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Source: Hiedge
Picture A123
Picture Daimler
EV Battery Installation
Cooling Outlets
EV Battery Installation
Cooling Outlets
Issues to be Addressed
Li-ion batteries offer the most likely route to HEVs and EVs and
Liquid cooling
Refrigerant
2
3
Pump Battery
6
4
TXV
Air Evaporator
Coolant circuit
Battery
radiator
condenser
)(
Chiller
E-compressor
5
Source: Behr
Source: Behr
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Thermal Management
Load cases:
Pelec
(W)
Drive-Cycle
Hot soak
High-rate charging
t(s)
Cold start
Assessment Criteria:
T uniformity ( < 3 C)
Top ~ 35 C, Tmax < 55 C
Cooling system parasitic losses
Safety thermal runaway
Source: NREL
Picture Behr
Installation
Pack
Cell
12
Cell Models
It is NOT possible to predict cell performance solely from design data
Output
User
Models
Data
Size
Cost
Power
Impedance
Life
Abuse, etc
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Five parameters
OCV, OCV, Ro, Rp, C
Page 17
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Electrochemistry model
Example shows comparison
level of fit with
between
experimental
measurements
data for and
a discharge/charge
simulation for acycle
HPPC (High Pulse Power Characterization) Test
Cycle 1
Cycle 9
Electrochemistry model
Exampleshows
showscomparison
level of fit with
experimental
data forand
a discharge/charge
Example
between
measurements
simulation for a cycle
C/5 discharge > charge > C/2 discharge > charge > C discharge > charge > 2C
discharge cycle
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Electrical Model
Battery and cell electrical connections and current flows are included in the
model. Cell mapping (far right) shows discretisation of a prismatic cell to
allow for spatial variations within a cell
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Battery design
Cell design
Cell measurements
Li-ion cell
knowledge
Solver &
Postprocessing
STAR-CCM+
Li-ion cell
& CFD
knowledge
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Summary
All major auto OEMs have programs for electric vehicles for a rapidly
growing worldwide market
Battery technology is a key enabler and differentiator BUT thermal
issues strongly influence lifetime, durability and safety
CD-adapco and Battery Design LLC have formed a partnership to
jointly develop a coupled flow-thermal-electrochemistry solution for
cell, pack and installation level simulation
This new capability will be available in STAR-CCM+ June 2010
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