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Applied Energy 68 (2001) 387393

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Technical note

Thermodynamic properties of superheated and


supercritical steam
A. Malhotra a,*, D.M.R. Panda b
a

Deptartment of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 029, India
b
Operation & Eciency Department, Dadri Gas Power Station, NTPC, Gautam Buddha Nagar,
UP 201008, India
Accepted 3 September 2000

Abstract
An existing formulation for steam properties is due to Irvine and Liley. Their equations are
convenient to program and do not require excessive computational time to produce results.
The properties computed from these equations compare favourably with standard data. An
additional advantage of these equations is that they follow prescribed theoretical trends by
reducing to perfect-gas behaviour away from the saturation dome. However, a diculty with
these equations is that, at pressures above 10 MPa and close to the saturation dome, unacceptably large errors (above 10%) are produced. These equations are examined in the present
work with a view towards enhancing their range of application through the use of additional
functions. It is shown that the errors may be reduced to within 1% over the entire range of
pressures (both sub-critical and super-critical pressures) required in steam-plant calculations.
# 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Thermodynamic properties; Steam; Computer; Equations

1. Introduction
The International Formulation Committee (IFC) dened and published equations
for calculating the thermodynamic properties of steam in 1967 [1]. These formulations
describe the thermodynamic properties of water over wide ranges of temperatures and
pressures. The whole region is divided into six sub-regions and each sub-region is
expressed by a dierent formulation. The formulation is rather complicated in form.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: malhotra_ashok@hotmail.com (A. Malhotra).
0306-2619/01/$ - see front matter # 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0306-2619(00)00045-3

388

A. Malhotra, D.M.R. Panda / Applied Energy 68 (2001) 387393

Nomenclature
P
T
Tc
Ts
h
s
v

pressue (MPa)
temperature (K)
critical temperature (K)
saturation temperature
specic enthalpy (kJ/kg)
specic entropy (kJ/kg K)
specic volume (m3/kg)

Since then, several other simpler alternatives, more amenable to rapid programming
on computers have appeared in the literature (for example, see [24]).
A rather convenient formulation for steam properties is due to Irvine and Liley
[5]. Their equations are convenient to program in whatever computer or programming language the user wishes and they do not require excessive computational time
to produce results. The properties computed from these equations compare favourably with standard data [6]. An additional advantage of these equations is that they
follow prescribed theoretical trends by reducing to perfect-gas behaviour away from
the saturation dome. However, a diculty with these equations is that at pressures
above 10 MPa and close to the saturation dome, unacceptably large errors (above
10%) are produced. Beyond 20 MPa, these equations should not be used at all. The
equations of Ref. [5] are examined in the present work with a view towards enhancing their range of application through the use of additional functions.
The motivation for the present study arose while developing software for the
analysis and optimization of modern steam-power plants. In such plants, the turbine-inlet conditions are often supercritical or near critical at temperatures above
500 C. The steam during expansion is reheated twice at intermediate pressures
starting from conditions near the saturation dome. Even slight errors in the thermodynamic properties at such conditions can cause major errors in the selection of
the intermediate pressures. In recent years, a wide variety of software has become
available for steam-property calculations. One diculty with some of the available
software is that a critical evaluation of their accuracy is not readily available. The
basic equations used are also not available for scrutiny, since they are in a secured
form. A second diculty that arises frequently is that it is not easy to integrate this
software in the designer's choice of computer application or language . Therefore, it
was felt that the need remains to develop convenient equations that can be easily
programmed rapidly for online interactive studies as well as possess sucient accuracy for steam plant calculations.
2. Present modication
In the present work, the equations of Irvine and Liley [5] have been modied
through the use of additional terms so as to bring down the error to well within 1%

A. Malhotra, D.M.R. Panda / Applied Energy 68 (2001) 387393

389

at all pressures and temperatures in the superheated region. Simultaneously, equations are proposed for steam at supercritical pressure (more than 22.09 MPa) at
temperatures above 500 C. These modications are discussed next.
The thermodynamic properties of immediate interest in the superheated region are
specic enthalpy. h; specic volume, v; and specic entropy, s. Internal energy is
easily calculated once the specic volume, v and the enthalpy, h are known. The equations of Irvine and Liley [5] are given in the Appendix. Their original notation has been
preserved for ease of comparison. These equations have used an exponential factor that
vanishes far from the saturated region. The remaining terms then account for the
perfect-gas behaviour. In attempting to seek modications of these equations, it was
felt essential that this characteristic of these equations (i.e. their reduction to perfect
gas equations) is preserved. Therefore new modications have also been added as
exponential terms that vanish far from the saturation region.
Accordingly, if
h Fh fh

Table 1
Constants for property equations
P (MPa) 10<P<20


T ( C)

>Ts

20<P<22.09

22.09<P<25

25<P<50

50<v<60

>Ts

>500

>500

>500

Constants for specic volume, v


a
8.9016405E0l 1.0486458E00
b
1.0073862E02 3.4656267E03
c
2.0913977E05 2.8529821E06
d
l.3468833E08 0
e
3.0363856E+02 0
f
2.296l254E03
0
g
5
5

5.6977176E02 9.3051270E01
4.2709760E02
9.9274894E05
1.4383749E03 3.4402535E05
7.3335062E08 9.7383266E07
5.8361392E09
1.9687748Ell
2.4428988E10
2.1913782E12
1.1609025E+01
2.2204007E+02 l.6580236E+0l
7.6190454E06
8.4545935E07
9.2851643E06
445
215
500

Constants for specic enthalpy, h


a
5.35l4856E+04 3.9459575E+05 7.7932324E+03
3.3939446E+03 2.0987297E+03
b
1.6972648E+03 1.2493069E+03 1.3402545E+01 3.0535805E01
1.1171088E+01
c
3.7592867E00 9.886l403E01 9.7552443E03 2.4905867E03 1.5498207E02
d
2.4481633E03 0
2.5479080E06
1.1427317E06
5.3812313E06
e
8.1566454E+07 0
1.6058787E+06 l.7206660E+06 3.2137305E+06
f
3.5380885E+02 0
l.1806438E01 5.2257874E02
2.3601531E00
g
5
5
740
1000
650
Constants for specic entropy, s
a
1.1716213E+0l 1.1900201E+02
b
1.0099546E00 3.2009266E01
c
2.1907397E03 2.0993371E04
d
1.3388308E06 0
e
5.7469422E+04 0
f
8.l438573E02
0
g
5
5

1.7956405E+03
3.0446555E00
2.29286l3E03
6.4938631E07
3.9499373E+05
6.2098784E02
100

1.2079315E+02
2.0559642E01
1.5564712E04
4.4480785E08
2.5984176E+04
3.6345116E02
170

390

A. Malhotra, D.M.R. Panda / Applied Energy 68 (2001) 387393

then
v Fv fv

s Fs f s

and,

The functions Fh, Fv and Fs refer to the original equations of Ref. [5] and are
repeated in the Appendix. The terms fh, fv and fs are the presently proposed corrections for all of the properties. These may be expressed in the same general form, at
subcritical pressures as,


4
f a bTs cT2s dT3s e=Ts fP expT Ts =g
and, at supercritical pressures as,


f a bT cT2 dT3 e=T fP expT Tc =g;

with the provision that at supercritical pressure, the saturation temperature, Ts, is to
be replaced by the critical temperature, Tc, at all places in the original equations of
the Appendix. The constants of Eqs. (4) and (5) were obtained by regression analyses,
using the data of Ref. [6] as the basis. The constants for Eqs. (4) and (5) at dierent
temperatures and pressure are listed in Table 1. A correction is not required to the
existing equations at pressures less than 10 MPa. A comparison between the use of
the existing and modied equations is illustrated in Figs. 13. The data of Ref. [6]

Fig. 1. Variation of specic volume of steam with pressure near the saturation dome (T=Ts+0.1).

A. Malhotra, D.M.R. Panda / Applied Energy 68 (2001) 387393

391

Fig. 2. Variation of specic enthalpy of steam with pressure near the saturation dome (T=Ts+0.1).

Fig. 3. Variation of specic entropy of steam with pressure near the saturation dome (T=Ts +0.1).

392

A. Malhotra, D.M.R. Panda / Applied Energy 68 (2001) 387393

are also shown on the same graph for comparison. Fig. 3 also depicts the data as
computed from widely-used existing software for steam properties [7]. As can be
seen from the gures, the present corrections are able to reproduce the data to well
within 1%. In choosing the ranges of pressures and temperatures for this comparison, the most dicult range, i.e. just adjacent to the saturation dome has been
chosen. At other conditions, including supercritical pressure (not shown here), the
agreement is better. An MS EXCEL based software named STEAMPRO has been
developed by the authors with the intention of making it available for use by others
through the Internet in the near future.
Appendix
Equations for superheated steam-property calculations from Ref. [5] are given
here along with the associated constants.
"
(
)# 

2
X
RT
1
Ts T
n
b1 expb2 T
b3 exp
A1
An T
exp
Fv
P
10 P
m
n0
where,
r =4.61631e04
b1=5.27993e02
b2=3.75928e03
b3=2.2e02
"
#
2
X
n
a n T a3
Fh
n0

a0=3.741378e00
a1=4.7838281e03
a2=1.5923434e05
m= 4.0e+0l


Ts T
exp
m

where,
a 0=
a 1=
a 2=
a 3=

b11+[b12
b21+[b22
b31+[b32
b41+[b42

P]+[b13 P2]
P]+[b23 P2]
P ]+[b33 P2]
Ts]+[b43 T2s ]+[b44 Ts3]+[b45 T4s ]

and,
b11=2.0412100e+03
b12=4.0400210e+01
b13=4.80950e0l
b21 = 1.6l06930e00
b22 =5.4720510e02
b23=7.5175370e04
b31=3.3831170e04
b32=1.9757360e05
b33 =2.8740900e07

b41=1.7078200e+03
b42 =l.6994190e+01
b43 =6.2746295e02
b44 =1.0284259e04
b45 =6.4561298e08
m=4.5e+01

A2

A. Malhotra, D.M.R. Panda / Applied Energy 68 (2001) 387393

Fs

 

4
4
X
X
Ts T
an Tn b1 1n 10P b2
cn Tns exp
m
n0
n0

393

A3

where,
a0=4.6162961e00
a1=l.039008e02
a2=9.873085e06
a3=5.43411e9
a4=1.l70465e12
b1=4.650306e01
b2=1.0e03

C0.=1.777804e+00
c1=1.802468e02
c2=6.854459e05
c3=1.184424e07
c4=8.142201e11
m=8.5e+01

References
[1] The International Formulation Committee of the Sixth International Conference on the Properties
of Steam, The 1967 IFC Formulation for Industrial Use, 1967.
[2] Reynolds WC. Thermodynamic properties in S.I. graphs, tables and computational equations for 40
substances. Stanford (CA): Stanford Univ. Press, 1979.
[3] Ishimoto Shozaburo, Uematsu M, Tanishita I. New equations for the thermodynamic properties of
saturated water and steam. Bulletin of the JSME 1972;15:127889.
[4] Andrej S, Matija T. Quick evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of water and steam. Applied
Energy 1994;49:36978.
[5] Irvine Jr. TF, Liley PE. Steam and gas tables with computer equations. Orlando, (FL): Academic
Press, 1984.
[6] Keenan JH, Keyes FG, Hill PG, Moore JG. Steam tables thermodynamic properties of water including vapor, liquid and solid phases (international system of units). New York: Wiley (Interscience), 1978.
[7] Sonntag RE, Borgnakke C, Park KK, Park YM. Computer-aided thermodynamic tables (CATT). John
Wiley & Sons, 1994.

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