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Denition
Examples
Properties
Memory
Invertibility
Causality
Stability
Time Invariance
Linearity
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
Definition of a System
x(t)
h(t)
y(t)
x[n]
h[n]
y[n]
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
Scope of Systems
In this class we will primarily work with circuits as systems
In most cases a voltage or current will be the input signal to the
system
Another current or voltage will be the output signal of the system
However, our treatment applies to a much broader class of systems
Examples
Circuits
Motors
Chemical processing plants
Engines
Spring-mass systems
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
Memory
Memoryless: A system is memoryless if and only if the output y(t) at
any time t0 depends only on the input x(t) at that same time: x(t0 ).
Memory indicates the system has the means to store information
about the input from the past or future
Capacitors and inductors store energy and therefore create systems
with memory
Resistors have no such mechanism and are therefore memoryless
systems: v(t) = Ri(t)
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
Example 1: Workspace
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
Invertibility
x[n]
h[n]
y[n]
g[n]
x[n]
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
J. McNames
dx(t)
dt
n
k=
x[k]
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
Example 2: Workspace
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
Causality
Causal: A system is causal if and only if the output y(t) at any time
t0 depends only on values of the input x(t) at the present time and
possibly the past, < t < t0 .
These systems are sometimes (rarely) called nonanticipative
If two inputs to a causal system are identical up to some point in
time, the outputs must also be equal
All analog circuits are causal
All memoryless systems are causal
Not all causal systems are memoryless (very few are)
Some discrete-time systems are non-causal
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
10
dx(t)
dt
y[n] =
1
11
J. McNames
5
k=5
x[n + k]
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
11
Example 3: Workspace
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
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Stability
BIBO Stable: A system is bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO)
stable if and only if (i) all bounded inputs (|x(t)| < ) result in
bounded outputs (|y(t)| < ).
Informally, stable systems are those in which small inputs do not
lead to outputs that diverge (grow without bound)
All physical circuits are technically stable
Ideal op amp circuits without negative feedback are usually
unstable
Examples: thermostat, cruise control, swing
Counter-examples: savings accounts, inverted pendulum
(questionable), chain reactions
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
13
dx(t)
dt
y[n] =
1
11
J. McNames
5
k=5
x[n + k]
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
14
Example 4: Workspace
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
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Time Invariance
Time Invariant: A system is time invariant if and only if x[n] y[n]
implies x[n n0 ] y[n n0 ].
In words, a system is time invariant if a time shift in the input
signal results in an identical time shift in the output signal
Circuits that have non-zero energy stored on capacitors or in
inductors at t = 0 are generally not time-invariant
Circuits that have no energy stored are time-invariant
Memoryless does not imply time-invariant: y(t) = f (t) x(t)
In general, if the independent variable, t or n, is included explicitly
in the system denition, the system is not time-invariant
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
16
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
17
dx(t)
dt
y[n] =
1
11
J. McNames
5
k=5
x[n + k]
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
18
Example 5: Workspace
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
19
Linearity
x(t)
h(t)
y(t)
h[n]
x[n]
y[n]
y1 (t)
y2 (t)
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
20
Linearity Continued
a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)
a1 y1 (t) + a2 y2 (t)
a1 x1 [n] + a2 x2 [n]
a1 y1 [n] + a2 y2 [n]
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
21
Linearity Continued
ak xk (t)
k
U1
U0
ak yk (t)
au xu (t) du
U1
au yu (t) du
U0
ak xk [n]
ak yk [n]
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
22
Example 6: Linearity
Determine which of the following are linear systems.
y[n] = x[n]2
y(t) = x(2t)
y[n] = x[n]
y[n] = nx[n + 3]
y(t) = sin(2x(t))
t
y(t) = x( ) d
y(t) = t x( ) d
y(t) =
dx(t)
dt
y[n] =
1
11
J. McNames
5
k=5
x[n + k]
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
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Example 6: Workspace
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
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h(t)
y(t)
x[n]
h[n]
y[n]
J. McNames
ECE 222
System Fundamentals
Ver. 1.06
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