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Iqbal, M., Taufiqurrahman, I., Gilfedder, M. & Baskoro, K. 2013. Field identification of Javan Plover Charadrius
javanicus. Wader Study Group Bull. 120(2): 96101.
Keywords: field identification, Javan Plover, Charadrius javanicus, Kentish Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus,
Indonesia
Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus is a poorly known Charadrius plover from the Oriental region, which has
been recorded from Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Detailed accounts of the identification of Javan Plover are
relatively few. At around 15cm in length, it is about the same size as Kentish Plover C. alexandrinus and also
has similar plumage. Here we describe several field observable characteristics which can be used to help identify
Javan Plover, and distinguish it from Kentish Plover. We have divided these characters into three categories of
relative value: important, supportive and inconclusive. Important characters are an incomplete hindneck collar,
lone lateral breast patches, paler leg colour and longer tibia length; supportive characters are blunt and thickbased bill shape, oval head pattern and call; and inconclusive characters are tarsus/bill length ratio (although
this character may be of use on birds in the hand or photographs) and length of feet beyond tail (in flight). It is
hoped that these characters will help observers to better identify Javan Plovers in the field.
INTRODUCTION
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Fig. 2. Breeding female Javan Plover sheltering chick (Bali, Oct 2011):
complete lateral breast patches, grey brown on crown, upper-parts,
mantle and wing coverts (photo: Mat & Cathy Gilfedder).
manner of other Charadrius plovers, i.e. head lowered, dashing across the sand to seize prey before it can retreat into its
burrow (Syahputra Putra, pers. comm.).
BREEDING
During the breeding season, both male and female Javan
Plovers incubate the eggs and share parenting of the chicks
(Figs 1 & 2). However, it is not known whether, like Kentish
Plover, there is a strong relationship between incubating sex
and time of day, with females incubating by day and males at
night (Amat & Masero 2004, Fraga & Amat 1996).
As described by Hellebrekers & Hoogerwerf (1967), Javan
Plover eggs are isabelline to dark olive cream in colour, with
numerous very irregular black or almost black markings,
often mixed with a grayish or sepia tint. These markings
present as similar to hieroglyphic characters. The hatchlings
of Javan Plover are similar to other Charadriidae hatchlings.
The peak breeding season of Javan Plover is thought to be
May to August. Eggs have been collected in May and June
(West Java), chicks found in July (east coast Sumatra, Bali),
recently fledged young have also been found in July (TimorLeste), and downy young found in August (West and Central
Java) (Hellebrekers & Hoogerwerf 1967, Hoogerwerf 1967,
Iqbal et al. 2011, Trainor 2011, Ferry Hasudungan & Adhy
Maruly in litt.). Grantham (1998) reported May to September
as the observed breeding season in Alas Purwo National Park
(East Java).
A second breeding season occurs between September
and January/February. Birds have been observed mating in
September or October on Sulawesi (Tebb et al. 2008), downy
young in early October (Bali), and an adult attending a nest in
Fig. 3. Head pattern of Javan Plover (Bali, Aug 2010): oval shape,
blunt-tipped, heavy-based bill and indistinct, incomplete white hindneckcollar (photo: Mat & Cathy Gilfedder).
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some rusty brown; the spots on both sides of the breast are
dark rusty instead of black (as in the seebohmi subspecies of
Kentish Plover); and an uninterrupted breast-collar (Hoogerwerf 1967).
Similar species to Javan Plover are Kentish Plover,
Malaysian Plover and Red-capped Plover. Malaysian Plover
can easily be distinguished by its variegated upper-parts
when compared to the uniform upperparts of Javan Plover
and Kentish Plover. Red-capped Plover lacks the white collar across the hind-neck, making it easy to distinguish from
Javan or Kentish Plover (Hayman et al. 1986, Piersma &
Wiersma 1996).
Distinguishing Javan Plover from Kentish Plover can be
difficult, especially for observers with limited experience of
the two species. Javan Plover is similar to Kentish Plover,
and some authors treat it as a subspecies of Kentish Plover.
There are two subspecies of Kentish Plover in the East Asian
Australasian Flyway: C. a. alexandrinus and C. a. dealbatus
(Bamford et al. 2008). The subspecies C. a. alexandrinus is
widely distributed through Europe, Africa and the Middle
East to NE China, and winters south to sub-Saharan Africa,
S Asia and W Indonesia (Piersma & Wiersma 1996). The
subspecies C. a. dealbatus (sometimes considered as a
full species as White-faced Plover C. dealbatus) has been
described as having significantly paler plumage than other
small Charadrius Plovers in E and SE Asia (Bakewell &
Kennerley 2008, Kennerley et al. 2008) and are likely to
account for birds seen in E Indonesia. Two accepted Austra-
lian records for Nov 1988 and Feb 2002 were also considered
to be dealbatus (Hollands & Minton 2012, McCrie 1995).
A third subspecies (C. a. seebohmi) breeds in SE India and
Sri Lanka. This may in fact be closest in plumage to Javan
Plover. Both Kentish (White-faced) Plover C. a. dealbatus
and Javan Plover occur in Sumatra, but show no overlap in
their distribution (Iqbal et al. 2010, 2011). Thus, within its
range, Javan Plover is only likely to be confused with Kentish Plover C. a. alexandrinus. A summary of the principal
features for field identification of Javan Plover and Kentish
Plover is listed in Table 1.
The plumage and moult features of Javan Plover can be
divided to three major types: juvenile, adult non-breeding
and adult breeding. In flight, all juvenile, non-breeding and
breeding birds show an obvious white bar across the upperwing, as well as white outer-tail feathers (Fig. 10).
Juvenile Javan Plovers differ from other small plovers
in having a combination of plain upper-parts, being somewhat paler-headed on the forehead and supercilium, having
washed-buff upperparts, buff fringes to wing-coverts, lateral
paler and more diffuse breast-patches, and upper-parts and
wing coverts that are small and neatly arranged (Fig. 11).
Juvenile wing coverts are retained after post-juvenile moult,
although most of the upperparts are replaced.
Adult non-breeding plumage has a white nuchal (hindneck) collar (which is always incomplete) and less diffuse
lateral breast-patches than in breeding birds, especially during
the MaySeptember breeding period (Fig. 7).
Table 1. A summary of the principal features for field identification of Javan Plover and Kentish Plovers. Most Kentish Plover descriptions
are derived from Bakewell & Kennerley (2008).
Features
Javan Plover
Kentish Plover
Bill
Leg
Head: male
Both sexes show a well-marked brown loral line and extensive lateral
breast patches. Male usually has fairly well-marked frontal bar, earcoverts, lores and lateral breast patches are dull russet-brown rather
than black as in Kentish Plover or chestnut tones on the ear covert.
While breeding, male usually shows a combination of black or dark
brown frontal bar and lores, or uniform dark buffy-brown lateral breast
patches, lores, eye stripe and crown.
Head: female
Nape
Breast or lateral
breast-patches
Scapulars and
mantle
Uniform mid sandy brown or dark brown and sometime very pale-buff.
Behavioural
characters
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Fig. 10. Javan Plover in flight showing broad white wing bar, white
side to upper-tail and tail, and legs extending to level with tail-tip in
flight (Bali, 28 Jun 2012) (photo: Mat & Cathy Gilfedder).
Fig. 12. Typical breeding male Kentish Plover (Fujian, China, Apr
2012): Clear black frontal bar and black lateral breast patches (photo:
Myron Tay).
Javan Plovers in breeding plumage have well-defined lateral breast-patches that are usually complete (earth brown or
yellowish brown) (Figs 2, 8 & 9). Males in breeding plumage
have a clear white forehead and short white supercilium (only
occasionally extending behind the eye); the upperparts are
brown or grey brown (including the mantle and scapulars) or
sometimes darker brown while breeding. While breeding, the
male usually shows darker lateral breast patches and a black
frontal bar, lores and ear-coverts (Figs 8 & 9); but not as dark
as the lateral breast patches and frontal bar of breeding male
Kentish Plovers (Fig. 12).
Breeding plumage females have russet-toned loral lines,
but they lack the russet tones of the male; they have complete lateral breast patches and a pale-buff supercilium that
extends well behind the eye (unlike in Kentish Plover). While
breeding, females usually have grey-brown on the crown, upperparts, mantle and wing coverts (Fig. 1); sometimes darker
brown uniform upper-parts, mantle, wing-coverts, lateral
breast patches, lores, eye-stripe and crown; or a combination
of grey-brown on the upperparts, mantle and wing coverts
with buffy-brown lateral breast patches, lores, eye-stripe and
crown (Figs 1 & 2).
Javan Plovers usually have a white supercilium in front of
the eye with an obvious pale buff extension behind the eye
and a white hind-collar that is invariably incomplete; this
Fig. 11. Juvenile Javan Plover (south coast Java, Dec 2012): Shows
diffuse breast patches, pale on head especially on forehead, upperparts and wing-coverts; wing-coverts are small and neatly arranged
(photo: Waskito Kukuh Wibowo).
Fig. 13. Breeding female Kentish Plover (Greece, Jun 2003): supercilium usually very indistinct behind eye and white collar split at rear
by brown line coming down from hind-crown, though usually looks
complete in most birds (photo: Theodosis Mamais).
contrasts with Kentish Plover which usually has a duskybrown supercilium that is very indistinct behind the eye and
a white collar that is split at rear by a brown line coming
down from hind-crown, though it usually looks complete in
most birds (Fig. 13).
Both sexes usually have darkish or blackish around the
eye, especially while breeding. At that time, the male usually
shows a black or dark brown frontal bar and lores as described
by Piersma & Wiersma (1996).
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have described several field observable characteristics which can be used to aid the identification of Javan
Plovers, and distinguish them from the similar Kentish Plover.
These characters are listed in Table 1 and in Table 2 we have
divided these characters into three categories of relative value:
important, supportive and inconclusive. These characters will
help observers to better identify Javan Plovers in the field.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Bas van Balen, Colin Trainor, Iwan
Londo Febrianto, Richard Noske and Swiss Winnasis
for discussions about Javan Plover features, and for their
Table 2. Relative importance of field characters for distinguishing Javan Plover from Kentish Plover.
Important
l
l
l
l
Supportive
l
l
l
Inconclusive
l
l
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