1.

INTRODUCTION
A shaft-driven bicycle uses a drive shaft instead of a chain to transmit power from
the pedal crankshaft to the wheel arrangement. Shaft-drives were introduced a century
ago, but were mostly replaced by chain-drives due to gear ranges possible with sprockets
and derailleur. Shaft drives are difficult to disassemble when repairing flat rear tires and
have higher manufacturing costs. Both high quality gears and heavier frame construction
are required for shaft-drives. Most advantages claimed for a shaft drive can be realized by
using a fully enclosed chain case. The unique major advantage of shaft drive is that it
operates at a very consistent rate of efficiency and performance. That too without
adjustments or maintenance. Since, shaft-drives require gear hubs for shifting, the gears
can be shifted while the bicycle is at a complete stop or moving in reverse. Also recent
advancements in internal gear technology has led a small number of modern shaft-driven
bicycles to be introduced.
Due to above reasons shaft-drive configurations are worth studying. As a result,
various design configurations of bicycle shaft-drive are reviewed. A design configuration
that meets all the requirements is suggested, based on the type of gears used, ease in gear
shifting, etc. Out of different design configurations, shaft-driven bicycle with straight
bevel gears seems to offer greatest flexibility in design. Shaft-driven bikes have a large
bevel gear in place of chain ring of a conventional bike. This meshes with another bevel
gear mounted on the drive shaft. The use of bevel gears allows the axis of the drive torque
from the pedals to be turned through 90. The drive shaft then has another bevel gear near
the rear wheel hub which meshes with a bevel gear on the hub where the rear sprocket
would be on a conventional bike.
A bicycle frame is the main component of a bicycle. Wheels and other components
are fitted on the frame. The modern and most common frame design, known as diamond
frame, is based on safety bicycle. It comprises of a main triangle and a paired rear
triangle. The main triangle is not a true triangle because it consists of four separate
tubes, namely, head tube, top tube, down tube and seat tube. The rear triangle is made of
the seat tube joined by paired chainstays and seatstays. The head tube contains the
headset, the interface with the fork. The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at
the top. The down tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket shell. The rear
triangle is connected to the rear fork ends. A bicycle pedal the part of the bicycle that the
riders push with their foot to propel the bicycle. Pedals usually consists of a spindle that
threads into the end of the crank and a body.
The shaft used instead of a chain to transmit power from the pedals to the wheel is
known as drive shaft. Centre part of the wheel from which spoke radiate is called as hub.
Inside the hub are ball bearings enabling to rotate around in axle.

Dr. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING (B.E. MECHANICAL)

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1.1 Problem statement

As chain drive provide less torque there is a need to replace chain drive with shaft.
A shaft drive transmits more torque.
The conventional bicycle also suffers chain slippage which can be dangerous. The
linkages of the chain used in the chain drive is weak, which causes chain breakage.
There are chain vibration in chain drive which causes energy loses. Misalignment
of sprocket is also one of the problem, due to which sometimes chain do not stay in
position and can cause damage to the system.
After some time the chain used in the chain drive loses tension due to stretching of
the chain. Due to this there is loss of power.
1.2 Objective
1. Increase durability of bicycle with the help of shaft drive.

2. Reduce maintenance cost of bicycle.

3. Increase power transmission efficiency of the bicycle.

4. Making system more reliable.

5. Reduce noise pollution using shaft drive transmission system.

1.3 Scope
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This bicycle has a great scope for the future. It can replace chain driven bicycle
where the torque required to be transmitted is more as shaft drive transmit more torque
than that of the chain driven system.
Can be used for a long time as the system requires less maintenance as compared
to chain driven system.
It has great scope for the future and its development. In future it can even replace
chain drive.

1.4 Methodology
In our attempt to design a special purpose machine we have adopted a careful
approach, the total design work has been divided into two parts mainly
1. System design
2. Mechanical design
System design mainly concerns with the various physical constraints and
ergonomics space requirements, arrangement of various components on the main frame of
machine no of controls position of these controls ease of maintenance scope of further
improvement ; weight of m/c from ground etc. In Mechanical design the component in
two categories.
1. Design parts
2. Parts to be purchased.
For design parts detail design is done and dimensions thus obtained are compared
to next highest dimension which are readily available in market this simplifies the
assembly as well as post production servicing work. The various tolerance on work are
specified in the manufacturing drawings the process charts are prepared & passed on to
the manufacturing stage .The parts are to be purchased directly are specified & selected
from standard catalogues. Mechanical design phase is very important from the view of
designer as whole success of the project depends on the correct deign analysis of the
problem. Many preliminary alternatives are eliminated during this phase. Designer should
have adequate knowledge above physical properties of material, loads stresses,
deformation, and failure. Theories and wear analysis, He should identify the external and
internal forces acting on the machine parts. These forces may be classified as;
a) Dead weight forces
Dr. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING (B.E. MECHANICAL)
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b) Friction forces
c) Inertia forces
d) Centrifugal forces
e) Forces generated during power transmission etc.
Designer should estimate these forces very accurately by using design equations.
If he does not have sufficient information to estimate them he should make certain
practical assumptions based on similar conditions which will almost satisfy the functional
needs. Assumptions must always be on the safer side. Selection of factors of safety to find
working or design stress is another important step in design of working dimensions of
machine elements. The correction in the theoretical stress values are to be made according
in the kind of loads, shape of parts & service requirements. Selection of material should
be made according to the condition of loading shapes of products environment conditions
& desirable properties of material. Provision should be made to minimize nearly adopting
proper lubrications methods.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
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A shaft-driven bicycle is a bicycle that uses a drive shaft instead of a chain to

transmit power from the pedals to the wheel. Shaft drives were introduced over a century
ago, but were mostly supplanted by chain-driven bicycles due to the gear ranges possible
with sprockets andderailleurs. Recently, due to advancements in internal gear technology,
a small number of modern shaft-driven bicycles have been introduced.
Shaft-driven bikes have a large bevel gear where a conventional bike would have
its chain ring. This meshes with another bevel gear mounted on the drive shaft. The use of
bevel gears allows the axis of the drive torque from the pedals to be turned through 90
degrees. The drive shaft then has another bevel gear near the rear wheel hub which
meshes with a bevel gear on the hub where the rear sprocket would be on a conventional
bike, and canceling out the first drive torque change of axis.
The 90-degree change of the drive plane that occurs at the bottom bracket and
again at the rear hub uses bevel gears for the most efficient performance, though other
mechanisms could be used, e.g. hobson's joints, worm gears or crossed helical gears.
The drive shaft is often mated to a hub gear which is an internal gear system
housed inside the rear hub. Today, there are four significant manufacturers of internal hubs
suitable for use with shaft drive systems, including Shimano Nexus, SRAM, SturmeyArcher and now NuVinci.

Shaft drives operate at a very consistent rate of efficiency and performance,

without adjustments or maintenance, though lower than that of a properly adjusted and
lubricated chain. Shaft drives are typically more complex to disassemble when repairing
flat rear tires, and the manufacturing cost is typically higher.
A fundamental issue with bicycle shaft-drive systems is the requirement to
transmit the torque of the rider through bevel gears with much smaller radii than typical
bicycle sprockets. This requires both high quality gears and heavier frame construction.

Dr. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING (B.E. MECHANICAL)

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Since shaft-drives require gear hubs for shifting, they gain the benefit that gears
can be shifted while the bicycle is at a complete stop or moving in reverse, but internal
hub geared bikes typically have a more restricted gear range than comparable derailleurequipped bikes.
Most of the advantages claimed for a shaft drive can be realized by using a fully
enclosed chain case. Some of the other issues addressed by the shaft drive, such as
protection for clothing and from ingress of dirt, can be met through the use of chain
guards. The reduced need for adjustment in shaft-drive bikes also applies to a similar
extent to chain or belt-driven hub-geared bikes. Not all hub gear systems are shaft
compatible
.
2.1 CONSTRUCTION
In our project bevel gear operated cycle is constructed very simple. Firstly we
take a simple cycle. In this cycle mechanism draus all sprocket mechanism from this
cycle. Particularly we cant given sudden arrangement of bevel gear transmission for this
there is certain arrangement or mechanism changes.
A sprocket mechanism including a chain having a plurality of substantially identical
pivotally interconnected links having substantially indentical teeth adapted to mesh with
sprocket teeth. This arrangement is very substantial internally connected. Total open the
cycle & all these mechanism is drawn from cycle.
In our mechanism, a drive transmitting mechanism composing driving & driven
gears about axes speed from each other. A sprocket position, there is certain bevel gear
arrangement. In bevel gear system motion is transmitted at 90 bet two gears. At first
sprocket position we arrange bevel gear & motion transfer to rear mechanism at rear
position, means, where small sprocket arrangement is situated. At that place we put bevel
gear system. Between front system & rear system. There is a transmitting rod is to be
provided.

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Bevel gears are just like spur gears expect the mesh of right angles. This causes the
output axle to be perpendicular to the input axle. All our processes whenever running then
speed measurement is much necessary because find out charging process time. A
tachometer is designed to give the speed of a rotating part in revolution per minute.
In automotive use the tachometer is made for measuring the speed of engine. Our
project is based on speed changing mechanism. For efficient working of mechanism there
is need of checking varying speed.
The invention relates to a device for adjusting a mutual phase relationship of
respective rotational angles of two drives. Wheels & more particularly or such drive
wheels such as gears which are mounted on drives shafts perpancticular to one another &
are connected with one another by means of conditions transmission drive means being
deflectable by adjusting means so that the drive wheels are set against one another.
This project requires a little investment to achieve efficiency improvement through
modifications of existing equipments & other operations.

2.2 Working
This invention relates to an apparatus & a method for cycle ling mechanism on
bevel gear where in speed variation mechanism depends upon gear arrangement .
In a drive transmitting mechanism comprising driving & driven gears Rota table about
its axis speed from each other. A fixed centre distance. A gear used for transmitting torque
between the gears. The improvement composing teeth on the driven including first
plurality of teeth of conventional length & size .& a second plurality of teeth having tools
on a diameters a predetermined amount larger than root diameter .
Bevel gear can be used to change the direction of drive in a gear system by 90 degree.
A hand drill is seen as the main mechanism for a hand drill.
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Bevel gears are just like spur gears expect the mesh of right angles. This causes the
output axle to be preponderate to the input axle. Which are also called crown gear can
mesh with themselves as well as with other spur gear. All over processes whenever
running the speed measurement is much necessary because find out efficient working of
mechanism.
Motion transfer is divided into different types. Design of mechanism is made as
satisfactory level to performed operation.
All other drives are allocated such sitting on seats on seats, paddles are operated
by foot.Paddle operation is our external source & energy source are being used
extensively used for domestic purpose..
At front side where paddle operation, giving paddle we give rotary motion to
motion transfer rods. On this rod we mount bevel gears both sides. This rod transfer
motion to rear wheel. At back or rear side bevel gears gives motion to wheel.
The change in stiffness of meshing teeth as the number of teeth in contact changes,
couses parametric instabilities & serve vibration in gear systems . the operating conditions
leading to parametric instabilities are investigated for two stage gear chains, including
idle, gear & countershaft configurations.
Our progress is due to the convergence of many application & it is easy to imagine the
failures that theory application may cause when based on insufficient experience.
Convergence of energy is using energy more efficiently by substituting time.
Convenience labour for effective optimization of cost energy.

3. Gears used in shaft drive

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Helical gears have their teeth are angled with respect to the axis of rotation at a
helix angle. The teeth form a helix either right- or left-handed. Helical gears operate much
more smoothly and quietly than spur gears. Because of the angle of the teeth on helical
gears, a thrust load is created on the gear when they mesh. Devices that intend to use
helical gears must have bearings in order to support this thrust load. A pair of oppositehand helical gears mesh with their axes parallel. Same hand helical gears can be meshed
with their axes skewed and are called crossed helical gears. Teeth of crossed helical gears
slide instead of rolling. This greatly reduces their load-carrying capacity.
Bevel gears are cut on mating cones rather than the mating cylinders of spur or
helical gears. Their axes are non parallel and intersect at the apices of the mating cones.
The angle between their axes can be any value and is usually 90 in case of shaft drives. If
the teeth are cut parallel to the cone axis, they are straight bevel gears, similar to spur
gears. If the teeth are cut at a spiral angle to the cone axis, they are called spiral bevel
gears, similar to helical gears. As compared to straight bevel gears, spirals are smaller in
diameter for the same load capacity. Spirals are extreme in smoothness and quiet running.
A worm set consists of a worm and a worm gear. They connect nonparallel,
nonintersecting shafts, usually at right angles to one another. The worm is similar to a
screw thread and the worm gear is analogous to its nut. The ability to provide high ratios
in a compact package is one of the major advantages of a worm set over other gearing
configurations. Another advantage of worm sets is their ability to self lock. Its main
disadvantage is its relatively low efficiency as compared to other gear sets.

4. ABSTRACT

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A shaft-driven bicycle uses a drive shaft instead of a chain to transmit power from
the pedal crankshaft to the wheel arrangement. Shaft-drives were introduced a century
ago, but were mostly replaced by chain-drives due to gear ranges possible with sprockets
and derailleur. Shaft drives are difficult to disassemble when repairing flat rear tires and
have higher manufacturing costs. Both high quality gears and heavier frame construction
are required for shaft-drives.
Most advantages claimed for a shaft drive can be realized by using a fully
enclosed chain case. The unique major advantage of shaft drive is that it operates at a very
consistent rate of efficiency and performance. That too without adjustments or
maintenance. Since, shaft-drives require gear hubs for shifting, the gears can be shifted
while the bicycle is at a complete stop or moving in reverse.
Also recent advancements in internal gear technology has led a small number of
modern shaft-driven bicycles to be introduced. Due to above reasons shaft-drive
configurations are worth studying. As a result, various design configurations of bicycle
shaft-drive are reviewed. A design configuration that meets all the requirements is
suggested, based on the type of gears used, ease in gear shifting, etc. Out of different
design configurations, shaft-driven bicycle with straight bevel gears seems to offer
greatest flexibility in design.

5. Conclusion

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In the beginning, chainless bikes were less efficient than standard bikes, but the
changes in technology allowed them to reach a level of efficiency that made them
practical for day by day use. The fact that the internal gears are protected against any kind
of damage, dirt, or debris, makes these bikes quite a viable alternative. Keep in mind that
a shaft drive bicycle may not be as efficient as a good quality well maintained classic
model, but it still has its fair share of advantages.

6. References
Dr. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING (B.E. MECHANICAL)
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Link 1: http://www.google.co.in/patents/US6446995

Link 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainless_bicycle

Link 3: http://www.ijeert.org/pdf/v2-i2/7.pdf

Referred books : Theory of Machines and Mechanisms UICKER, PENNOCK,

SHIGLEY

Mechanical Engineering Design SHIGLEY, MISCHKE, BUDYNAS, NISBETT

Dr. D. Y. PATIL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING (B.E. MECHANICAL)

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