should use the frequencies around 2 GHz all over the world.
IMT-2000 is defined by a set of interdependent ITU Recommendations*.
IMT-2000 main requirements are :
- wide range of high quality services
- capability for multimedia applications
- worldwide roaming capability
- compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks
Page 13
IMT-2000: main participants
Europe: ETSI
Japan: ARIB
USA: TIA, T1
South Korea: TTA
China: CWTS
ITU: International
Telecommunication Union
Page 14
IMT-2000: terrestrial
radio interfaces
IMT-TC (Time Code)
TD-CDMA
UMTS TDD
IMT-DS (Direct Spread)
W-CDMA
UMTS FDD
Evolved GSM
Core Network
IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)

CDMA2000
FDD MC
Radio/Network
Connection
IMT-SC (Single Carrier)

TDMA Single Carrier
UWC-136
EDGE/ERAN
IMT-FT (Frequency Time)
TDMA Multi-Carrier
DECT
Evolved IS-41
Core Network
Page 15
2G terrestrial radio interfaces

China :
GSM
US & Canada :
CDMA
(13%)
GSM
GSM
(12%)
(87%)
Western Europe:
(100%)
CDMA
(49%)
TDMA
Japan:
(39%)
PDC
(64%)
(36%)
Rest of the World :
GSM
(41%)
CDMA
(35%)
CDMA
TDMA
(24%)
1999 Market
GSM
CDMA
TDMA
PDC
Share:
48 %
28 %
15 %
9%
Page 16
3G terrestrial radio interfaces

China :
GSM
US & Canada :
Western Europe:
EDGE
(100%)
CDMA
(49%)
CDMA
2000
CDMA
(13%)
CDMA
2000
GSM
GSM
(12%)
(87%)
UMTS
UMTS
TDMA
Japan:
(39%)
EDGE
PDC
(64%)
UMTS
Rest of the World :
GSM
(41%)
UMTS
CDMA
(35%)
CDMA
2000
UMTS
CDMA
(36%)
CDMA
2000
TDMA
(24%)
EDGE
IMT2000
1999 Market Share:
GSM
UMTS
CDMA
TDMA
EDGE
PDC
UMTS
48 %
28 %
CDMA
15 %
2000
9%
Page 17
3GPP: joint organization

for UMTS standardization
Affiliated organizations:
ETSI (Europe)
ARIB/TTC (Japan)
T1 (USA)
TTA (South Korea)
CWTS (China)
Other members involved: manufacturers and operators
System Specification:
Access Network
WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)
Core Network
Evolved GSM
All-IP
Releases defined for the system specifications:
- Release 99 (called R3 as well)
- Release R4 and R5 (previously known as Release 2000 or R00)
In the following material we will only speak about UMTS R99.

Page 18
3GPP organization
TSG
Core Network
TSG
Radio Access Network
WG1
Mobility Management,
Call Control,
Session Management
WG1
Radio layer 1 specifications
WG2
CAMEL & MAP
WG2
Radio layer 2,
Radio layer 3 RR specification
TSG Service and

System Architecture
WG1
Services
TSG
GERAN
GSM/EDGE*
TSG
Terminals
WG1
Mobile Terminal
Conformance Testing
SMG1
WG2
Architecture
WG2
Mobile terminal
services & capabilities
SMG12
WG3
Interworking with
External Networks
WG3
Iux specifications,
UTRAN & O&M requirements
WG3
Security
WG3
USIM
SMG2 ARC
WG4
MAP/GTP /BCH/SS
WG4
Radio performance/protocols,
Base Station conformance
WG4
CODEC
WG5
OSA
Ad Hoc
ITU internal coordination
WG5
Telecom Management
* created in mid 2000
Page 19
3GPP specifications
Series_Id
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Series_description
Requirements
Service Aspects
Technical Realization
Signaling Protocols (UE to network)
UTRA aspects
CODECs
Data
(reserved)
Signaling Protocols (intra-fixed network)
Program management
User Identity Module
O&M
tm
h
.
s
c
Security Aspects
e
sp
/
s
c
e
p
/s
Test specification
g
r
o
.
p
p
g
3
.
w
Security algorithms
/ww
http:/
Page 20
UMTS Roadmap
EDGE
Commercial
introduction
2000
UMTS R99
commercial
System
UMTS R99
Field Trials
GPRS
implementation
2001
UMTS R4/R5
2002
2003
Page 21
1.Introduction
1.1
Context
1.2
Standardization
1.3
UMTS Goals
1.4
Page 22
1.Introduction/1.3 UMTS goals
Why UMTS?
UMTS will be a mobile communication system that offers significant user

benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent
network of fixed, cellular and satellite components.
It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to
new and innovative services and applications.
It will offer mobile personalized communications to the mass market
regardless of location, network and terminal used.
UMTS Forum 1997
Page 23
1.Introduction/1.3 UMTS goals
UMTS vision
Zone 4: Global
Satellite
Zone 3: Suburban
Zone 2: Urban
Zone 1: In-Building
Macro-Cell
MSS
GSM
Micro-Cell
UTRA/FDD
Pico-Cell
UTRA/TDD
Page 24
1.Introduction
1.1
Context
1.2
Standardization
1.3
UMTS Goals
1.4
Page 25
1.Introduction/1.4 UMTS technical overview
UMTS general architecture

PS networks
CS networks
(Internet)
(PSTN, ISDN..)
CN
Iu
RAN
Uu
UE
CN
RAN
UE
Core network (CN)

it provides support for the network
features and telecommunication
services. It is connected to external CS
networks or PS networks.
Radio Access network (RAN)
it comprises roughly the functions
specific to the access technique.
3 different RANs are foreseen:
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial RAN)
MSS (Mobile Satellite component)
BRAN (Broadband RAN)
Core Network
User Equipment
User Equipment (UE)

It is the mobile phone.
Page 26
UMTS Cellular System
UMTS consists of a set of hierarchical cells, but the multiple access technique
is completely different from GSM.
GSM
Users are separated in frequency
(FDMA) and in time (TDMA)
UMTS
Users are separated with codes
(CDMA)
Page 27
UMTS duplex modes
5 MHz channel
FDD mode
f1
Uplink
Code and Frequency

orthogonality
f2
Downlink
5 MHz channel
TDD mode
Code and Time
orthogonality
...
Uplink & Downlink
...
15TS
Page 28
UMTS Frequency allocations
2110
2170
FDD
1900
1920
TDD
MSS
1980
FDD
2200
2010
MSS
2025
TDD
Uplink
Downlink
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

TDD: Time Division Duplex
MSS: Mobile Satellite System
Page 29
1.Introduction
QUIZ! (1)
Mark the following answers to the questions A to E by True or False.
A. What are the limits of 2G systems like GSM?
1/ No security of communications
2/ No dynamical allocation of radio resources
3/ Mobility only in a small area
4/ Heavy mobile phones
5/ Limited offer of data services
B. EDGE...
1/ is an evolution of GSM
2/ is sometimes considered as a 3G system
3/ is based on a new modulation scheme
4/ is supposed to reach a bit rate about 40 times greater than the GSM one
Page 30
1.Introduction
QUIZ! (2)
C. Which of these radio interfaces belongs to IMT-2000?
1/ CDMA One
2/ UMTS FDD
3/ UMTS TDD
4/ CDMA 2000
5/ EDGE
D. What is the organisation responsible for UMTS standardization?

1/ 3GPP
2/ 3GPP2
3/ ETSI
4/ ARIB
5/ CWTS
E. What is the bandwidth of a CDMA carrier in UMTS?

1/
200 kHz
2/
1 MHz
3/
5 MHz
F. Are the following statements about UTMS duplex modes True or False?
1/ FDD is similar to the GSM duplex mode
2/ TDD use the same frequencies as FDD
3/ FDD is better suited for asymmetric traffic
4/ TDD will come later
Page 31
2.
Services provided
Page 32
2. Services provided
2.1
UMTS service principles
2.2
UMTS Bearer services
2.3
Tele-services
2.4
UMTS Terminals
Page 33
2. Services provided/2.1 UMTS service principles
What is a service?
E.g speech,
file transfer,
emails...
CN
Node
UTRAN
TE/MT
CN
Gateway
Teleservice
External Bearer
Service
UMTS Bearer Service
E.g data
transfer at
9,6 kbps, in
transparent
mode,
with turbocode
...
TE
Radio Access Bearer Service

(RAB)
Radio Bearer
Service
...
Iu Bearer
Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone
Bearer Service
...
Physical
Radio Physical
Bearer Service
Bearer Service
Uu
Iu
Page 34
Tele-services and
Bearer services
Teleservices
Speech, emergency calls
SMS
Email
Internet Access
Mobile e-commerce
Video Postcards
Information and location
based services
New applications
Instinctive service
Basic services
Enhanced services
New services to be provided
by service providers (third party)

Large toolkit for all kinds of services
Page 35
Third party: service provider

Tele-services will not be standardised so as to differentiate
between operators and providers of applications.
UMTS offer new opportunity for content and service providers
Todays 1:1 customer-operator relationship
Tomorrows situation?
Contracted Content providers
Operator
Contracted Service providers
Contracted Service providers
Operator
Page 36
Virtual Home Environment

(VHE)
The Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is a portability concept of the PSE

(Personal Service Environment):
VHE enables the users to carry along its PSE whilst roaming between
networks
VHE shall be independent of terminal used (in fact the service
configuration is adapted to the terminal capacities)
"same look and feel" wherever you are
PSE : the user has access to a range of services in its Home Environment.
Page 37
Service Architecture
Service Layer
Tele-services
(terminal equipment functions,
Operator transmission capabilities)
Standardized
interfaces
Service Capability Features
Service Capability Servers
GSM/GPRS/UMTS
Bearer Services
CAMEL
MExE
SAT
Network Layer
Fixed
VHE concept is based on the standard mechanisms of Service Capability

Servers which allow Service Capability Features. The latter are carried
through standard interfaces in order to support Tele-services adapted to the
Service Capabilities of the network and user equipment.
Page 38
Lets Look for the nearest

restaurant
Choose your preferences:

- type of restaurant: French
- type of payment: credit card
...
Restaurant Paul Bocuse
69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d'or
This service is built from the following service capability features:

call set-up & authorisation (CAMEL for services in roaming after
authentication phase with SAT),
Map display on the phone : SAT and MExE
Call the restaurant by Push Service : MExE
Reservation with VISA card number : secured transaction with MExE
Billing of the service : CAMEL
Page 39
2.1
2.2
2.3
Tele-services
2.4
UMTS Terminals
Page 40
2. Services provided/2.2 UMTS Bearer Services
Bearer services
characterization
Bearer services are characterized by a set of end-to-end characteristics with

requirements on QoS, always considered point-to-point.
Bearer services provide the capability for information transfer between
access points and involve only low layer functions.
Each bearer service is characterized by its requirements:
transfer information: connection oriented or connectionless, traffic type
(guaranteed/constant bit rate, non guaranteed/variable), traffic
characteristics (uni-directional, bi-directional, multicast), priority
quality characteristics: maximum transfer delay, delay variation, bit
error ratio, data rate.
This set of requirements are called QoS parameters.
Example : several active radio bearer services
simultaneously by the same terminal equipment.
can
be
handled
Page 41
Bearer QoS requirements
negotiable: QoS offer on demand

provide a wide range of QoS levels
dynamic behaviour: It shall be possible to negotiate (re-negotiate) the
characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment
(during an on going session or connection).
support of asymmetric nature between uplink and downlink
supply of bearer services without wasting resources on the radio and
network interfaces.
Page 42
Bearer Supported bit rates

The only limiting factor for satisfying application requirements shall be the
cumulative bit rate per mobile termination at a given instant in each radio
environment:
At least 144 kbits/s in rural outdoor radio environment (with a
maximum speed of 500 km/h)
At least 384 kbits/s in urban or suburban outdoor radio
environments (with a maximum speed of 120 km/h)
At least 2048 kbits/s in indoor or low range outdoor radio
environment (with a maximum speed of 10 km/h)
Theses performances decrease:
- when the speed of the user increases
- when the load of the network increases
Page 43
2.1
2.2
2.3
Tele-services
2.4
UMTS Terminals
Page 44
2. Services provided/2.3 Tele-services
Typology
Media
Always-on
Fun
Games (Hangman, Poker, Quiz, )

Screen Saver
Ring Tone
Horoscope
Biorhythm
Directories
Mobile Office
Voice (!)
E-mail
Agenda
IntraNet/InterNet
Corporate Applications
Database Access
Yellow/White Pages
International Directories
Operator Services
Music
Transportation
Flight/train Schedule
reservation
Vertical application
Traffic Management
Automation
Mobile branches
Health
Downloading of
music files or
video clips
News
(general/specific)
International/National News
Local News
Sport News
Weather
Lottery Results
Finance News
Stock Quotes
Exchange Rates
Location services
Traffic Conditions
Itineraries
Nearest Restaurant,
Cinema, Chemist,
Parking;, ATM ...
M-commerce
Non physical
on-line Banking
Ticketing
Auction
Gambling
Best Price
e-Book
Physical
on-line shopping
on-line food
Page 45
QoS classes
4 classes have been identified:

conversational
AMR speech service
Video telephony
CS:
H324
PS:
H323
+
Delay
sensitive
streaming
interactive
Web-browsing
location based services
background
Data
Integrity
sensitive
e-mail delivery
SMS ...
Page 46
Performance
QoS of teleservices depends not only on UMTS network, but also on

applications, terminals and external networks.
From a users perspective it is more relevant to speak of delay rather than
bit rate:
Error
tolerant
Conversational Streaming audio Voice messaging

and video
voice and video
FTP, still image, E-commerce,

Error
Telnet,
WWW browsing
paging
intolerant interactive games
Conversational
delay <<1 sec
Streaming
delay<1 sec
Interactive
delay <10 sec
Fax
E-mail arrival
notification
Background
delay >10 sec
Page 47
Defining charging principles

How will billing be performed: by time? by volume? by number of
connections?
If billing is performed by volume, what will be an easy way to explain to
the customer what a 1 Mbyte of data is?
What will happen in case of handover between GSM and UMTS?
What about roaming? Prepaid services?
QoS depends directly on the load of the network. A trade-off must be
found between users. Customers who pay more might have higher priority
or better QoS (depending of the operators strategies). Billing for a given
service might depend on the QoS.
Page 48
2. Services provided/2.3 Teleservices
Location based services

Teleservices will depend on the strategy and on the imagination of operators
and content providers.
The key point is likely to be a fast access to information and an appropriate
filtering of the user location data.
the UMTS killer application is likely be a location based service
Example of location based services : look for an hotel, consult yellow pages,
get local traffic situation or weather report,...
Limitation: location information could be a risk for privacy.
Page 49
2.1
2.2
2.3
Tele-services
2.4
UMTS Terminals
Page 50
2. Services provided/2.4 UMTS terminals
User Equipement (UE)
Mobile
Equipment Cu interface
UICC
USIM 1
USIM2
GSM
access
SIM
(ME)
Mobile
Equipment
GSM
terminal
(ME)
User Equipment (UE)
Page 51
2. Services provided/2.4 UMTS terminals
Range of terminals
There will be a wide range of terminals depending of the type of application

(speech, video, games, dual...), the mode (UMTS/GSM, UMTS/DECT...)
Integrated approach:
Distributed approach:
1 handset able to perform all

functions. Most of the concept
phones today.
1 handset for voice & WAP, or voice only

and a Bluetooth connection to other
devices (headset, camera...).
New interfaces
Automotive / Telematics PS
G
Domestic
Data / IT
E-Commerce
Consumer Electronics
Image Games Audio

Page 52
QUIZ!
A. True or False? The tele-services...

1/ are used for example to make a call, to access yellow pages, on-line banking...
2/ are mapped on bearer services
3/ will be standardized by 3GPP
B. True of False? The VHE...
1/ is a portability concept of 3G mobile systems
2/ will enable to keep the same environment when roaming between mobile and fixed networks
3/ will be adapted to the terminal capabilities
4/ will use proprietary interfaces
Page 53
QUIZ!
C. True or False? A bearer service can support for one user:

1/ 2 Mbps at a speed of 120 km/h
2/ 2 Mbps in a high loaded cell
3/ 2 Mbps at 3 km away from the base station
4/ Asymmetric traffic
5/ Variable traffic
D. True or False? Location based services...
1/ are services only available in some areas (city centers...)
2/ are services related to the location of the user
3/ can locate the mobile phone with an accuracy of about 50 m
Page 54
QUIZ!
E. True or False? A UICC (UMTS integrated Circuit Card)...

1/ has the same size as a GSM SIM card
2/ can not be used in a GSM terminal
3/ can be used in an UMTS terminal and provide access to GSM network
4/ is linked with the UMTS terminal via a proprietary interface
5/ may provide access to UMTS networks of different operators
F. UMTS services have been announced to come later than initially scheduled
because of non availability of UMTS terminals in volume: can you find some reasons
which makes it quite complex to design UMTS terminals?
Page 55
3.
UMTS System Description
Page 56
3. UMTS System Description
3 views of the system
Protocol architecture
Logical architecture
Protocol
stacks
Entities
Bearers
Call scenario
Page 57
Protocol
stacks
Entities
3.1 Logical architecture
Bearers
3.2 Protocol architecture

3.3 Call scenario
Page 58
3. UMTS System Descript./3.1 UMTS logical architecture
UMTS logical Architecture
CN
Core Network
CS-Service
Domain
PS-Service
Domain
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
IU
Iu-PS
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
UTRAN
Iub
Node_B
Node
B
UU
Iu-CS
Iu-reference
point
Iub
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
Iub
Node B
Uu-reference
point
UE
Page 59
CN logical architecture
UMTS Core Network for Release 99

2G/3G
MSC
PLMN
PSTN / ISDN
2G/3G
GMSC
GSM BSS
BSC
EIR
Gb
HLR
AuC
VHE
Iu (CS)
UTRAN
RNC
Iu (PS)
2G/3G IP Backbone 2G/3G

SGSN
GGSN
External
IP Network
Page 60
UTRAN logical Architecture
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
Iub
Node_B
Node
B
RNC
Iub
Node B
Iub
Node B
Iub
Node B
RNC
It is the intelligent part of the UTRAN:
- radio resource management (code allocation, congestion control, admission
control)
- radio mobility management
- macro-diversity handling (soft HO)
- control of Node-Bs
Node-B
A Node-B can be composed of several cells and performs:
- radio transmission handling
- macro-diversity handling (softer HO)
Page 61
Soft Handover (1)
Core Network
Iu
Iu
Iur
S RNC1
Iub
NodeB1
D
SRNC2
Iub
Iub
NodeB2
NodeB3
Iub
NodeB4
5
6
Page 62
Soft Handover (2)
The role of an RNC (Serving or Drift) is on a per connection basis between a

UE and the UTRAN:
Serving RNC: provide Iu UE-CN connection
Drift RNC: supports Serving RNC by providing radio resources
The recombination of the signal is performed in Serving RNC (in Node B for
softer HO) and in UE using a RAKE receiver.
Soft HO is highly recommended in UMTS system: about 30 to 40% of
mobiles are in macro-diversity mode in IS-95.
Page 63
UMTS logical Interfaces
Open Interfaces
The functional split for the UMTS components (UE, Node-B, RNC...) are
clearly specified, but the internal architecture and implementation issues are
left open (it is up to the manufacturer).
However all the interfaces (Cu, Uu, Iub, Iur, Iu-CS, Iu-Ps) have been defined
in such a detailed level that the equipment at the endpoints can be from
different manufacturers.
Open Interfaces aim at motivating competition between manufacturers.
Physical implementation of Iu interfaces
Each Iu Interface may be implemented on any physical connection using any
transport technology.
ATM will be provided in the R99 release and IP is foreseen in further releases
Page 64
Protocol
stacks
Entities
Bearers

3.3 Call scenario
Page 65
3. UMTS System Descri./3.2 UMTS protocol architecture
Access stratum and

Non Access Stratum
Non-Access Stratum (NAS)

Iu
Radio
Protocols Protocols
(2)
(1)
Radio
Protocols
(1)
Iu
Protocols
(2)
Access Stratum
(AS)
UE
Uu
UTRAN
CN
Iu
SAP
Interchanges between entities is applied on a peer-to-peer principle.

Each entity provides services to entities of upper layers through Service Access
Points (SAP).
Page 66
Non Access Stratum
CM/MM
CS traffic
PS traffic
CM/MM
SM/GMM
Iu Protocols
NAS
AS
CS traffic
Uu
Radio Protocols
UE
Iu-CS
Radio
Protocols
Iu
Protocols
MSC
SM/GMM
UTRAN
PS traffic
Iu Protocols
Iu-PS
SGSN
Page 67
Access Stratum: radio protocols

4. User authentication (NAS signalling)
2. Web browsing (from/to Iu-PS)
3. Local
weather
forecast
(SMS Cell
Broadcast)
1. Speech (from/to Iu-CS)
3
NON ACCESS STRATUM (NAS)
ACCESS STRATUM (AS)
RRC
5. Initial access (RRC Connection Establishment)
RRC
PDCP BMC
RLC
MAC
RLC
MAC
Phys
Phys
UE
Uu
Iu
protocols
Node B
Iu
protocols
Iub
ne
la
lp e
ro
n
nt
la
Co er p
Us
PDCP BMC
RNC
Page 68
Access Stratum: Iu protocols
Node-B
Iub
NBAP
Iu-CS
RNSAP
RANAP
Iur
Radio
Control Plane
User Plane
Network
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
Layer
Application Protocol:
- NBAP for Iub
- RNSAP for Iur
- RANAP for Iu-CS
and Iu-PS
SGSN
Iu-PS
RNC
The same general protocol

model is applied for all Iu
interfaces:
MSC
RNC
Transport
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
Network
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
Page 69
Protocol
stacks
Entities
Bearers

3.3 Call scenario
Page 70
3. UMTS System Description/3.3 Call Scenario
Radio Access Bearer (RAB)

UMTS Bearers
CN-CS
RA B
RA B
UMTS Bearer
UTRAN
UE
UMTS Bearer
RAB
RAB
UMTS bearer
services
CN-PS
Radio Bearers
Iu Bearers
RABs (mapped on Radio & Iu Bearers)

The RAB provides confidential transport of signaling and user
data between UE and CN with the appropriate QoS.
Page 71
Establishment of a call
Inside the UTRAN

No more distinction between CS and PS part: all data are mapped on RAB.
But the RAB characteristics (delay, bit rate) may not be the same for CS
and PS part.
UTRAN has the total freedom to configure the radio bearers according to the
required RAB attributes (ie QoS).
Page 72
Example : CS call
establishment
UE
CN
UTRAN
RANAP Phase
RRC Phase
Authentication and ciphering

RAB establishment
Radio Bearer(s) allocation
Iu Bearer(s) allocation
alert and connect (CS)

PDP context activated (PS)
Uu
Iu
Page 73
QUIZ!
A. Put the correct words in the spaces on the figure below
...
...
CS networks
(PSTN, ISDN)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
PS networks
(internet)
...
...
...
...
...
Page 74
Quiz!
B. Which of the following statements concerning the soft(er) handover is true of

false?
1/ a soft(er) HO consists of two or more simultaneous radio links between the UE and the UTRAN
2/ a soft HO is under the control of the Drift RNC
3/ a softer HO is performed by Node-B
C. Where is performed the radio mobility management?
1/ in the CN
2/ at the RNC
3/ at the Node-B
D. According to the norm, can the RNC from a given

manufacturer be compatible with:
1/ the CN of another manufacturer?
2/ the RNC of another manufacturer?
3/ the Node-B of another manufacturer?
Page 75
4.
WCDMA for UMTS
Page 76
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1
Context
4.2
Spread Spectrum modulation
4.3
Code Division Multiple Access
4.4
Rake Receiver
4.5
Power Control
4.6
Soft Handover
4.7
Typical coverage and capacity values
Page 77
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.1 Context
From military to civil modern

radio-communications
Early 70s
CDMA developed for military field for its great qualities of privacy (low
probability interception, interference rejection)
1996
CDMA commercial launch in the US
This system called IS-95 or cdmaOne was developed by Qualcomm and has
reached 50 million subscribers worldwide
2000
IMT-2000 has selected three CDMA radio interfaces:
- WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
- TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)
- CDMA 2000
In the following material we will only refer to WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
Page 78
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.1 Context
Why CDMA?
CDMA is very attractive:

Better spectrum efficiency than 2G systems
Suitable for all type of services (circuit, packet) and for multi-services
Enhanced privacy
Evolutionary (linked with progress in signal processing field)
BUT:
Complex system: not easy to configure and to manage
Unstable in case of congestion
Page 79
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1
Context
4.2
4.3
4.4
Rake Receiver
4.5
Power Control
4.6
Soft Handover
4.7
Page 80
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation
A code as a shell
against noise
Noise
Spreading
Transmitter
Radio channel
Despreading
Receiver
The letter A represents the signal to transmit over the radio interface.
At the transmitter the height (ie the power) of A is spread, while a color (i.e
a code) is added to A.
At the receiver A can be retrieved with knowledge of the code, even if the
power of the received signal is below the power of noise due to the radio
channel.
Page 81
Spectrum spreading
Spreading
Radio channel
Noise
level
De-spreading
At the transmitter the signal is multiplied by a code which spreads the signal
over a wide bandwidth while decreasing the power (per unit of spectrum).
At the receiver it is possible to retrieve the wanted signal by multiplying the
received signal by the same code: you get a peak of correlation, while the
noise level due to the radio channel remains the same, because this is not
correlated with the code.
The spectrum spreading permits transmission of a signal below the noise
level and makes the signal very hard to detect.
Spectrum spreading makes CDMA very secure.
Page 82
Transmission Chain
Air Interface
NB-Signal
WB-Signal
WB-Signal
NB-Signal
Data
Data
Modulator
Code sequence
Demodulator
Code Sequence
The narrowband data signal is multiplied bit per bit by a code sequence: it is
known as chipping.
The chip rate of this code sequence is much higher than the bit rate of the
data signal: it produces a wideband signal, also called spread signal.
At the receiver the same code sequence in phase should be used to retrieve
the original data signal.
Page 83
Spreading factor
Signal
Spreading
Code
Tx signal
1
1111
0101
0101
0
0000
0101
1010
0
0000
0101
1010
Rx signal
Code
Despreading
Signal
0101
0101
1111
1
1010
0101
0000
0
1010
0101
0000
0
(bits)
(chips)
Radio channel
(In this case, each bit of the signal is spread over 4 chips. The spreading
factor is 4)
Spreading makes CDMA adequate for services with variable bit
rates.
Page 84
Processing Gain
W
Processing Gain = 10 Log 10
Rb
Processing
Gain
De-spreading
W
Rb
The Processing Gain is the gain you have at the receiver by the despreading
of the signal (peak of correlation). It enables transmission of the signal
below the noise level.
A high bit rate signal needs more power to cross the noise level
by de-spreading.
Page 85
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1
Context
4.2
4.3
4.4
Rake Receiver
4.5
Power Control
4.6
Soft Handover
4.7
Page 86
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.3 Code Division Multiple Access
One-cell reuse
The area is divided into cells, but the entire

bandwidth is reused in each cell (frequency reuse
of one)
> Inter-cell interference
> Cell orthogonality is achieved by codes
The entire bandwidth is used by each user at the

same time
> Intra-cell interference
> User orthogonality is achieved by codes
Page 87
Multiple access (1)
Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading 2
Radio Channel
Spreading1
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
All the users transmit on the same 5 MHz carrier at the same time and
interfere with each over.
At the receiver the users can be separated by means of (quasi-)orthogonal
codes.
Page 88
Multiple access (2)
Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading 2
Radio Channel
Spreading1
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
If a user transmits with a very high power, it will be impossible for the
receiver to decode the wanted signal (despite use of quasi-orthogonal codes)
CDMA is unstable by nature and requires accurate power control.
Page 89
Spreading:
Channelization and scrambling
cch1
air
interface
cch 2
cscrambling
Modulator
cch 3
The channelization code (or spreading code) is signal-specific: the code
length is chosen according to the bit rate of the signal.
The scrambling code is equipment-specific.
Page 90
Channelization codes
(spreading codes)
ch,1,0
ch,2,0
=(1,1,1,1)
ch,4,0
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
= (1,1)
The code tree is shared by several

users (usually one code tree per
cell)
= (1)
SF = 1
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
The channelization codes are OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)

codes:
their length is equal to the spreading factor of the signal: they can match
variable bit rates on a frame-by-frame basis.
orthogonality enables to separate physical channels:
Uplink: separation of physical channels from the same terminal
Downlink: separation of physical channels to different users within one cell
Page 91
Scrambling codes
The scrambling codes provide separation between equipment:

Uplink: separation of terminals
No need for code planning (millions of codes!)
There are 214 long and 214 short scrambling codes in uplink
Downlink: separation of cells
Need for code planning between cells (but trivial task)
There are only long scrambling codes in downlink (512 to limit the code
identification during cell search procedure)
The long scrambling codes are truncated to the 10 ms frame length.
Only one downlink scrambling code should be used within a cell.
Another scrambling code may be introduced in one cell if necessary
(example : shortage of channelization code), but orthogonality between
users will be degraded.
Page 92
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1
Context
4.2
4.3
4.4
Rake Receiver
4.5
Power Control
4.6
Soft Handover
4.7
Page 93
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.4 Rake Receiver
Rake Receiver principle (1)

In a CDMA system there is a single carrier which contains all user signals.
Decoding of all these signals by one receiver is only a question of signal
processing capacity.
A Rake receiver is capable to decode several signals simultaneously in the so
called fingers and to combine them in order to improve the quality of the
signal or to get several services at the same time.
A Rake receiver is implemented in mobile phones and in base stations.
A Rake receiver can provide:
- multi-service (via handling of multiple physical channels that are carrying
the services)
- soft handover
- path diversity
Page 94
Rake receiver principle (2)

Delay Adjustment
Multi-code
signal
1st
Finger
2nd
Finger
3rd
Finger
Delay 1
Delay 2
Data 1
Code Sequence 1
Code Sequence 2
Data 2
Delay 3
Code Sequence 2 or 3
The components of the multi-code signal are demodulated in parallel each in

one finger of the Rake Receiver.
The outputs of the fingers:
can provide independent data signals
can be combined to provide a better data signal(s)
Page 95
Rake receiver
and multi-service
Despreading 1
Spreading 1
Spreading 2
Radio Channel
Transmitter
Despreading 2
Multimedia receiver
As a first approach, we can say:

One service, one code! (*)
>> Which codes make it possible to
separate the two signals at the receiver?
Page 96
Rake Receiver
and soft handover
Spreading 1
Base station 1
Spreading 2
Base Station 2
Despreading 1&2
Radio Channel
Mobile phone
>> Which codes make it possible to

separate the two signals
at the
receiver?
Soft handover is possible, because the two mobile stations use the same
frequency band. The mobile phone need only one transmission chain to
decode both simultaneously.
Page 97
Rake Receiver
and path diversity (1)
Natural obstacles (buildings, hills) cause reflections, diffractions and

scattering and consequently multipath propagation.
The delay dispersion depends on the environment and is typically:
1 s (300 m) in urban areas
20 s (6000 m) in hilly areas
The delay dispersion should be compared with the chip duration 0,26 s (78
m) of the CDMA system.
If the delay dispersion is greater than the chip duration, the multipath
components of the signal can be separated by a Rake Receiver.
In this case, CDMA can take advantage of multipath propagation.
Page 98
Rake Receiver
and path diversity (2)
Direct path
Despreading
Spreading
Transmitter
Reflected path
Receiver
Dispersion <Chip duration

The Rake Receiver cannot provide path diversity.
>> Which codes make it

possible to separate the two
signals at the receiver?
Direct path
Spreading
Transmitter
Despreading
Reflected path
Receiver
Dispersion > Chip duration

The Rake Receiver can provide path diversity to improve the quality of the signal.
Page 99
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1
Context
4.2
4.3
4.4
Rake Receiver
4.5
Power Control
4.6
Soft Handover
4.7
Page 100
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.5 Power Control
Why Power Control?
MS2
MS1
Node
B
Near-Far Problem
on the uplink way an overpowered mobile phone near the base station can
jam any other mobile phones far from the base station.
> Need for very efficient and very fast Power Control on UL
> Power Control is also used in DL to reduce interference and consequently
to increase the system capacity.
Page 101
Open Loop
Open loop power control
1
Node
B
2
If UE receives a STRONG DL signal,

then UE will speak low.
1
Node
B
2
If UE receives a weak DL signal,

then UE will speak LOUD.
Problem:
fading is not correlated on UL and DL due to separation of UL and DL band.
Open loop Power Control is inaccurate.
Page 102
Closed Loop
Closed loop power control
Power down SIR estimation
RNC
SIR
target
Node
B
SIR estimation Power down
Power up SIR estimation

SIR estimation
Power ...
...
The Node-B controls the power of the UE (and vice versa) by performing a
SIR estimation (inner loop).
The RNC controls parameters of the SIR estimation (outer loop).
This SIR estimation is performed each 0,66 ms (1500 Hz command rate).
Closed loop Power Control is very fast.
Page 103
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1
Context
4.2
4.3
4.4
Rake Receiver
4.5
Power Control
4.6
Soft Handover
4.7
Page 104
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.6 Soft Handover
Soft Handover (1)
RNC
Node
B
Node
B
Node
B
Soft HO
Softer HO
Page 105
Soft Handover (2)
Why do we need soft HO?

Imagine that a UE penetrates from one cell deeply into an adjacent cell:
> it may cause near-far problem
> hard HO is not a good solution, because of the need for the hysteresis
mechanism
Additional resources due to soft HO:
- Additional rake receiver in Node-B
- Additional Rake Fingers in UE
- Additional transmission links between Node-Bs and RNCs
Soft HO provides Diversity (also called Macro-Diversity), but
requires more network resource.
Page 106
Soft Handover (3)
Soft Handover execution:

Soft Handover is executed by means of the following procedures
Radio Link Addition (FDD soft-add);
Radio Link Removal (FDD soft-drop);
Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal.
The cell to be added to the active set needs to have information

forwarded by the RNC:
Connection parameters (coding scheme, layer 2 information, )
UE ID and uplink scrambling code,
Timing information from UE
The UE needs to get the following information

Channelization & scrambling codes to be used
Relative timing information (Timing offset based on CPICH synchro)
Page 107
4. WCDMA for UMTS
4.1
Context
4.2
4.3
4.4
Rake Receiver
4.5
Power Control
4.6
Soft Handover
4.7
Page 108
4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values
Radio dimensioning process:

Whats new?
Market perspective
Mobile data market forecast
Marketing inputs
Multi-service environment
Voice+data
Variable bit rate
Different QoS
Asymmetric traffic
New radio technology
W-CDMA
Coverage
Capacity
Quality
Page 109
Concentric coverage
The coverage is determined by the uplink range, because the transmission

power of the terminal is much lower than that of the base station.
UE Transmit Power
21 dBm (126 mW)
24 dBm (251 mW)
Service
in suburban area
Cell radius
(uplink limited)
Speech
12 kbit/s
3 km
Packet data
144 kbit/s
Packet data
384 kbit/s
2 km
1,5 km
Page 110
Ways of improving coverage
AMR speech Codec

it enables to switch to a lower bit rate if the mobile is moving out of the cell
coverage area: it is a trade-off between quality and coverage.
Multipath diversity
it consists of combining the different paths of a signal (due to reflections,
diffractions or scattering) by using a Rake Receiver.
Multipath diversity is very efficient with W-CDMA.
Soft(er) handover
the transmission from the mobile is received by two or more base stations.
Receive antenna diversity
the base station collects the signal on two uncorrelated branches. It can be
obtained by space or polarization diversity.
Base stations algorithms
e.g. accuracy of SIR estimation in power control process
Page 111
Soft capacity
The capacity is determined by the downlink direction, because:

- better receiver techniques can be used in the base station than in the mobile
station (but requiring more CPU power).
- the downlink capacity is expected to be more important than the uplink
capacity because of asymmetric traffic.
The downlink capacity has two limitations:
- the amount of interference in the air interface
Adjacent cells share part of the same interference: there is an additional
capacity in a cell, if the number of users in the neighboring cells is smaller.
- the loss of code orthogonality
The downlink codes originate from a single point and can be synchronized.
But, after transmission over multipath channel, part of orthogonality is lost.
It is a soft capacity, because it is not limited by the hardware equipment.
Page 112
Parameters influencing capacity
The capacity depends on:

- the radio environment (rural, suburban, indoor)
- the terminal speeds
- the distribution of the terminals
- the load of the cell: trade-off capacity/coverage (breathing cells)
High loaded cell

High DL interference level
DL data throughput
660 kbps
(per carrier per sector)
High loaded cell

Low DL interference level
DL data throughput
(per carrier per sector)
1440 kbps
Page 113
4. WCDMA for UMTS
QUIZ!
A. True or False? Spreading...

1/ consists of increasing the power while decreasing the frequency bandwidth
2/ allows to transmit a signal with a S/N (Signal-to-Noise ratio) smaller than one
3/ enables to retrieve the coded signal at the receiver by using the same code in phase
4/ is used in FDMA system
B. Signal 1 has a bit rate of 12 kbps and a coding rate of 1/3, signal 2 has a bit rate
of 384 kbps and a coding rate of 1/2:
1/ Which spreading factor should be chosen for each of these signals?
2/ What is the processing gain for each of these signals?
Page 114
4. WCDMA for UMTS
QUIZ!
C. True of false? WCDMA...

1/ is also called UMTS FDD or UTRA FDD
2/ uses a 1 MHz bandwidth carrier
3/ has a chip rate of 3,84 Mchips/s
D. How many carriers are there per operator for WCDMA?
1/ 124 carriers
2/ 62 carriers
3/ 1 to 3 according to the country
E. True or false? A Rake Receiver

1/ can separate simultaneously two signals only if their codes are perfectly orthogonal
2/ can separate simultaneously several signals of 2 different WCDMA carriers
3/ can take advantage of multipath propagation
Page 115
4. WCDMA for UMTS
QUIZ!
F. True or false? In WCDMA, power control

1/ is used in uplink and in downlink
2/ is crucial in downlink because of near-far problem
3/ is composed of the open loop and the closed loop
4/ may be performed each WCDMA time slot (1500 Hz command rate)
G. True or false? Soft handover...
1/ is highly desirable in WCDMA
2/ require use of more frequencies
3/ require use of more power in uplink
4/ require additional signal processing equipment such as Rake Receiver
5/ require additional transmission links
Page 116
5.
UMTS Terrestrial
(FDD mode, Release 1999)
Page 117
5. UTRAN
UTRAN role and principles

Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
UE
Uu
Node B
Iub
RNC
CN
To transfer traffic and control channels between UE and CN

- Common handling of packet-switched and circuit-switched data
- Protection of the user data on the air interface (providing of ciphering)
- Independence from the applied transport technology on the Iu interface
To manage the radio mobility of the user
Full control of UE radio mobility with the use of the Iur interface which makes it
possible to perform soft HO even with 2 cells/Node-Bs belonging to different RNCs.
To make efficient use of limited radio resources
Support of WCDMA specific Radio Resource Management (RRM) algorithms.
Page 118
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
5.1
From Radio Bearers to transport channels
5.2
Radio Protocols
5.3
Iu Protocols
5.4
UE identifiers and UE states
5.5
Signalling procedures
5.6
The Physical Layer (on the air interface)
5.7
Radio Resource Management (RRM)
5.8
Mobility management
UE
Node B
RNC
Page 119
5. UTRAN/5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport channels
Situation
CN
Node
UTRAN
UE
CN
Gateway
UE
Teleservice
External Bearer
Service
UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service
(RAB)
Radio Bearer
Service
Iu Bearer
Service
...
...
Radio Physical
Bearer Service
Uu
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone
Bearer Service
Physical
Bearer Service
Iu
Page 120
Radio Bearers, logical and

transport channels
Control plane
User plane
Web browsing
NAS signalling
Telephony
speech
RRC
Signalling
Radio
Bearers
RRC
connection
establishment
SMS Cell
Broadcast
User plane
Radio Bearers
PDCP
BMC
RLC
Control
Logical
Channels
Traffic
Logical
Channels
MAC
MAC
Transport Channels
Phys.
UTRAN
...
(Iur)/Iub/Uu
Transport Channels
Phys.
UE
Page 121
Radio Bearers
Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB)

SRBs can carry:
- layer 3 signalling (e.g. RRC connection establishment)
- NAS signalling (e.g location update)
There can be up to 4 SRBs per RRC connection (one UE has one RRC
connection when connected to the UTRAN).
User Plane Radio Bearers
RABs are mapped on user plane RBs.
One RAB can be divided on RAB sub-flows and each sub-flow is mapped on
one user plane RB.
e.g the AMR codec encodes/decodes speech into/from three sub-flows; each
sub-flow can have its own channel coding.
Page 122
Logical Channels (1)
Control Channels (CCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
UTRAN
Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Traffic Channels (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Page 123
Logical Channels (2)
UL ( )
/
DL ( )
What type of information?
BCCH
System control information

e.g cell identity, uplink interference level
PCCH
Paging information
e.g CN originated call when the network does not know the
location cell of the UE
CCCH
Control information
e.g initial access (RRC connection request), cell update
DCCH
Control information (but the UE must have a RRC connection)

e.g radio bearer setup, measurement reports, HO
DTCH
Traffic information dedicated to one UE

e.g speech, fax, web browsing
CTCH
Traffic information to all or a group of UEs

e.g SMS-Cell Broadcast
Page 124
Why Transport Channels?
A transport channel offers a flexible pattern to arrange information on any

service-specific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical
channel:
it provides flexibility in traffic variation
it enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel
Transport channels provide an efficient and fast flexibility in radio
resource management.
Page 125
Structure of a Transport Channel

(1)
Transport Block:
basic unit exchanged
over transport channels.
Transport Format (TF): it may be changed every TTI.

Each TF must belong to the Transport Format Set (TFS) of
the transport channel
168
360 bits
168
168
168
360
168
168
168
10 ms
10 ms
Time Transmission
Interval (TTI): periodicity
at which a Transport Block
Set is transferred by the
physical layer on the radio
interface
10 ms
10 ms
>> The system delivers one Transport Block Set to the

physical layer every TTI: what is the delivery bit rate of the
transport blocks to the physical layer during the first TTI?
Page 126
Structure of a Transport Channel

(2)
Transport Format (TF)
Semi-static part (can be changed, but long process)
Transmission Time Interval (TTI),
Coding scheme...
Dynamic part (may be changed easily)
Size of transport block,
Number of transport blocks per TTI
Transport Format Set (TFS)
It is the set of allowed Transport Formats for a transport channel, which is
assigned by RRC protocol entity to MAC protocol entity.
MAC chooses TF among TFS.
MAC may choose another TF every TTI without interchanging with RRC
protocol (fast radio resource control).
Page 127
Example
576 bits
576
576
576
576
576
576
576
576
40 ms
Static Part
TTI
Coding scheme
CRC
?
Turbo coding, coding rate=1/3
16 bits
Dynamic Part
Transport Block Size
Transport Block Size Set
?
576*B (B=0,1,2,3,4)
1. Complete the table

2. What is the delivery
bit rate of the transport
blocks to the physical
layer during the first
TTI?
3. How many Transport Format(s) may be chosen for this transport channel?
4. Can you imagine why the transfer has been interrupted during the third TTI?
Page 128
Transport Channels
Common Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
UTRAN
Forward Access Channel (FACH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Page 129
Common Transport Channels (1)

BCH:
Broadcast Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry BCCH. The BCH is always
transmitted with high power over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate.
>> The BCH is the only transport channel with a single transport format (no
flexibility). Can you explain why?
PCH:
Paging Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry PCCH. It is always

transmitted over the entire cell.
>> Is it possible to carry all types of information on the PCH?
Page 130

FACH: Forward Access Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry control information. It may also
carry short users packets. The FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a
part of the cell using beam-forming antennas. The FACH uses open loop power
control (slow power control).
>> In which case is it interesting to use beam-forming antennas? would it also be
relevant to implement this feature for PCH?
RACH: Random Access Channel
An uplink transport channel that is used to carry control information from the mobile
especially at the initial access. It may also carry short user packets. The RACH is
always received from the entire cell and is characterized by a limited size data field,
a collision risk and by the use of open loop power control (slow power control).
>> Why is it interesting to carry short user packets on RACH in spite of limited data
field and collision risk (instead of using a dedicated channel)?
Page 131

DSCH: Downlink Shared Channel
A downlink transport channel shared by several UEs to carry dedicated
control or user information. When a UE is using the DSCH, it always has an
associated DCH, which provides power control.
CPCH: Common Packet Channel
An uplink transport channel that is used to carry long user data packets and
control packets. It is a contention based random access channel. It is always
associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which provides power
control.
Transfer of signalling and traffic on a shared basis
Page 132
Dedicated Transport Channels
DCH:
Dedicated Channel
A downlink or uplink transport channel that is used to carry user or control

information. It is characterized by features such as fast rate change (on a
frame-by-frame basis), fast power control, use of beam-forming and support
of soft HO.
>> Two features are only applied on DCH: can you guess which?
Page 133
Mapping
Logical
Transport Channels
Control Logical Channels

BCCH
BCH
PCCH
PCH
CCCH
RACH
Traffic Logical Channels
DCCH
FACH
DTCH
DSCH
Common Transport Channels
CPCH
CTCH
DCH
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
Page 134
Mapping
Logical Transport Channels
Control Logical Channels

BCCH
BCH
PCCH
PCH
CCCH
RACH
Traffic Logical Channels
DCCH
FACH
DTCH
DSCH
Common Transport Channels
CPCH
CTCH
DCH
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
Page 135
Complete the gaps!
(1) channels
are defined by what type of information (e.g user data, signalling, system
information...) is transported over the radio interface.
(2) channels
are defined by how and with what characteristics (e.g type of coding,
required transfer delay, required BER... ) data are transferred over the radio
interface.
(3) channels
are defined by the mechanisms (e.g frequency, code, power, framing...)
with which the data are transferred over the physical resources of the airinterface.
Page 136
Complete the table!
Traffic
class
Signalling
1.
2.
3.
4.
Logical
Channel
Transport
Channel
BCCH
PCCH
CCCH
DCCH
BCH, FACH
PCH
UL: RACH, DL: FACH
RACH, DCH
UL: 3 coordinated DCHs
DL: 3 coordinated DCHs
UL: RACH, DL: FACH
UL: CPCH, DCH
DL: DSCH,DCH
UL: CPCH, DCH
DL: DSCH,DCH
UL: CPCH, DCH
DL: DSCH,DCH
FACH
User information
5.
Conversational
6.
Interactive
3
DTCHs
DTCH
7.
Interactive
DTCH
8.
Streaming
DTCH
9.
Background
DTCH
10.
Background
CTCH
Page 137
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
5.1
5.2
Radio Protocols
5.3
Iu Protocols
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Mobility management
UE
Node B
RNC
Page 138
5. UTRAN/5.2 Radio Protocols
Radio protocol stack

Control plane
User plane
Non Access Stratum
Bearers (called
RAB in user plane)
Access Stratum
control
RRC
control
SAP
BMC
Radio Bearers
control
control
Layer 2/PDCP
Layer 2/BMC
PDCP
PDCP
control
Layer 3
Layer 2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC RLC
RLC
RLC
Logical Channels
Layer 2/MAC
MAC
Transport Channels
Layer 1
PHY
Page 139
Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Call management
Bearers
Radio mobility management

RRC
control
Radio Bearers
(control plane)
Measurement control and reporting

control
control
control
control
Layer 3
Outer loop power control

PDCP
BMC
RLC
MAC
PHY
RRC is the brain of the radio interface protocol stack.

Page 140
PDCP and BMC protocols

PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
- in the user plane, only for services from the PS domain
- it contains compression methods
In R99 only a header compression method is mentioned (RFC2507).
Why is header compression valuable?
e.g a combined RTP/UDP/IP headers is at least 60 bytes for IPv6, when IP
voice service header can be about 20 bytes or less.
BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Services)
- in the user plane
- to adapt broadcast and multicast services from NAS on the radio interface
In R99 the only service using this protocol is SMS Cell Broadcast Service
(directly taken from GSM).
Page 141
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Segmentation
Radio Bearers
(user plane)
Radio Bearers
(control plane)
Layer 2/
upper part
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Control
Logical
Channels
RLC RLC
RLC
RLC
Traffic
Logical
Channels
Buffering
Data transfer with 3
configuration modes:
- Transparent (TM)
- Unacknowledged (UM)
- Acknowledged (AM)
Ciphering
RLC provides segmentation and (in AM mode) reliable data transfer.

Page 142
Medium Access Control (MAC)

Traffic
Logical
Channels
Control
Logical
Channels
Layer 2/
lower part
Basic data transfer

Multiplexing of logical channels
Priority handling/Scheduling
(TFC selection)
MAC
Transport
Channels
(common and
dedicated)
Reporting of measurements
Ciphering
MAC can switch a common channel into a dedicated channel if higher bit rate
is required (on request of L3-level).
MAC can change dynamically Transport Format (bit rate) of each transport
channel on a frame basis (each 10 ms) without interchanging with L3-level.
MAC provides flexible data transfer.
Page 143
TFC selection in MAC protocol

Several transport channels can be time-coordinated to
be multiplexed on a CCTrCH before mapping on one
physical channel (or more if necessary).
Transport Format (TF)
e.g.
DCH1 = {244}
DCH2 = {0 ; 148}
DCH3 = {0 ; 148}
Transport Format Set (TFS)

Transport Format Combination (TFC)
MAC
TFC selection
DCH1 DCH2 DCH3
TrCH multiplexing
TFCS = { {244 ; 0 ; 0} , {244 ; 148 ; 0} , {244 ; 0 ; 148} }

Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS)
MAC selects TFC inside TFCS.

There is one TFCS per CCTrCH.
>> Why is the combination {244 ; 148 ; 148} not possible?
CCTrCH
Physical channel
Mapping
L1
Physical Channel(s)
Page 144
The Physical Layer
Common
Transport
Channels
Dedicated
Transport
Channels
Physical layer
Layer 1
Spreading/modulation
RF processing
Dedicated
Physical
Channels
Common
Physical
Channels
Multiplexing of transport ch.
Power control
Measurements
Air Interface
The physical layer provides multiplexing and radio frequency

processing with a CDMA method.
Page 145
Exercise: MAC protocol (1)

BCCH
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
CTCH
DCCH DTCH DTCH
MAC
Control
MAC-d
MAC-b
BCH
MAC-c/sh
PCH FACH FACH RACH
CPCH
DSCH DSCH
DCH DCH
Iur or local
Look at this figure and answer the questions on the following pages.
Page 146

1. On which logical/transport channels will be mapped:
- system information broadcasting
- paging
- telephony speech
- internet browsing at a high bit rate
- internet browsing at a low bit rate
Can you imagine a situation where the UE will use 2 DTCHs (or more) at the same time?
2. Guess the meaning of MAC-b MAC-c/sh and MAC-d.
3. Why is there one MAC-d entity on the UE side and several MAC-d entities on the UTRAN side?
4. What is the link between MAC-c/sh and MAC-d for?
5. What are the 4 main functions of MAC protocol?
6. MAC can multiplex logical channels only if they require the same QoS: true or false?
Page 147

7. RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) is an UE identity assigned by UTRAN, when the UE is
connected to the UTRAN . The parameter RNTI is included in the header of each transport blocks
in MAC-c/sh, but not in MAC-d : can you explain the reason?
8. The system can also multiplex transport channels: where does that take place?
9. What is the name of the channel on which several time-coordinated transport channels can
be multiplexed?
10. Which entity is responsible for TFC selection? TFCS allocation?
11. Is it possible to multiplex 2 FACHs (or more)? 2 DCHs (or more)? a FACH and a DCH?
12. Will the physical channel configuration be changed (e.g modification of spreading factor)
when MAC selects a new TFC inside TFCS?
13. MAC makes measurement reports to RRC: why is it necessary?
Page 148
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
5.1
5.2
Radio Protocols
5.3
Iu Protocols
5.4
5.5
Signaling procedures
5.6
5.7
5.8
Mobility management
UE
Node B
RNC
Page 149
5. UTRAN/ 5.3 Iu protocols
General model
The same general protocol model is applied for all Iu interfaces:

Radio
Control Plane
User Plane
Network
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
Layer
Transport
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
Network
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
1. What is the
purpose of the
separation between
the Radio Network
Layer and the
Transport Network
Layer?
2. Why is ALCAP
protocol necessary?
Physical Layer
Application Protocols:
- NBAP for Iub interface

- RNSAP for Iur interface
- RANAP for Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces
Page 150
Iub protocols
Radio Link
Establishment
RNC
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
RABs*
NAS signalling*
Control Plane
User Plane
NBAP
Frame
Protocols
(IubFP)
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network User

Plane
ALCAP
Network
Layer
RRC Connection
Establishment*
AAL5
AAL5
AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
* at this stage these data streams have been mapped on
transport channels by MAC protocol
Node B
Page 151
Iur protocols
SRNC
Establishment of an
additional radio
link to an UE
(for soft HO)
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
RABs*
RRC Connection
Establishment*
NAS signalling*
Control Plane
User Plane
RNSAP
Frame
Protocols
(Iur FP)
Transport Network
User Plane
Network
...
Layer
AAL5
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network User

Plane
ALCAP
AAL5
AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
* at this stage these data streams have been mapped on
transport channels by MAC protocol
DRNC
Page 152
UTRAN protocols:
general recap
RRC
RRC
PDCP BMC
RLC
MAC
Uu
UE
MAC
SRNC
Softer
combining
Phy.
(air)
RLC
Iub
Soft(er) combining
Phy.
(air)
PDCP BMC
Soft combining
NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP

...
...
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP Iur-FP ALCAP RNSAP

...
...
...
...
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5
ATM/Physical layer
ATM/Physical layer
Node-B
Iur
RRC
Radio Protocols
Iu Protocols (Radio Network Layer)

Iu protocols (Transport Network Layer)
PDCP BMC
RLC
DRNC
MAC
NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP Iur-FP ALCAP RNSAP

...
...
...
...
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5
ATM/Physical layer
Page 153
5. UTRAN
5.1
5.2
Radio Protocols
5.3
Iu Protocols
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Mobility management
?
?
Page 154
5. UTRAN/5.4 UE identifiers and UE states
UE identifiers
2 types of UE identification on the radio interface:

NAS identifiers
- IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity
- TMSI: Temporary Mobile Station Identity
They are used in the initial access CCCH message
UTRAN identifier
- RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identity
This is allocated by the UTRAN for each UE in connected mode and used for
inband identification in common transport channels (e.g FACH). The RNTI is
not used outside the UTRAN.
Page 155
UE states (1)
RRC Connection Release
out of coverage
UE
UE
UE
detached
in idle mode
in connected
mode
just after switch on process

Including Cell search procedure
RRC Connection Establishment
Why is the idle mode necessary?

Page 156
UE states (2)
RRC Connection Release
out of coverage
RRC Connection Establishment procedure
UE
UE
UE
in connected
detached
in idle mode
mode
just after switch on process
CCCH
RNC
RRC Connection Establishment
- UE in idle mode,
- a Common Control Channel (CCCH) is
used to initiate the procedure
- Setup of a Dedicated Control Channel

(DCCH)
- UE in connected mode
- The DCCH is used during the whole
time of the RRC connection to carry
signalling dedicated to this particular UE
CCCH
DCCH
DCCH
RNC
RNC
Which type of transport channel are used

to carry CCCH? DCCH?
Page 157
UE states (3)
Cell_DCH state
Signalling and traffic data
dedicated to the UE (mapped on
DCCH and DTCH respectively)
are carried on DCH transport
channel
UE
UE in connected
Cell DCH
mode
in idle
mode
Cell PCH
Cell FACH
URA PCH
Cell_FACH state
Signalling and traffic data
dedicated to the UE (mapped on
DCCH and DTCH respectively)
are carried on RACH (uplink)
and FACH (downlink) transport
channels
Cell_DCH Cell_FACH
No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer
1
Cell_FACH Cell_DCH
Traffic volume UL/DL too large
Page 158
UE states (4)
Cell_PCH state
No transmission of signalling and
traffic data dedicated to the UE (no
DCCH and no DTCH)
But the RRC connection is still active
(UTRAN keeps RNTI for UE) and UE
location at a cell level.
- a DCCH (and possibly a DTCH)
can be reestablished very quickly
(this procedure is initiated by
sending a paging signal PCH)
URA_PCH state
Very similar to cell_PCH state
UTRAN keeps the location of the UE at
the URA level (set of UMTS cells)
UE
Cell DCH
UE in connected
mode
in idle
mode
Cell PCH
Cell FACH
URA PCH
Cell_FACH Cell_PCH
No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer
2
Cell_PCH Cell_FACH URA_PCH
Too many cell reselections
Cell/URA_PCH Cell_FACH
Incoming DL or UL traffic
Page 159
UE identifiers and UE states:

complete the table!
UE States
idle mode
CN
UTRAN
UE Identifiers UE Location UE Identifier UE Location
IMSI, TMSI
LA, RA
cell_DCH
connected
mode
cell_FACH
cell_PCH
URA_PCH
Page 160
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
5.1
5.2
Radio Protocols
5.3
Iu Protocols
5.4
5.5
Signaling procedures
5.6
5.7
5.8
Mobility management
UE
Node B
RNC
Page 161
5. UTRAN/5.5 Signaling procedures
List of basic signaling

procedures
A. Broadcast of system information
B. Paging
B1. Paging Type 1 (in idle mode or in cell_PCH or in URA_PCH states)
B2. Paging Type 2 (in cell_FACH or cell_DCH states)
C. RRC Connection
C1. RRC Connection Establishment (to cell_FACH and to cell_DCH states)
C2. RRC Connection Release (in cell_DCH states)
D. Radio Link establishment
E. Direct Transfer
F. Control of RAB, RB, Transport Channel and Physical Channel
F1. RAB Establishment
F2. Physical Channel Reconfiguration
G. Soft HO (Radio Link Addition)
Page 162
How to read call scenario

diagrams
Logical channel
Name of the message
Transport channel
RNC
UE
RRC
1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)

Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE
capability
RRC
Network entity
Protocol entity
Parameters of the message
Page 163
A. System Information
Broadcasting (1)
The broadcast system information:
- may come from CN, RNC or Node-B.
- contains static parameters (Cell identity, supported PLMN types...) and
dynamic parameters (UL interference level...).
- is arranged in System Information Blocks (SIB), which group together
elements of the same nature.
- can be carried on BCH which is transmitted permanently over the entire cell.
>> Do you think the UE needs to read all the SIBs each time a broadcast is
repeated?
Page 164
A. System Information
Broadcasting (2)
UE
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
System Information (BCCH:BCH)

RRC
Master/Segment Info Block(s)
RRC

RRC
RRC
RNC
Node-B

RRC
System Information
Update Request
Master/Segment Info
Block(s), BCCH
modification time
System Information
Update Response
CN
NBAP
NBAP
>> Why does RRC protocol

terminate at Node-B for BCH
(not at RNC)?
Page 165
B. Paging
Paging is typically used at core network-originated call.

UE in idle mode
The network will page the UE in LA (CS domain) or RA (PS domain)
UE is in connected mode
The network will page the UE:
- in the cell (in cell_PCH, cell_FACH, cell_DCH states)
- in the URA (in URA_PCH state)
Paging Type 1: mapped on PCCH/PCH
Paging Type 2: mapped on DCCH/FACH or DCCH/DCH
>> Can you guess which Paging Type will be use in idle mode? in cell_PCH
state? in cell_FACH state? in cell_DCH state? in URA_PCH state?
Page 166
B1. Paging Type 1
UE 1
UE 2
Node-B
1
Node-B
2
RNC 1
RANAP
1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE
identity, Paging cause
RANAP
RRC
2. Paging Type 1 (PCCH:PCH)
RRC
CN
RNC 2
1. Paging
Idem
RANAP
RANAP
RRC
2. Paging Type1 (PCCH:PCH)
RRC
Page 167
B2. Paging Type 2
UE
Node-B
RANAP
RRC
2. Paging Type 2 (DCCH:FACH or DCH)
CN
SRNC
1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE
identity, Paging cause
RANAP
RRC
Page 168
C. RRC connection
RRC connection is established at the initial access

(after cell search procedure when the UE is camping on a cell).
After RRC connection establishment:
- UE will switch from idle mode to cell_FACH or cell_DCH states.
- UE will have a signalling link with UTRAN (on DCCH)
UE needs to establish a RRC connection prior to making :
- voice call
- location update
- measurement reporting
...
Page 169
C1. RRC Connection

Establishment
UE
RRC
RNC
Node-B
1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)
Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE capability
RRC
2. Allocate RNTI, Select Level

1 and Level 2 parameters
(e.g. TFCS, scrambling code)
3. Radio Link Establishment (see Procedure D)
RRC
RRC
4. RRC Connection Setup (CCCH:FACH)

Initial UE identity, RNTI, capability update requirement, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL
scrambling code, power control info
5. RRC Connection Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH)

Integrity information, ciphering information
RRC
RRC
>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing this stage?
Page 170
C2. RRC Connection Release

(in cell_DCH state)
UE
Node-B
of DRNC
DRNC
Node-B
of SRNC
CN
SRNC
RANAP
RANAP
1. Iu Release
Command
Cause
2. Iu Release
Complete
-
RANAP
RANAP
3. ALCAP Iu Bearer Release

RRC
RRC
4. RRC Connection Release (DCCH:DCH )

Cause
5. RRC Connection Release Complete (DCCH:DCH )

-
RRC
RRC
6. Radio Link Deletion

Page 171
D. Radio Link (RL)

Establishment for a DCH
RNC
Node-B
NBAP
Start RX
Radio Link Setup Request

Cell id, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling
code, power control info
NBAP
ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

NBAP
Iub-FP
Iub-FP
Radio Link Setup Response

Signalling link termination, transport layer
addressing info
Downlink synchronisation
Uplink synchronisation
NBAP
Iub-FP
Iub-FP
Start TX
>> Are NBAP, ALCAP and RRC messages carried on the same transport bearers on Iub?
Page 172
E. Direct Transfer
The mechanism to transfer signalling from higher layers (NAS signaling)

through messages of RRC protocol is called Direct Transfer.
UE
Node-B
RANAP
RRC
RRC
2. Downlink Direct Transfer

(DCCH:FACH or DCH)
NAS message
1. Uplink Direct Transfer

(DCCH:RACH or DCH)
CN node indicator, NAS message
1. Direct Transfer
CN Domain Indicator,
NAS PDU
RANAP
RRC
>> Can you mention some

examples of use of
Direct Transfer?
RRC
RANAP
CN
SRNC
2. Direct Transfer
CN Domain Indicator,
NAS PDU
RANAP
Page 173
F. Control of RAB, RB, Transport

and Physical Channels
These procedures take place after RRC connection establishment: the UE is
either on cell_FACH or cell_DCH state.
A RAB is mapped on one or more RB(s).
A RB establishment consists of:
- performing admission control (see RRM: Radio Resource Management)
- setting parameters describing RB processing in layer 2 (e.g TFS, TFCS) and
in layer 1 (codes, power control)
RAB and RB can be reconfigured during an active connection.
The transport channels and physical channels parameters are included in
the RB but can also be reconfigured separately with transport and physical
channel dedicated procedures (Transport Channel Reconfiguration and
Physical Channel Reconfiguration).
Page 174
F1. RAB Establishment

UE
CN
RNC
Node-B
RANAP
1. RAB Assignment Request

RAB parameters, User plane
mode, Transport Address, Iu
Transport association
RANAP
2. ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup

3. Radio Link Establishment
(see Procedure D)
RRC
RRC
4. RB Setup (DCCH:FACH or DCH )
RRC
TFS, TFCS...
5. RB Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH )

-
RRC
RANAP
6. RAB Assignment Response

-
RANAP
>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing this stage?
Page 175
F2. Physical Channel

Reconfiguration
UE
Node-B
of DRNC
NBAP
NBAP
DRNC
1. RL Reconfig. Prepare
DL scrambling code
2. RL Reconfig. Ready
-
SRNC
NBAP
NBAP
RNSAP
3.
DL scrambling
code
RNSAP
NBAP
RRC
RRC
5. RL Reconfig. Commit
4.
RNSAP
NBAP
6. Physical Channel Reconfiguration (DCCH:DCH )

DL scrambling code
7. Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete (DCCH:DCH )

-
RNSAP
RRC
RRC
>> What is the difference between NBAP and RNSAP?

Page 176
G. Soft HO
(Radio Link Addition)
UE
Node-B
of DRNC
DRNC
SRNC
1. Decision to setup
new RL
RNSAP
2. RL Setup Request
-
RNSAP
3. Radio Link Establishment

(see Procedure D)
4. ALCAP Iur Data Transport Bearer Setup
RNSAP
6. Active Set Update (DCCH:DCH )
RRC
RRC
5. RL Setup Response
7. Active Set Update Complete (DCCH:DCH )
RNSAP
RRC
RRC
Page 177
EXERCICE
Please complete the procedure diagrams on the following

slides by using the elementary procedure previously
described
Duration :
10 minutes
Page 178
5. UTRAN/5.5 Signalling procedures
Location Update
Find the missing procedure names!

UE
UE detached
CN
RNC
Node-B
0. Just after switch on process

UE in idle mode
1. ...
UE in connected mode
MM: Location Updating Request
2. ...
MM: Authentication Request
MM: Authentication Response

3. Security procedures
4. ...
MM: Location Updating Accept
5. ...
UE in idle mode
Page 179
5. UTRAN/5.5 Signalling procedures
Mobile terminated call
Find the missing procedure names!

UE
RNC
Node-B
CN
0. Just after switch on process
1. ...
2. ...
RR: Paging Response
3. ...
MM: Authentication Request
MM: Authentication Response

4. Security procedures
5. ...
CC: Call Confirm
CC: Alerting
CC: Connect
CC: Setup
6. ...
7. ...
CC: Connect Acknowledge
Page 180
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
5.1
From Radio Bearers to transport channels UE
5.2
Radio Protocols
5.3
Iu Protocols
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Radio Resource management (RRM)
5.8
Mobility management
Node B
RNC
Page 181
5. UTRAN/5.6 The Physical Layer
Physical Layer Process

Transport Channels
Channel Coding
Convolutional coding,
Turbo coding
Radio Frame Segmentation
10 ms frame duration
15 time slots
Transport Channel Multiplexing

Physical Channel Mapping
Spreading
Layer 1
Modulation
CCtrCH
DPDCH, DPCCH, PRACH...
Channelization codes
Scrambling codes
QPSK
Physical Channels
spread over 5 MHz bandwidth
Page 182
Radio Frame Structure
1 Radio Frame :
= 15 Time Slots
10ms
1 Time slot :
= N bits
(according to the bit rate after channel coding)
0.6666 ms
1 Bit :
..
= M chips
(M is equal to the spreading factor)
The bit rate may be changed for each frame (10 ms).
Fast power control may be performed for each time slot (0,666 ms).
Page 183

DCH 1
DCH 2
Channel Coding
Channel Coding

CCTrCH
Physical Channel Mapping
One Physical Channel (or more if necessary)
Two transport channels can be mapped onto the same physical channel (for
one user).
Page 184
Physical channels
Physical channels
are defined by the mechanisms (e.g frequency, code, power, framing...) with which
the data are transferred over the physical resources of the air-interface.
Physical channels are defined mainly by:

- a specific carrier frequency
- a scrambling code
- a channelization code
- start & stop instants (giving a time duration, measured in integer multiples
of chips)
Physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between start
and stop instants.
Physical channels are separated by means of quasi-orthogonal codes (2
physical channels shall not have the same channelization code / scrambling
code combination).
Page 185
Uplink Physical Channels

Common Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Node
B
Mapped on Transport
Channels
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Mapped on Transport
Channels
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
NOT mapped on
Transport Channels
Page 186
e.g. Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH

Data
DPDCH
Pilot
DPCCH
pilot
bits
Slot #0
TFCI
= 2560 chips, 10*2
Slot #1
bits
FBI
bits
TPC
bits
bits (k=0..6)
Slot #i
T
TPC
FBI
TFCI
T slot
1 Radio Frame
bits
N data
Slot #14
= 10 ms
DPDCH carries the dedicated data generated at layer 2 (ie the Dedicated
Transport Channel DCH).
f
DPCCH carries the dedicated signalling of the physical layer, which is

required to convey DPDCH. DPCCH is not visible above the physical layer, it
is not carried by any transport channels.
Under long scrambling code.
Page 187
e.g. Uplink PRACH

When attempting to access the network, the mobile has no dedicated code
yet and must choose randomly a code in a set of codes.
Collisions may occur between two mobiles.
radio frame: 10 ms
radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips
#0
Access slot #0
Access slot #1
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
Random Access Transmission

Access slot #7
Access slot #8
#14
A mobile can only begin to

transmit at a certain access slot
(slotted ALOHA).
15 access slots have been
defined (nothing to do with the
time slots of the radio frame!).
Access slot #14
The PRACH has a Random Access Transmission to limit risk of collision.

It is based on a Slotted ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication.
Page 188
Downlink Physical Channels

Common Channels
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Mapped on Transport
Channels
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
Node
B
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Page Indicator Channel (PICH)
NOT Mapped on
Transport Channels
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Mapped on Transport
Channels
NOT mapped on
Transport Channels
Page 189
e.g. Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH

DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
N data1 bits
TPC
N TPC bits
T slot
Slot #0
Slot #1
TFCI
N TFCI bits
= 2560 chips, 10*2
DPDCH
DPCCH
Data2
N data2 bits
Pilot
N pilot bits
bits (k=0..7)
Slot #i
One radio frame,
Slot #14
T f = 10 ms
Similar to uplink, but DPDCH and DPCCH are time-multiplexed.

The SF may range from 256 to 8.
Page 190
e.g. Downlink PCCPCH

256 chips
Data
18 bits
( Tx OFF)
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
The Primary CCPCH carries the BCH, which provides system- and cellspecific information (e.g set of uplink scrambling codes)
The P-CCPCH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) DL physical channel, which
provide a timing reference for all physical channels (directly for DL, indirectly
for UL).
CCPCH is scrambled under the Primary Scrambling code.
Page 191
e.g. CPICH (pilot)
Pre-defined symbol sequence

Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
CPICH (or Pilot or Beacon)

The pilot carries a pre-defined symbol sequence at a fixed rate (SF=256).
It is a reference:
- to aid the channel estimation at the terminal (time or phase reference)
- to perform handover measurements and cell selection/reselection (power
reference)
Page 192
e.g SCH and

the cell search procedure
Slot #0
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
acp
acs
i,0
Slot #1
ac p
acs
Slot #14
acp
i,1
acs
i,14
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
SCH (Synchronisation Channel)

It can be detected by the UE just after switch on, as the SCH consist of a 256
modulated code sequence which is the same for every cell in the system.
It is used by the UE in the cell search procedure to get the (downlink)
scrambling code of the cell.
After cell search procedure, the terminal can read system and cellspecific
BCH information.
Page 193
Mapping
Transport
Physical Channels
BCH
PCH
P-CCPCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
S-CCPH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
FACH
RACH
CPCH
DSCH
DCH
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel
PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Channel
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel
Physical channels not mapped on transport channels:

DPCCH
SCH
CPICH
PICH
AICH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink and downlink)

Synchronisation Channel
Common Pilot Channel
Page Indicator Channel
Acquisition Indication Channel
Page 194
Example 1: UL 64 kbps data (1)

In this example, a RB (Radio Bearer) is mapped (in RLC) on DTCH which is
mapped (in MAC) on DCH.
The DCH has the TFS (Transport Format Set):
Transport block size
Transport block set size
CRC
Coding
TTI
640 bits
4*640 bits
16 bits
Turbo coding, coding rate = 1/3
40 ms
#4 640
640
640
640
#3 640
640
640
640
#2 640
640
640
640
#1 640
640
640
640
40 ms
This example can be applied for ISDN service.

Page 195
Example 1: UL 64 kbps data (2)
Transport block
CRC attachment
#1
640
CRC
#1
640
16
TrBk concatenation
#4
640
#4
640
CRC
16
2624
Turbo coding R=1/3
7872
Tail bit attachment
Tail
7872
1st interleaving
12
7884
Radio frame segmentation
#1
1971
Rate matching
#4
1971
#1
1971+N
#4
RM1
1971+N
What is the radio

frame length? Can you
deduce the spreading
factor (SF)?
RM4
To TrCh Multiplexing (see further)

Extracted from 3GPP 25.944
Page 196
Example 2: UL 3,4 kbps data

(1)
In this example, a SRB (Signalling Radio Bearer) is mapped (in RLC) on
DCCH which is mapped (in MAC) on DCH.
The DCH has the TFS (Transport Format Set):
Transport block size
Transport block set size
CRC
Coding
TTI
148
148
148 bits
0, 148 bits
16 bits
CC, coding rate = 1/3
40 ms
148
40 ms
>> Assuming that RLC and MAC overhead in a transport block is 12 bits,
can you determine the bit rate of this SRB?
Page 197
Example 2: UL 3,4 kbps data

(2)
Transport block
148
CRC attachment
148
TrBks (B =0,1)
TrBks concatenation
What is the radio

frame length? Can
you deduce the
spreading factor?
516*B
#1
129*B
#1
129*B +NRM1
8*B
516*B
1st interleaving
Extracted from 3GPP 25.944
Tail
164*B
Convolutional Coding,
CR = 1/3
Rate matching
16
164
Tail bit attachment
Radio frame Segmentation
CRC
#2
129*B
#2
#3
129*B
129*B +NRM2
#4
129*B
#3
#4
129*B +NRM3 129*B +NRM4
To TrCh Multiplexing (see further)

Page 198
UL TrCH multiplexing
of 64 kbps and 3,4 kbps data
UL 64 kbps data
TrCH multiplexing
#1
#2
#1
#1
#3
#2
UL 3,4 kbps data

#4
#2
#1
#3
#3
#2
#3
#4
#4
#4
2nd interleaving
Physical channel mapping
?? kbps DPDCH
15 kbps DPCCH
CFN=4N
CFN=4N+1
CFN=4N+2
CFN=4N+3
CFN=4N
CFN=4N+1
CFN=4N+2
CFN=4N+3
>> On which physical channel are the UL 64 kbps data and the UL 3,4
kbps data? what is the spreading factor mapped? what is the DPDCH bit
rate?
>> What is carried on DPCCH ?
Page 199
5. UTRAN
5.1
5.2
Radio Protocols
5.3
Iu Protocols
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Mobility Management
no
yes
Page 200
5. UTRAN/5.7 Radio Resource Management (RRM)
RRM purposes
RRM is a set of algorithms to manage radio resources:

Maximise the amount of radio resources available
Power control algorithms
Handover algorithms
Allocation of radio resources
Which type of transport channel, transport format should be chosen to
meet QoS requirements?
Admission Control
In which conditions can a new user be admitted?
Load Control (congestion control)
What should be done to avoid congestion?
In RRM all layers are involved under RRC control.
Page 201
RRM functions
UE dedicated functions, implemented in SRNC and Node B:

Selection of radio bearer parameters according to RAB
requirements
Closed loop power control
Handover control
RRC states management according to UE traffic volume
DL dynamic scheduling on DCH
UTRAN dedicated functions, implemented in CRNC:
Radio admission control

Code allocation
Radio load control
Open loop power control
Page 202
Transport channel allocation

strategies
Common
channels
Shared
channels
Dedicated
channels
UL / DL
RACH / FACH
low setup time, but
continuous transmission not
maintained
no soft HO and no fast PC
Short packets
Bursty traffic to be
sent immediately
CPCH / DSCH
no guarantee of delay
no soft HO, but fast PC
Medium packets
Bursty and delayinsensitive traffic
DCH / DCH
bit rate can be changed
during transmission (TFS)
soft HO and fast PC
Long packets
Constant and variable
bit rate traffic with low
delay requirement
(LCD)
High bit rate
Page 203
Admission and Load Control

Both procedures are handled by CRNC. They are estimated separately for
uplink and downlink directions.
Admission Control
This algorithm is executed when a radio bearer is to be setup or modified. It is
based on:
Power transmission criteria (noise increase in UL, transmit capacity in DL)
Number of active users in the frequency band (code management)
And performed according to:
The type of required QoS
The current system load
Load Control (Congestion Control)
This algorithm ensures that the system is not overloaded and remains stable.
In case of congestion some actions can be taken.
But overload situations should normally be exceptional.
Page 204
5. UTRAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
UE
5.1
5.2
Radio Protocols
5.3
Iu Protocols
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Mobility management
Node B
RNC
Page 205
5. UTRAN/5.8 Mobility management
General description (1/2)
The mobility management enables a user to have access to the subscribed

services on the whole coverage of the usual network and possibly visited
networks. It is performed as long as the UE remains switched on. It needs a
lot of radio and network resources.
UE in idle mode (network mobility)
Wherever the UE is located in the network coverage:

- the UE should have an access point to the network in the uplink
>> Cell reselection mechanisms
- the network should be able to reach the UE in the downlink (paging)
>> Location Area (LA) / Routing Area (RA) update mechanisms
UE in connected mode (radio mobility management)

A connection to the UTRAN (RRC connection) has been established: this
connection should remain, when the UE moves from one cell to another.
>> Handover (HO) or cell update mechanisms
Page 206
General description (2/2)

UE in idle mode
This mode is entered after just after
switch on process.
The UE location is:
- known by the CN at LA or RA level
- not known by the UTRAN
UE
UTRAN
Detached
Just after switch on process

Idle
mode
UE in connected mode
RRC connection establishment

This mode is entered after RRC
connection establishment.
The UE location is:
Connected
mode
- known by the CN at a LA or RA level
(furthermore the MSC or the SGSN
Uu
knows the SRNC of the UE)
- known by the UTRAN at a cell or URA
level.
Page 207
UE in idle mode (1/2)
When moving across the network, the

UE may have to perform a cell
reselection, if the initial cell on which
it is camped is no longer available or
is no longer the best suited.
The cell reselection consists of a

selection of candidate cells and a
ranking of these cells according to
radio criteria.
The cell reselection is performed autonomously by the UE, but the network
can influence it by changing the radio parameters used in radio criteria.
These radio parameters are transmitted in the Broadcast Channel (BCH).
Page 208
UE in idle mode (2/2)
VLR
Location Area
VLR
...
...
HLR
SGSN
SGSN
Routing Area
(LA)
(RA)
When camping on a cell, the terminal must register its LA and/or its RA.
When the terminal moves across the network, it must update its LA (RA) which is
stored in VLR (SGSN) in the Core Network.
LA (RA) Update is performed periodically or when entering a new LA (RA).
Page 209
UE in connected mode (1/3)

MM mechanisms
Effect during the call
hard HO
soft HO
hard HO
cell update
very short cut

no cut
very short cut
suspended
Cell_PCH
cell update
suspended
URA_PCH
URA update
suspended
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell update (URA update) consists of updating the MS location

information stored in the SRNC.
A UTRA originated paging message will therefore be sent only in this cell (this
URA) and not in a whole LA or RA.
Page 210

Soft HO
inter-cell (softer HO, managed by Node-B)
inter Node-B
inter-RNC (SRNS relocation)
Hard HO
intra CDMA-carrier
not recommended for dedicated channels,
1
but necessary for common channels for which soft HO is notcell
applied
inter CDMA-carrier
one operator can have two CDMA carriers or more
between two different operators
inter-mode
FDD-TDD (not provided in R99)
inter-system
UMTS-GSM: necessary to provide continuous coverage
UMTS-CDMA2000 (in the US?)
Cell reselection
Inter-system : UMTS/GPRS (inter/intra carrier, inter/intra RNC)
cell 2
Page 211

A hard handover consists of forwarding a call on another channel which is
running on a different carrier.
The terminal must make measurements on other
frequencies (FFD, GSM or TDD frequencies) whilst
holding the on-going connection :
- Dual receiver
simple handover operation, but expensive receiver
UTRA
cell
GSM
cell
- Compressed mode (or slotted mode)

simple receiver, but complicated handover operation
the information is compressed time periodically (a few ms), in order to
perform measurements on the other frequencies without losing data
Downlink
10ms
frame
Compressed
frame
Idle
period
Page 212
Exercise
1. The cell reselection is easier than the initial cell selection (performed just
after switch on): can you find the reason?
2. What is the difference between the cell reselection and the cell update
(performed in cell_PCH state)?
3. If there were no LA/RA update mechanisms, what would happen?
4. Is it better to have small or large LA?
5. Why is soft HO not provided in cell_FACH state?
6. In which case is it be better for the network to move a UE
to URA_PCH state rather than to cell_PCH state?
Page 213
Appendix
Just after switch on process
AMR codec
NBAP elementary procedures
RANAP elementary procedures
Page 214
Appendix/Just after switch on process
PLMN selection
PLMN selection
List of
available 1
PLMNs
UE
switched
on
- scans the entire frequency bandwidths of UTRAN

FDD and GSM (cell search procedure for UTRAN
FDD )
Selected
PLMN
- monitors the broadcast channels (BCCH for

UTRAN FDD) to get the PLMN identifiers.
Cell selection
Hence the UE can establish a list of PLMNs which

are available in its location.
Attachment
After switch on, the UE:
In the list of available PLMNs, the UE selects:

- the HPLMN (Home PLMN) if it is available
- otherwise another PLMN (national or
international) according to priority rules possibly
stored in the USIM
Page 215
Appendix/Just after switch on process
Attachment procedure
PLMN selection
In the selected PLMN, the UE:

- selects the best cell according to radio criteria
- initiates attachment procedure on the selected cell
4
5
Cell selection
Attachment 3
request
Attach4 ment
result
- authentication procedure
- storage of subscriber data from the HLR in the VLR
(or in the SGSN for PS domain)
- allocation of the TMSI (P-TMSI for PS domain)
Attachment
5
Indication of service
to the UE
During the attachment procedure (called IMSI attach

for CS domain, GPRS attach for PS domain), the UE
indicates its presence to the PLMN for the purpose of
using services:
The result of the procedure is notified to the UE:

- if successful, the UE can access services
- if it fails, the UE can only perform emergency calls
Page 216
Appendix/AMR codec
AMR codec (for CS domain)
AMR mode
Source coding bit-rate
AMR_12.20
AMR_10.20
AMR_7.95
AMR_7.40
AMR_6.70
AMR_5.90
AMR_5.15
AMR_4.75
12.20 kbit/s (GSM EFR)

10.20 kbit/s
7.95 kbit/s
7.40 kbit/s (IS-641)
6.70 kbit/s (PDC-EFR)
5.90 kbit/s
5.15 kbit/s
4.75 kbit/s
Class Class Class

A
B
C
81
65
75
61
58
55
49
42
103
99
84
87
76
63
54
53
60
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
The AMR (Adaptative Multirate) speech codec:

- offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbits/s and 12,2 kbits/s
- is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC
- is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)
Page 217
Appendix/NBAP elementary procedures
NBAP elementary procedures

NBAP Functions (see 3GPP 25.433)
Cell Configuration Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the cell configuration
information in a Node B.
Common Transport Channel Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the
configuration of Common Transport Channels in a Node B.
System Information Management. This function gives the CRNC the ability to manage the scheduling of System
Information to be broadcast in a cell.
Resource Event Management. This function gives the Node B the ability to inform the CRNC about the status of
Node B resources.
Configuration Alignment. This function gives the CRNC and the Node B the possibility to verify that both nodes
has the same information on the configuration of the radio resources.
Measurements on Common Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the Node B.
The function also allows the Node B to report the result of the measurements.
Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the CRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link.
Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the CRNC to control the usage of compressed mode in a
Node B.
Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the NodeB.
The function also allows the NodeB to report the result of the measurements.
DL Power Drifting Correction (FDD). This function allows the CRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more
Radio Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links.
Page 218
Appendix/RANAP elementary procedures
RANAP elementary procedures

RANAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.413))
Relocating serving RNC. This function enables to change the serving RNC functionality as well as the related Iu
resources (RAB(s) and Signalling connection) from one RNC to another.
Overall RAB management. This function is responsible for setting up, modifying and releasing RABs.
Release of all Iu connection resources. This function is used to explicitly release all resources related to one Iu
connection.
SRNS context forwarding function. This function is responsible for transferring SRNS context from the RNC to the
CN for intersystem forward handover in case of packet forwarding.
Controlling overload in the Iu interface. This function allows adjusting the load in the Iu interface.
Sending the UE Common ID (permanent NAS UE identity) to the RNC. This function makes the RNC aware
of the UE's Common ID.
Paging the user. This function provides the CN for capability to page the UE.
Transport of NAS information between UE and CN. This function has three sub-classes:
Controlling the security mode in the UTRAN. This function is used to send the security keys (ciphering and
integrity protection) to the UTRAN, and setting the operation mode for security functions.
Controlling location reporting. This function allows the CN to operate the mode in which the UTRAN reports the
location of the UE.
Data volume reporting function. This function is responsible for reporting unsuccessfully transmitted DL data
volume over UTRAN for specific RABs.
Page 219
Appendix/RSNAP elementary procedures
RSNAP elementary procedures

RSNAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.423))
Radio Link Management. This function allows the SRNC to manage radio links using dedicated resources in a
DRNS;
Physical Channel Reconfiguration. This function allows the DRNC to reallocate the physical channel resources
for a Radio Link;
Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the DRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link;
Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to control the usage of compressed mode
within a DRNS;
Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the SRNC to initiate measurements on dedicated
resources in the DRNS. The function also allows the DRNC to report the result of the measurements;
DL Power Drifting Correction [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more
Radio Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links;
CCCH Signalling Transfer. This function allows the SRNC and DRNC to pass information between the UE and the
SRNC on a CCCH controlled by the DRNS;
Paging. This function allows the SRNC to page a UE in a URA or a cell in the DRNS;
Common Transport Channel Resources Management. This function allows the SRNC to utilise Common
Transport Channel Resources within the DRNS (excluding DSCH resources for FDD);
Relocation Execution. This function allows the SRNC to finalise a Relocation previously prepared via other
interfaces.
Page 220
Related Documentation
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 221
Related documentation
English
- WCDMA for UMTS, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley 2000,
ISBN 0 471 72051 8
- UMTS Mobile communications for the future, Wiley 2001,
ISBN 0 471 49829 7
- Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 1st Quarter 2001 (Find your way with 3G)
- 3GPP specifications: ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/
Francais
- UMTS les rseaux mobiles de troisime gnration, Editions Eyrolles 2001 (translation of
WCDMA for UMTS )
- UMTS les origines, l'architecture, la norme, Pierre Lescuyer, Editions Dunod 2001,
ISBN 2 10 005195 4
- Revue des Tlcommunications dAlcatel , 1er trimestre 2001 (entirement consacre la 3G)
Page 222

(1)
AAL
ACELP
ADN
ALCAP
AMR
ATM
ATM Adaptation Layer

Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction
Abbreviated Dialling Number
Access Link Control Application Part
Adaptive Multi Rate
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
BCH
BHCA
BER
BLER
BMC
BM-IWF
Broadcast Channel
Busy Hour Call Attempts
Bit Error Rate
Block Error Rate
Broadcast / Multicast Control
Broadcast Multicast InterWorking
Function
Base Station Controller
Base Station (sub)System
Base Transceiver Station
Customized Application for Mobile
Enhanced Logic
Call Control
BSC
BSS
BTS
CAMEL
CC
CCCH
Common Control Channel
CCTrCH
CDMA
CDR
CN
CPCH
CRNC
CS
CTCH
DCA
Coded Composite Transport Channel

Call Detail Record
Core Network
Common Packet Channel
Controlling RNC
Circuit Switched
Common Traffic Channel
Dynamic channel Allocation
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
DCH
DHO
DHT
DRAC
DRNC
DS
DSCH
DTCH
Dedicated Channel
Diversity HandOver
Diversity HandOver Trunk
Dynamic Resource Allocation Control
Drift RNC
Direct Sequence
Downlink Shared Channel
Dedicated Traffic Channel
Page 223

(2)
EDGE
ERAN
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

EDGE Radio Access Network (all-IP)
FACH
Forward Access Channel
FBI
FDD
FDD-DS
FDD-MC
FER
FP
FTP
GERAN
GGSN
GPRS
GSM
GSN
GTP
GTP-U
HO
HPLMN
FeedBack Information
Frequency Division Duplex
FDD-Direct Sequence (FDD1)
FDD-Multiple Carrier (FDD2)
Frame Error Rate
Frame Protocol
File Transfer Protocol
GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node
General Packet Radio Service
Global System for Mobile Communications
GPRS Support Node (ie SGSN or GGSN)
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User Plane
HandOver
Home PLM
IETF
IMEI
IMSI
IP
IR
ISDN
L1,L2,L3
LA
LCS
LLC
LQC
M3UA
MAC
MBS
MC
MExE
MM
MSC
MSP
Internet Engineering Task Force

International Mobile Equipment Identity
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
Internet Protocol
Incremental Redundancy
Integrated Services Digital Network
Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3
Location Area
Location Services
Logical Link Control
Link Quality Control
SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation layer
Medium Access Control
Multi-standard Base Station
Multiple Carrier
Mobile Execution Environment
Mobility Management
Mobile-services Switching Center
Multiple Subscriber Profile
Page 224

(3)
MTP3
Message Transfer Part (broadband)
MTP-3B Message Transfer Part level 3
NAS
Non Access Stratum
NBAP
Node-B Application Part
ODMA
Opportunity Driven Multiple Access
OSA
Open service Architecture
OTDOA-IPDL Observed Time Difference of Arrival
Idle Period Downlink
OVSF
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PCCH
Paging Control Channel
PCH
PDA
PDC
PDP
PDU
PLMN
PRACH
Paging Channel
Personal Digital Assistant
Personal Digital Cellular (2G Japan)
Packet Data Protocol
Protocol Data Unit
Public Land Mobile Network
Physical Random Access Channel
PS
QOS
QPSK
RA
RAB
Packet Switched
Quality Of Service
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Routing Area
Radio Access Bearer
RACH
Random Access Channel
RAN
RANAP
RB
RL
RLC
RNC
RNS
RNSAP
RNTI
RRC
RRM

RAN Application Part
Radio Bearer
Radio Link
Radio Link Control
Radio Network Controller
Radio Network Sub-System
RNS Application Part
Radio Network Temporary Identity
Radio Resource Control
Radio Resource Management
Page 225

(4)
SAP
SAT
SDU
SF
SGSN
SHO
SIR
SMS
SPU
SRNC
SSCOP
Service Access Point

SIM Application Toolkit
Service Data Unit
Spreading Factor
Serving GPRS Support Node
Soft HandOver
Signal to Interference Ratio
Short Message Service
Signaling Processing Unit
Serving RNC
Service Specific Connection Oriented
Protocol
SSCP
Signaling Connection Control Part
STM
Synchronous Transfer Mode
TC
Transcoder
TCP
Transport Control Protocol
TD-CDMA Time Division & CDMA
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
TF
TFC
TFCI
TFCS
TFS
TMSI
TPC
UDP
UICC
UMTS
USIM
USSD
URA
URAN
USB
UTRAN
Transport Format
Transport Format Combination
Transport Format Combination Indicator
Transport Format Combination Set
Transport Format Set
Temporary Mobile Station Identity
Transmission Power Control
User Datagram Protocol
UMTS Integrated Circuit Card
Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System
UMTS Subscriber Identity Card
Unstructured Supplementary Service
Data
UTRAN Registration Area
UMTS Radio Access Network (ETSI)
Universal Radio Access Network (3GPP)
Universal Serial Bus
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Page 226

(5)
VC
VHE
VoIP
VP
WAP
W-CDMA
WIM
Virtual Channel
Virtual Home Environment
Voice over IP
Virtual Path
Wireless Application Protocol
Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
WAP Identity Module
Page 227

(Standard Organizations)
3GPP
3GPP2
3GIP
ANSI
ARIB
CWTS
ETSI
IETF
IMT
ITU
T1
TIA
TTA
TTC
UWCC
W3C
3rd Generation Partnership Project (WCDMA)

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (cdma2000)
3rd Generation partnership for Internet Protocol
American National Standard Institute (USA)
Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)
China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group
European Telecommunication Standard Institute
Internet Engineering Task Force
International Mobile Telecommunication
International Telecommunication Union
Committee T1 telecommunication of the ANSI (USA)
Telecommunication Industry Association (USA)
Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea)
Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)
Universal Wireless Communications Committee
World Wide Web Consortium
Page 228

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Umts Introduction Alcatel

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UMTS/UTRAN

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

UMTS system description

WCDMA for UMTS

UTRAN (Release 1999)

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

UMTS technical overview

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

Past mobile systems (1)

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

Past mobile systems (2)

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

Two types of solutions were possible :

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

GSM evolution (1)

GSM evolution (2)

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

Lets take some examples!

A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music

Downloading a Word document Audio and Video

Streaming with all

UMTS technical overview

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

IMT-2000 is a framework for third generation mobile systems (3G) which is

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

IMT-2000: main participants

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)

IMT-SC (Single Carrier)

2G terrestrial radio interfaces

Rest of the World :

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

3G terrestrial radio interfaces

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

3GPP: joint organization

In the following material we will only speak about UMTS R99.

TSG Service and

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

* created in mid 2000

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

UMTS technical overview

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

1.Introduction/1.3 UMTS goals

UMTS will be a mobile communication system that offers significant user

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

1.Introduction/1.3 UMTS goals

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

UMTS technical overview

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

1.Introduction/1.4 UMTS technical overview

UMTS general architecture

Core network (CN)

User Equipment (UE)

1.Introduction/1.4 UMTS technical overview

UMTS Cellular System

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

1.Introduction/1.4 UMTS technical overview

UMTS duplex modes

Code and Frequency

Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

Uplink & Downlink

1.Introduction/1.4 UMTS technical overview

UMTS Frequency allocations