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Exam Review:
Gravity Loads
Terry Weigel
502.445.8266
taw@louisville.edu
Distribution of the webinar materials outside of your site is prohibited. Reproduction of the materials and pictures without a written
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Topic
Slide Numbers
NCEES Topics
3-4
References
5-11
Example Buildings
12-22
Gravity loads
23-107
Dead load
23-24
Live load
25-27
28
29-50
Live load
30-32
33-36
Examples
37-50
Snow load
51-107
Load combinations
108-128
Table of
Contents
NCEES Topics
NCEES Topics
Dead loads
Live loads
Snow loads
Load paths
Load combinations
References
10
11
12
Example Buildings
Building 1 high-rise - symmetrical no
inherent eccentricity dead, roof
live, live, snow, wind seismic roof
and live load reduction
Building 2 low rise large inherent
eccentricity seismic torsion
Building 3 same as Building 2 except that
eccentricity removed torsionally
regular under wind load
13
Building 1
Ten-story
Plan dimensions 75 ft x 125 ft
Bay dimensions 25 ft x 25 ft
12 ft story height
5-ft high parapet
Steel moment resisting frame in both
directions
Roof dead load 10.2 psf
Floor dead load 60 psf
Unreduced roof live load 20 psf
Unreduced floor live load 60 psf
14
Building 1
Located in an area similar to Charleston, SC
Wind Exposure Category C, partially exposed
Seismic Design Category D
Seismic soil site class C
15
Building 1
Building 1
Floor Plan
17
Building 2
Location near Louisville, Kentucky for wind
analysis (not for seismic analysis)
Three-story
Story height - 16 ft
Plan - 80 ft x 160 ft
Gravity frames
Shear walls and moment resisting frame
Concrete roof and floor slabs
18
Building 2
Dead loads are 60 psf, 90 psf and 100 psf for
the roof, third level and second level,
respectively
Cladding weight 70 psf
Roof live load is 16 psf
19
Building 2
20
Building 2
Roof Plan
21
Building 3
Same as Building 2 but with framing adjusted to
make the building torsionally regular for wind
load.
ASCE 7-10 - A building with the MWFRS about
each principal axis proportioned so that the
maximum displacement at each story under
Case 2, the torsional wind load case, of Fig. 27.48, does not exceed the maximum displacement
at the same location under Case 1 of Fig. 27.4-8,
the basic wind load case.
22
Dead Load
Dead loads consist of the weight of all
materials of construction incorporated into
the building including, but not limited to,
walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in
partitions, finishes, cladding, and other
similarly incorporated architectural and
structural items and fixed service equipment
including the weight of cranes.
24
25
Live Load
A load produced by the use and occupancy of
the building or other structure that does not
include construction or environmental loads,
such as wind load, snow load, rain load,
earthquake load, flood load, or dead load.
26
29
15
L Lo 0.25 +
=
K LL AT
ASCE 7-10
Equation 4.7-1
KLLAT at least 400 ft2
KLL
4
4
2
2
2
32
33
Lr = Lo R1 R2
12 Lr 20
R1 , R2 reduction factors
R1 accounts for tributary area
R2 accounts for roof slope
1
for AT 200 ft 2
2
2
R1 =
1.2
0.001
A
for
200
ft
<
A
600
ft
<
T
T
2
0.6
for
A
600
ft
T
35
1.2
0.05
for
4
<
<
12
R2 =
F
F
0.6
for
12
F
36
37
38
Lr = ( 20 psf )(1)(1)
= 20 psf
Other beams
Lr = Lo R1 R2
=
AT 313 ft 2 < 600 ft 2
1.2 0.001AT =
1.2 0.001( 313 ft 2 )
R1 =
= 0.887
=
F 1;=
R2 1
=
Lr
17.7 psf
39
15
=
L Lo 0.25 +
K LL AT
AT 156 ft 2
K LL 2
KLL
Interior columns
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
=
<
K
A
312
ft
400
ft
LL T
No reduction permitted
40
15
L Lo 0.25 +
=
K LL AT
K LL 2
AT 313 ft 2
K LL AT 626 ft 2 > 400 ft 2
=
L=
( 60 psf ) 0.25 +
15
=
51.0 psf > 0.5 Lo
( 2 ) ( 313 ft 2 )
41
42
Interior columns
Lr = Lo R1 R2
=
AT 625 ft 2 > 600 ft 2
R1 = 0.6
=
AT 156 ft 2 < 200 ft 2
R1 = 1
=
F 1;=
R2 1
=
Lr
20 psf )(1)(1)
(=
20 psf
=
F 1;=
R2 1
= 12 psf
Absolute minimum roof live load is 12 psf, so Ok
43
R1 =
1.2 0.001( 313 ft 2 ) =
0.887
=
F 1;=
R2 1
Lr
=
17.7 psf
44
15
=
L Lo 0.25 +
K LL AT
KLL
Element
Interior columns
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs
4
4
2
2
2
AT 3=
=
( 625 ft 2 ) 1875 ft 2
K LL = 4
1
L ( 60 psf ) 0.25 +
=
= 25.4 psf
( 4 ) (1875 ft 2 )
15
15
L Lo 0.25 +
=
K LL AT
K LL = 4
AT 3=
=
( 313 ft 2 ) 939 ft 2
L=
( 60 psf ) 0.25 +
15
=
29.7 psf > 0.4 Lo
( 4 ) ( 939 ft 2 )
46
15
L Lo 0.25 +
=
K LL AT
K LL = 4
AT 3=
=
(156 ft 2 ) 469 ft 2
L=
( 60 psf ) 0.25 +
15
=
35.8 psf > 0.4 Lo
( 4 ) ( 469 ft 2 )
47
48
Live load
Tributary area
reduction
(AT - ft2)
(unlimited)
313
****
312.5
0.674
625
0.550
938
0.495
1250
0.462
1563
0.440
1875
0.423
2188
0.410
2500
0.400
2813
0.391
Live load
reduction
(limited)
0.888
0.674
0.550
0.495
0.462
0.440
0.423
0.410
0.400
0.400
Reduced
live load
(L - psf)
17.8
40.5
33.0
29.7
27.7
26.4
25.4
24.6
24.0
24.0
49
50
51
52
ASCE 7 Background
Roof snow load is usually but not always
less than ground snow load (wind,
slope, roof warmth)
CS areas and elevation limits
In Midwest (roughly to the west of Indiana
and east of Nebraska), ground snow
load is function of latitude only
54
ASCE 7 Background
In the east, ground snow load increases with
latitude but elevation and distance from
the Atlantic Coast shoreline are also
significant
Lake effect snow
In the west terrain is more rugged, variation of
pg is more complex
55
56
57
58
60
Cs warm roof or
61
I s pg , when pg 20 psf
63
Figure 7-1
ASCE 7-10
Ground
Snow
Load (pg)
www.groundsnowbyzip.com
64
Figure 7-1
ASCE 7-10
Ground
Snow
Load (pg)
65
66
68
69
30o
All other surfaces
Warm roof
Ct 1.0
roofs
71
72
10o
1
37.5o
0.9
0.8
0.7
Cs
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Unobstructed
slippery surfaces
70o
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Cold roof
Ct = 1.1
73
15o
45o
70o
Cold roof
Ct = 1.2
74
75
76
77
Figure 7-5
ASCE
7-10
For hip and gable roof
unbalanced loads need
not be considered if:
slope > 30.2o
or
slope < 2.38o
78
Partial Loading
79
80
Snow Drift
81
82
84
85
86
87
0.13 pg + 14 30 psf
=
hb =
ps
88
( 0.43)
pg + 10 1.5
u = 600 ft
u = 400 ft
u = 200 ft
u = 100 ft
u = 50 ft
u = 25 ft
89
Sliding Snow
90
Sliding Snow
Superimposed on balanced snow load
Slippery roof with slope greater than on
12
Other roofs with slope greater then 2 on
12
Total sliding snow load is 0.4pfW
Distributed uniformly over a distance of
15 ft
If width of lower roof is less than 15 ft,
intensity is reduced proportionally
91
92
Figure 7-1
ASCE
7-10
Ground
Snow
Load (pg)
pg = 35 psf
0.13 ( 35 psf
=
) + 14 18.6 pcf
Ce = 1
Ct = 1
Cs = 1 ( Figure 7-2a )
Is = 1
ps = 24.5 psf
26.6o
Warm roof
Ct 1.0
96
( 0.43) 3 u 4
p=
g + 10 15
( 0.43) 3 ( 35 ft ) 4 35 psf + 10 15
=
=
Or from Figure
7-9 for pg 35
psf and u 35 ft
hd 2.14 ft
97
u = 100 ft
u = 50 ft
u = 25 ft
35 psf
98
28.1 psf
8 S hd
Horizontal extent of drift surcharge= w=
3
8 2 ( 2.14 ft )
= 8.06 ft
3
Rain on snow surcharge need not be considered because pg > 20 psf
99
100
101
Ce = 1 ( Table 7-2 )
Ct = 1 ( Table 7-3)
I s = 1 ( Table 7-4 )
pg = 40 psf
0.7
=
CeCt I s pg 0.7 (1)(1)(=
1)( 40 psf ) 28 psf
pf
C=
p=
1; p=
28 psf
s
s
f
Determine if low slope minimum applies
Monoslope roof with slope < 15o and pg = 40 psf
=
pm
102
46.1 psf
103
104
105
106
107
108
D = dead load
L = floor live load
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
R = rain load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load (must
be expanded)
110
Load Combinations
Each load combination represents a situation
where one of the loads is at its maximum or
minimum lifetime value and the other loads
are at their respective arbitrary point in
time(APT) values.
LC2
Load Combinations
In ASCE 7-10, for combinations (3), (4) and (5)
the load factor on L is 1. Except for garages or
areas occupied as places of public assembly,
when Lo taken from ASCE 7-10 Table 4-1 is less
than or equal to 100 psf, the load factor on L
in these combinations may be taken as 0.5. In
Part 2 of the Steel Construction Manual, the
same load factor in those combinations is
given as 0.5, and a footnote describes
situations where it must be taken as 1.
112
Load Combinations
In IBC, for those combinations the load factor
on L is represented as f1, where f1 takes a
value (either 0.5 or 1) consistent with ASCE 710 provisions.
113
114
( 3.6 k ft )( 20 ft )
8
= 180 k ft
115
M
=
L
(1.5 k ft )( 20 ft )
= 75 k ft
8
1.4 ( 50 k ft )= 70 k ft
116
Earthquake Load
E Eh + Ev ASCE 7-10 Equation 12.4-1
=
E Eh Ev ASCE 7-10 Equation 12.4-2
=
Eh = QE
Earthquake Load
When use of system overstrength factor is required:
=
E E=
Emh + Ev LC-5
m
=
E E=
Emh Ev LC-7
m
Emh =
oQE
( o
119
120
Load Combinations
Example 2
121
Load
(k)
(k-ft)
115
12.7
112
17.9
1.96
17.4
Lr
2.81
0.40
3.57
47.9
34.5
474
8.38
5.21
70.7
122
Axial load
=
=
1 1.4D 1.4
(115 k ) 161 k
Load Combinations
Example 2
=
Lr 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.6 (17.9 k ) + 0.5 ( 2.81
=
21.2D + 1.6L + 0.5
k ) 168 k
Lr + L 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.6 ( 2.81 k ) + 1(17.9
=
3a1.2D + 1.6=
k ) 160 k
=
W 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.6 ( 2.81 k ) + 0.5 ( 8.38 k )
3b1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5
= 147 k
=
W 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.6 ( 2.81 k ) + 0.5 ( 8.38 k )
3c1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5
= 138 k
4a1.2D + 1.0W + L +=
0.5Lr 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.0 ( 8.38 k ) + 1(17.9 k )
+ 0.5 ( 2.81 k ) =
164 k
4b1.2D + 1.0W + L +=
0.5Lr 1.2 (115 k ) + 1.0 ( 8.38 k ) + 1(17.9 k )
+ 0.5 ( 2.81 k ) =
149 k
6a0.9D + 1.0
=
W 0.9 (115 k ) + 1.0 ( 8.38=
k ) 112 k
6b0.9D +=
1.0W 0.9 (115 k ) + 1.0 ( 8.38
k ) 95.1 k
=
123
Load Combinations
Example
Shear
=
1 1.4D 1.4
=
(12.7 k ) 17.8 k
21.2D + 1.6L + =
0.5Lr 1.2 (12.7 k ) + 1.6 (1.96 k ) + 0.5 ( 0.40
=
k ) 18.6 k
=
3a1.2D + 1.6
Lr + L 1.2 (12.7 k ) + 1.6 ( 0.40 k ) + 1(=
1.96 k ) 17.8 k
=
3b1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5
W 1.2 (12.7 k ) + 1.6 ( 0.40 k ) + 0.5 ( 5.21 k )
= 18.5 k
4 1.2D + 1.0W + L=
+ 0.5Lr 1.2 (12.7 k ) + 1.0 ( 5.21 k ) + 1(1.96 k )
+ 0.5 ( 0.40 k ) =
22.6 k
=
W 0.9 (12.7 k ) + 1.0 ( 5.21
=
60.9D + 1.0
k ) 16.6 k
124
Moment
Load Combinations
Example 2
125
(1.2 + 0.2S DS ) D + L + o QE
Axial
299 k
1.2 + 0.2 (1) (115 ) + 1.0 (17.9 ) + 2.5 ( 47.9 ) =
Shear
106 k
1.2 + 0.2 (1) (12.7 ) + 1.0 (1.96 ) + 2.5 ( 34.5 ) =
Moment
1359 k ft
1.2 + 0.2 (1) (112 ) + 1.0 (17.4 ) + 2.5 ( 474 ) =
126
( 0.9 0.2S DS ) D + o QE
Axial
39.3 k (tension)
0.9 0.2 (1) (115 k ) + 2.5 ( 47.9 k ) =
Shear
95.1 k
0.9 0.2 (1) (12.7 k ) + 2.5 ( 34.5 k ) =
Moment
=
0.9 0.2 (1) (112k ft ) + 2.5 ( 474k ft
) 1263 k ft
127
Shear (k)
161
17.8
168
18.6
3a
160
17.8
3b
147
18.5
4a
164
22.6
4b
149
22.6
299
106
6a
112
16.6
6b
95.1
16.6
-39.3
95.1
Column must be
Moment
designed
(k-ft)
to resist
157
164
these
158
combi176
224
nations
224
of
1359
172
loads
172
1263
128
Thank You
Questions?
129