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Example 1.5.6
Solution : The standard equation for electric field intensity is given by,
E = E 0 cos ( wt bz) a x
Comparing given electric field intensity with above expression, we get,
E 0 = 100, w = 10 10 8 = 10 9 rad/s
a) In free space medium, the velocity of wave equals the velocity of light i.e.
v = c = 3 10 8 m s
2p 2p
2p
2p
= 1.8849 m
=
=
\
l =
=
b w w 10 9
v c
3 10 8
1-2
b =
w
v
where v = c = 3 10 8 m / s
4 107
= 0.1333 rad m
3 10 8
Hence the wavelength is given by,
2p
2p
=
= 15 p m = 47.1238 m
l =
b 0.1333
b =
Example 1.5.8
Solution :
w = 6.28 10 8 rad s
w w 6.28 10 8
= =
= 2.0933 rad m
v c
3 10 9
ii) For free space, the velocity of propagation is v = c = 3 10 8 m s i.e. the velocity of light.
iii) l =
2p
2p
=
= 3.0015 @ 3 m
b 2.0933
iv) By observing phase term ( wt + bx) it is clear that the wave propagates in a x direction.
As E H must also be in a x direction and the direction of H is + a z , the direction of E
must be a y (so that a y a z = a x ).
For free space, the intrinsic impedance is h 0 = 120p W.
So the expression of E is given by,
E = E 0 cos ( wt + bx) a y = [(H 0 )(h 0 )]cos( wt + bx) a y
Example 1.5.9
Solution :
TM
1-3
Example 1.5.10
Solution : It is given that H field has amplitude 10 A/m and phase constant of 60 rad/m.
Also the wave travels in a z direction, then the phase shift term would be ( wt + bz).
Hence the expression for H can be written as,
Now,
l =
2p 2p p
=
=
= 0.1047 m
b 60 30
Now,
l =
c
f
But
f=
or
c 3 10 8
=
= 2.8653 10 9 Hz = 2.8653 GHz
l 0.1047
)
10cos (18 10 9 t + 60z)( a y ) A / m
= 3.77cos 18 10 9 t + 60z a x kV / m
H =
Example 1.6.10
Solution : The magnitude of electric field intensity is 250 V/m while that of magnetic
field intensity is 550 10 3 A / m. Hence we can write,
h = Intrinsic impedance of medium =
E0
250
=
= 454.5454 W
H 0 550 10 3
TM
1-4
For perfect dielectric or lossless medium, the expression for intrinsic impedance is given
by,
m 0m r
m0 mr
mr
m
h =
=
=
= h0
= 454.5454
e
e0 er
e0 er
er
\
mr
er
454.5454 454.5454
=
= 1.20572
h0
(120p)
(1)
v =
m r er =
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
c
1.5 10 8
3 10 8
1
m 0 e0
1
c
=
= 1.5 10 8
m r er
m r er
=2
1.5 10 8
(2)
( 2.4114) e r = 2
\
er =
4
= 1.6587
2.4114
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r ) = 107
\
b = 0.0667 rad/m
The wavelength is given by,
2p
2p
l =
=
= 94.2m
b 0.0667
Example 1.6.11
Solution : As s = 0 and e r = 16, the medium is perfect dielectric or lossless.
Now the wave is propagating in +x direction i.e. in a x direction so the electric field E
must be in a y direction, while H field must be in a z direction so that a y a z = a x .
As the wave propagates in + x direction, the phase shift can be written as ( wt bx), where
w = 2pf = 2 p 2 10 9 = 12.5664 10 9 rad/s
For perfect dielectric,
b = w me = w (m 0 )(16e 0 ) = 4w m 0 e 0 =
TM
4w
c
Qc=
1
m 0 e0
b =
1-5
4 12.5664 10 9
3 10
) = 167.552 rad m
m0
m
1 m 0 h 0 120p
=
=
=
=
= 30 p W = 94.2477 W
e
16e 0 4 e 0
4
4
H=
E0
E0
cos( wt bx) a z A m =
cos 12.5664 10 9 t 167.552x a z A m
h
94.2477
j 12.5664 10 9 t 167.552x
) ay V m
E 0 j( wt -bx)
E0
j 12.5664 10 9 t 167.552x )
e
e (
az A m
az =
h
94.2477
Example 1.6.12
Solution : A plane wave is in +z direction. Hence E and H must be in a x and a y
direction respectively.
For lossless medium ( s = 0), the intrinsic impedance is given by,
h =
m rm 0
m
=
e
er e0
(
) = 24p = 75.3982 W @ 75.4 W
12
( 25)(8.854 10 )
(1) 4p 10 7
E0
10
=
= 0.1326 A m
h 75.4
TM
1-6
Example 1.7.6
Solution : For lossy medium, the propagation constant is given by,
g = a + jb = jwm ( s + jwe) =
w 2pf 2 p 15.9 10 6
=
=
= 2.52 10 6 m s
b
b
39.645
(
)[2.17 + j (2 p 2.45 10 9 )(47 8.854 10 12 )]
j (19.3444 10 3 )[2.17 + j6.4095] = 19.3444 10 3 90 (6.7635 71.28)
j 2p 2.45 10 9 4p 10 7
= 361.71280.64 m 1
But g = a + j b = 361.712 80.64 = 58.8278 + j356.896
Thus attenuation constant = a = 58.8278 Np/m
Phase constant = b = 356.896 rad/m
The wavelength is given by,
2p
2p
= 0.0176 m
l=
=
b 356.896
The velocity of propagation is given by,
w 2pf 2 p 2.45 10 9
v= =
=
= 0.4312 10 8 m s
b
b
0.0176
The intrinsic impedance of a medium is given by,
h =
\
jwm
=
(s + jwe)
j19.3444 10 3
19.3444 10 3 90
= 53.489.36 W
=
6.7635 71.28
(2.17 + j6.4059)
( 52.7679 + j8.6978) W
TM
1-7
Example 1.8.5
Solution : The conductivity of copper can be obtained as,
1
1
s =
=
= 58.823 10 6 S m = 58.823 M S m
Resistivity 1.7 10 6 10 2
At 10 GHz, let us check the nature of conductor using
s
s
58.823 10 6
=
=
= 0.1057 10 9 >> 1
we
( 2pf )(e 0 e r ) 2 p 10 10 9 8.854 10 12
Above value clearly indicates that the copper is good conductor at 10 GHz. Hence the
depth of penetration is given by,
2
2
2
=
=
9
wm s
p
m
m
s
2
f
( )( 0 r )
2 p 10 10 4p 10 7 58.823 10 6
d =
d = 0.6562 10 6 m = 0.6562 mm
\
Example 1.8.6
Solution : Let us check nature of ocean water at the lowest and highest frequencies.
At 1 kHz :
s
s
4
=
=
we ( 2pf )(e 0 e r ) ( 2 p 1000) 80 8.854 10 12
s
4
=
3
we
2 p 1000 10
80 8.854 10 12
At 1000 kHz :
)(
= 0.8987 10 6 >>> 1
= 898.75 >> 1
Hence for all given frequencies ocean water acts as good dielectric. So for good conductor,
the attenuation constant is given by,
wms
2p f 4p 10 7 4
(1)
=
= 3.9738 10 3 f
2
2
Now we want to calculate distance d from the surface of ocean at which amplitude is
2 m V m. So we can write,
E0 = E 0 e a d
a
\
\
\
2 10 6 = (1)e ad
ad
= ln 2 10 6 = 13.1223
d =
13.1223
13.1223
3.3022 10 3
=
=
a
f
3.9738 10 3 f
TM
(2)
1-8
Now let us calculate values of a and d using equations (1) and (2), we get,
Frequency (f)
a = 3.9738 10 3 f
(kHz)
(Np/m)
d=
3.3022 103
f
(m)
0.1256
104.42
10
0.3974
33.02
100
1.2566
10.4424
1000
3.9738
3.3022
Example 1.8.7
Solution : For good conductor,
g =
=
= 1.69175 10 5 + j1.69175 10 5 = a + jb
Hence a = 1.69175 10 5 Np m and b = 1.69175 10 5 rad m
The intrinsic impedance of a conductor is given by,
h =
wm
( 2pf )(m 0 m r )
45
45 =
s
s
= 4.125 10 3 45 W
The velocity of propagation is given by,
w 2 p 125 10 6
v =
=
= 4.6425 103 m s
b
1.69175 105
Example 1.8.8
Solution : By definition,
d =
\
\
\
10 10
( 0.01) 2 =
2
wms
For silver m r = 1
2
( 2pf ) 4 p 10
1
( pf ) 4p 10 7
)(3 10 )
6
)(3 10 6 )
f = 844.34 Hz
TM
Q d = 10 mm = 10 10 3 m
1-9
Example 1.8.9
Solution : From the value of conductivity it is clear that the material is good conductor.
So for good conductor, according to data,
a = b = 3.71 105
Now depth of penetration is given by,
1 1
2
2
= =
=
d =
a b
wms
( 2pf )(m 0 m r ) s
For copper, m r = 1
1
=
\
3.71 105
( 2pf ) 4p 10
2
7
)(58.6 10 6 )
Hence
d =
1
2
=
=
a
wm s
a =
1
1
=
d 74.33 10
= 74.33 mm
= 13.45 103 Np m
Em
we can write,
h0
150
sin ( wt - bz) a y A/m
h0
H =
150
p
cos wt - bz - a y
2
h0
TM
1 - 10
and
150 j ( -bz - p / 2 )
e
ay
h0
150 j b z +
e
h0
p
2
ay
1
150 j ( -bz - wt )
(150)
a x e+ j ( wt + bz ) a y
e
2
h
0
1 (150) 2
(a ) = 29.841 a z watt/m 2
2 120 p z
(Pavg ) ( area )
[(15 10 ) (30 10 )]
-3
= ( 29.84)
-3
= 13.428 m watt
Key Point The flow of power is normal to the area. The area is in z = 0 plane, so the
v = c = 3 10 m/s
Then the wavelength is given by,
c
3 10 8
=
= 30 m
l =
f 10 10 6
Hence phase constant b is given by,
2p 2 p
=
= 0.2094 rad/m
b =
l
30
ii) For air, the intrinsic impedance is given by
h = h 0 = 120 p = 377 W
The electric field E and the magnetic field H are in phase quadrature. As E is in
x-direction, H must be in y-direction so that the wave travels in z-direction.
6
E
cos (w t b z) a y A/m
=
H =
\
377
h0
iii) The average Poynting vector is given by
1
Pavg =
Re [E H * ]
2
TM
1 - 11
2
377
1 36
(a a y )
2 377 x
= 0.0477 a z watt/m
Example 1.9.10
Solution : a) For lossless medium,
s = 0, m r = 2, e r = 3,
\
f = 5 10 6 Hz
a = 0 and
b = w me = w
=
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
(2 p 5 10 6 ) (4 p 10 -7 )( 2) (8.854 10 -12 )( 3)
b = 0.2566 rad/m
w 2 p f 2 p 5 10 6
=
=
b
b
0.2566
v = 122.43 10 6 m/s
b) Wavelength l =
2p
2p
= 24.486 m
=
b
0.2566
m
=
e
m 0m r
=
e0 er
4 p 10 -7 2
8.854 10 -12 3
h = 307.602 W
TM
1 - 12
1 E 2m
2 h
(2h) Pavg
E 2m =
Em =
E m = 30.377 V/m
(2h) (Pavg )
= ( 2 307.602)(1.5)
Em
2
30.377
= 21.4797 V/m
2
Example 1.9.11
Solution : For lossless medium,
mr = 1
e r = 12 ,
... given
1
=
me
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
1
v =
v = 86.5435 10 8 m/s
m
=
e
m0 mr
= h0
e0 er
mr
er
... h 0 =
m0
= 377 W
e0
1
12
h = ( 377 )
h = 108.83 W
| P| =
E 20 (15) 2
=
= 2.067 W / m 2
h 108.83
Example 1.9.12
Solution : For the given medium s = 0, assuming medium to be a lossless medium.
TM
1 - 13
(4 p 10
-7
)(8.854 10
-12
= 1.0599 10 8 m/s
m0 mr
= h0
e0 er
m
=
e
mr
er
... h 0 =
2
4
h = ( 377 )
h = 266.58 W
5 =
1 E 2m
2 h
1 E 2m
2 266.58
E 2m = 2665.8
E m = 51.6313 V/m
Em
2
51.6313
= 36.5 V/m
2
E r.m.s
36.5
= 136.91 mA/m
=
266.58
h
Example 1.9.13
Solution : For a lossless medium,
m r = 1.5, m r = 6 and f = 800 MHz
a) The velocity of wave is given by,
1
1
v =
=
me
(m 0 m r )(e 0 e r )
TM
m0
= 377 W
e0
1 - 14
v =
v = 99.9318 10 6 m s 1 10 8 m/s
(4 p 10 -7 1.5)(8.854 10 -12 6)
l =
2p v
=
b
f
1 10 8
800 10 6
= 0.125 m
m
=
e
m0 mr
= h0
e0 er
mr
mr
... h 0 =
m0
= 377 W
e0
1.5
= 23.5625 W
6
h = 377
8 10 -3 =
1 E 2m
2 h
1 E 2m
2 23.5625
E 2m = 0.377
E m = 0.614 V/m
Em
2
0.614
= 0.4341 V/m
2
E r.m.s 0.4341
= 18.423 mA/m
=
23.5625
h
Example 1.9.14
Solution : Given :
At z = 0,
s = 4 S/m, e = 80 e 0 , m = m 0
E = cos 5 10 4 p t a x V / m
Thus
w =
(5 10 4 ) p
TM
1 - 15
5 10 4 p
w
= 25 kHz
f =
=
2p
2p
To check if the sea water is a good conductor at this frequency, check condition for
conductor i.e.
s >> we
Now
we =
(5 10 4 ) p(80 e 0 )
= 5 10 4 p 80 8.854 10 -12
= 0.111 10 -3
Thus
s (= 4) >> we
Hence sea water is a good conductor at the frequency f = 25 kHz.
Thus the intrinsic impedance of the medium which is a good conductor at f = 25 kHz is
given by
h =
\
j wm
=
s
5 10 4 p 4 p 10 -7
45
4
h = 0.2221 45
... (1)
TM
... (2)
1 - 16
p
p
5
cos 4 + cos 10 p t - 1.256 z - 4
1
According to the rule, cos A cos B = [cos ( A + B) + cos ( A - B)]
2
=
4.5024 - 1.2566 z
e
2
p
p
The time average power flow per unit area normal to z-direction is given by,
Pavg = Total average power flow = 2.2512 e - 1.256 z cos
\
p
4
Example 1.11.8
Solution : a) The standard equation for the incident electric field in x-direction is given by
Ei = E 0 e - j b z a x V/m
Comparing given Ei with standard equation, we get
b = 1 rad/m
Then the wavelength is given by
l =
2p 2p
=
= 2 p = 6.2831 m
b
1
v = c = fl
c
3 10 8
= 47.75 MHz
=
l
6.2831
b) For free space, h = h 0 = 120 p = 377 W .
f =
H0 =
(2.6525 10 -3 ) E 0
A/m
Hi = H 0 e - j z a y = 2.6525 10 -3 E 0 e - j z a y A/m
TM
1 - 17
Dielectric
(mr = 1, er = 4)
Free space
h2 = h0 = 377 W
For dielectric,
h2
h2
=
=
m
=
e
m rm 0
er e0
1 4 p 10 -7
4 8.854 10 -12
z=0
188.36 W
Fig. 1.1
2h 2
Et
=
Ei
h1 + h 2
But
Ei = E0
Et = E0
2 (188.36)
= 0.6663 E 0
( 377 + 188.36)
As the incident wave has the electric field in x-direction, the electric field in the
transmitted wave will be also in x-direction. Then the field in the transmitted wave is
given by
Et = E t e - j b z a x V/m
But
Et = (0.663 E 0 ) e - j z a x V/m
The transmitted wave is in medium 2. For medium 2, h 2 = 188.36 W. As the incident wave
has the magnetic field in y-direction, the transmitted wave will also have the magnetic
field in y-direction. The amplitudes of transmitted electric and magnetic fields are related
by h 2 as
Et
h2 =
Ht
\
Ht =
0.6663 E 0
Et
=
= 3.5373 10 -3 E 0 A/m
h2
188.36
Ht =
(3.5373 10 -3 E 0 ) e - j z
a y A/m
TM
1 - 18
Example 1.11.9
Solution : There are two interface; first is between free space and dielectric and second is
between dielectric and free space at A and B respectively.
For dielectric, s = 0. The intrinsic impedance is given by
h2 =
m
=
e
m 0m r
=
e0 er
4 p 10 -7 1
= 84.24 W
8.854 10 -12 20
For first interface at A, E i = 100 V/m. Let E tA be the part of incident wave transmitted in
the dielectric at first interface. Let E tB be the part of the incident wave (in dielectric),
transmitted in free space at second interface.
At first interface, the transmission coefficient is given by,
E tA
2h 2
t1 =
=
Ei
h1 + h 2
2 ( 84.24)
= 100
= 36.5276 V/m
377 + 84.24
As we know, for perfect dielectric (lossless dielectric), a = 0. As the attenuation constant is
zero, the transmitted wave at first interface will not suffer any attenuation. This wave is
now the incident wave at second interface (i.e. between dielectric and free space at B). For
second interface, h 1 = 84.24 W and h 2 = 377 W (as second region is free space). Thus
transmission coefficient at the second interface is given by
E tB
2h 2
=
t2 =
E tA
h1 + h 2
2h 2
h1 + h 2
E tA = E i
E tB = E i B
2 ( 377 )
E tB = 36.5276
84.24 + 377
E tB = 59.7125 V/m
2 h2
2 h2
= E tA
h1 + h 2
h1 + h 2
Example 1.11.10
Solution : As medium 1 is free space,
h1 = 120 p = 377 W
For medium 2, s = 0 indicates it is lossless
dielectric. For lossless dielectric, intrinsic
impedance is given by
m 0m r
m
=
h2 =
e
e0 er
\
h2 =
4 p 10 -7 9
8.854 10 -12 4
= 565.1 W
TM
Medium 2
Material with
er = 4, mr = 9
Medium 1
Free space
and s = 0
Fig. 1.2
1 - 19
2 h2
2 (565.1)
= 1.1996
=
h1 + h 2 377 + 565.1
h 2 - h1
565.1 - 377
= 0.1996
=
h 2 + h1 565.1 + 377
Example 1.12.5
Solution : Medium 1 is glass, for which e r1 = 9 ; while medium 2 is air, for which e r2 = 1.
The critical angle is given by,
e2
q c = sin -1
= sin -1
e1
e r2
e r1
1
9
q c = sin -1
Example 1.12.6
Solution : For medium 1 i.e. air : e 1 = e 0 e r1 = e 0
For medium 2 i.e. glass : e r = e 0 e r2 = 9 e 0
Hence Brewster angle is given by,
e2
9 e0
q B = tan - 1
= tan - 1
= 71.565
e1
e0
\
\
e0
sin q t =
9 e0
qt
1
= sin - 1 (sin 71.565 ) = 18.434
3
Example 1.12.7
Solution : For region 1,
e r1 = 8.5, m r1 = 1 and s 1 = 0 means perfect dielectric
m
=
e
m 0m r
=
e0 er
h1 =
h1 = 129.22 W
4 p 10 -7 1
TM
1 - 20
G =
G =
Er
= 0.4894
Ei
t =
2h 2
2 ( 377 )
Et
=
=
E i h 2 + h1 377 + 129.22
t =
Et
= 1.4894
Ei
e1
=
e2
e r1 e 0
=
e r2 e 0
8.5
1
8.5
= 0.5383
The transmission coefficient is given by,
Et
Ei
2h 2 cos q i
h 2 cos q i + h1 cos q t
= 1.5383
qqq
TM
Wave Propagation
\
We know that,
142 dB
PR
= G T + G R - Path loss = 25 + 25 - 142
P
(dB)
T dB
(dB) (dB)
PR
= 92 dB
P
T dB
\
P
10 log 10 R = 92
PT
P
log 10 R = 9.2
PT
Taking antilogs on both the sides, we get
PR
= 6.3095 10 - 10
PT
Example 2.4.5
Solution :
3 10 8
= 30 m
10 10 6
G T = G R = 1.65 dB
l=
2-2
Wave Propagation
Wave-tilt =
tan - 1 = tan - 1
(2pf) ( e o e r )
2
we 2
=
1
5 10 - 3
tan - 1
- 12 )
6
2
(2 p 1 10 ) (10 8.854 10
= 41.82
Example 2.8.4
Solution : Let, ht = Altitude of one aircraft = 3000 m
hr = Altitude of other aircraft = 5000 m
The maximum possible distance along surface of earth is given by,
d = 2r
ht + hr
2 6. 37 10 6
3000 + 5000
(in km)
38 = 4.12 [ h t + 24]
38
=
- 24
4.12
ht
h t = 18.6997 m @ 18.7 m
TM
2-3
Wave Propagation
Example 2.8.6
Solution : h t = 50 m, h r = 25 m, f = 150 MHz, P = 100 W
i) LOS distance = 4 12 [ 50 + 25] = 49.7327 km
ii) The strength of received signal is given by,
88 P h r h t
ER =
ld 2
l =
But
\
ER =
c
3 10 8
=
= 2m
f 150 10 6
88 100 (50) (25)
(2) (49 7327 10 3 ) 2
= 0.2227 mV m
Example 2.15.10
Solution : At the receiver, if signal strength is negligible means no wave is received at
certain frequency. In other words the wave with that frequency penetrates the ionospheric
layer and can not return back to the earth. That means that frequency is nothing but
maximum usable frequency fMUF. Hence we can write,
D
fMUF = fcr 1 +
2h
1000
fMUF = 11 10 6 1 +
2 400
Example 2.15.11
11
By formula,
Example 2.15.12
Solution : Given : For E-layer,
During mid-day time, fcr = 4.5 MHz = 4.5 10 6 Hz
1
TM
2-4
Wave Propagation
By formula,
fcr =
81 N max
where fcr in MHz and Nmax in electrons/m3
During mid-day time,
fcr =
81 N max
i.e.
1
4.5 10 6
= 9 N max
i.e. 1.5 10
= 9 N max
= 9 N max
(2)
(1)
= 9 N max
(3)
i.e. 6 10 6 = 9[ N max +
(4)
N max ]
i.e. 3 10 6 = 9[ N max -
(5)
N max ]
+ 9 N max
9 10 6 = 18 N max
9 10 6
= 0.25 10 12 /m3
\
N max =
18
1
i.e.
3 10 6 = 18 N max
3 10 6
= 0.02778 10 12 /m3
=
18
2
Hence the change in the electron density of the E-layer between mid-day and sun-set time
is given by,
N max = N max - N max
N max
0.25 10 12
- 0.02778 10 12
3
= 0.2222 10 12 /m
TM
2-5
Wave Propagation
Example 2.15.13
Solution : Given :
n = 0.5, N = 400 electrons/cm3 = 400 10 -6 electrons/m3
The refractive index is given by,
81N
n =
1f2
\
0.5 =
f2 =
1-
81 400 10 -6
f2
Squaring both the sides, we get,
(81 400 10 -6 )
(0.5) 2 = 1
f2
81 400 10 -6
0.75
f = 0.2078 MHz
\
Note that when N is expressed per m3 then f is always expressed in megahertz (MHz).
Example 2.15.14
Solution : Given :
D = Distance of propagation between two stations = 1500 km
h = Height of ionosphere = 250 km
MUF = 37.95 MHz
For thin ionosphere and the earth assumed to be flat, the relationship between MUF and
the critical frequency, fcr, is given by,
D 2
MUF = fcr 1 +
2h
\
1500 2
37.95 10 6 = fcr 1 +
2 250
fcr = 12 MHz
Example 2.15.15
Solution : Given :
D = Propagation distance = 2500 km
h = Height of ionosphere = 200 km
fcr = Critical frequency = 5 MHz
TM
2-6
Wave Propagation
2h
\
2500 2
MUF = 5 10 6 1 +
2 200
Example 2.15.16
Solution : Given : h = 300 km, n = 0.8, f = 15 MHz
fMUF = 15 MHz.
The refractive index is given by,
n =
1-
0.8 =
1-
81 N max
f2
81 N max
(15 10 6 ) 2
N max = 1 10 12 m 3
Hence critical frequency is given by,
fcr =
81 N max =
81 1 10 12 = 9 10 6 = 9 MHz
D 2skip
D skip = 2 h +
8R
f
2
MUF
fcr - 1 where R = 6370 km
D 2skip
= 2 300 +
8 (6370)
15 10 6
6
9 10
-1
D skip
2-7
Wave Propagation
19.11 10 3 17.4367 10 3
2
D skip =
i.e.
D skip = 18.2733 10 3 km
or
D skip = 0.8366 10 3 km
qqq
TM
Antenna Fundamentals
Solutions of Examples for Practice
Example 3.9.23
Solution : By definition, the maximum effective aperture is given by,
PL
Maximum power delivered to load
=
A em =
Average power density
|Pavg|
But according to Poynting theorem,
1 |E|2
|Pavg| =
2 h
And the maximum power delivered to the load is given by,
|E|2 dL2
PL =
8 R rad
\
|E|2 dL2
A em =
8 R rad
dL =
2h
dL2 h
=
2
4 R rad
|E|
4 A em R rad
=
h
4.(0.13 l2 ) (73)
= 0.3173 m
120 p
Example 3.9.24
Solution :
l=
c
3 10 8
= 0.6 m
=
f 500 10 6
q E = 35, q H = 40
(3 - 1)
TM
3-2
Antenna Fundamentals
Then the directivity of antenna can be expressed (with HPBW expressed in degrees) as,
41257
41257
D =
=
= 29.4692
(35) (40)
qE qH
By definition, the maximum effective aperture is given by,
l2
l2
A em =
D=
( 29.4692) = 0.3451 l2 m 2
4p
4 p
Example 3.9.26
Solution : l = 2.5 m, G Dmax = D = 90
By definition,
A em =
( 2.5) 2
l2
D=
90 = 44.7623 m 2
4p
4 p
Example 3.9.27
Solution : Assuming maximum values of power gain and directivity we can write,
G P max = 30, G d max = 42, R loss = 25 W
By definition, the antenna efficiency is given by,
G Pmax
R rad
=
hr =
G dmax
R rad + R loss
\
hr =
... (1)
G Pmax
30
=
= 0.71428
G dmax
42
Now again using equation (1) and substituting values of h r and R loss , we get,
R rad
0.71428 =
R rad + 25
\
\
R rad
= 62.4982 W
Example 3.9.28:
Solution : f = 5 GHz = 5 10 9 Hz, d = diameter = 3 m, PLoss = 0
As losses are assumed to be zero, we can write, the antenna efficiency as unit and hence,
G Pmax
= 1
hr =
G Dmax
\
G Pmax = G Dmax = D
But according to concept of maximum effective aperture,
4p
D =
A em
l2
Hence
l =
c
3 10 8
=
= 0.06 m
f
5 10 9
TM
3-3
Antenna Fundamentals
d 2
3 2
A em = pr 2 = p = p = 7.0685 m 2
2
2
\
G Pmax =
4p
( 0.06) 2
(7.0685) = 24673.72
Example 3.9.29
Solution : Rrad = 75 W, Rloss = 9 W, GP = 20
By definition, efficiency of antenna is given by,
Prad
R rad
75
75
= 0.8929
hr =
=
=
=
75 + 9 84
Prad + Ploss
R rad + R loss
\
% h r = 89.29 %
Now the power gain and directivity are related to each other through relation by,
GP = h r G D
\
GD =
GP
20
= 22.3989
=
h r 0.8929
b =
1
Im
l/ 2
- l/ 2
L
I m sin b - |z| dz
2
2p
l
and L =
l
2
TM
L
2
L eff =
-
L
2
L eff =
-
L
2
L
2
3-4
2p l
sin
- z dz
l 4
p 2pz
sin dz
l
2
L
2
L eff =
-
L
2
Antenna Fundamentals
cos
2 pz
dz
l
l
L eff
4
2 pz 1
= sin
l 2p
l - l
... L =
l
L l
i.e. =
2
2 4
L eff =
l
m = 0.3183 l m
p
Example 3.9.32
Solution : Antenna radiation efficiency is given by,
R rad
72
=
= 0.9
hr =
R rad + R loss
72 + 8
The power gain is given by,
G P max (in dB) = 12 dB
G
12
G P max = Antilog 10 P max = antilog 10 = 15.8489
10
10
i.e.
G d max =
G P max 15.8489
= 17.6099
=
0.9
hr
3-5
Antenna Fundamentals
G (or G R ) in dB
GT = GR = Antilog10 T
10
45
GT = GR = Antilog10 = 31.622 10 3
10
By Friiss transmission formula,
l 2
PR = PT (G R G T )
4pd
\
2
0.1
1 10 -3 = PT (31.622 10 3 31.622 10 3 )
4 p 48280.5
1 10 -3 4 p 48280.5 2
1
1
0.1
(31.622 10 3 ) 2
PT =
PT = 36.8115 W
Example 3.10.5
Solution : Power received at 0.5 distance d is given by,
l
PR = PT (G T G R )
4p d
G in dB
G T = Antilog 10 T
= Antilog 10
10
25 = 316.2277
10
G in dB
G R = Antilog 10 R
= Antilog 10
10
20 = 100
10
l =
3 10 8
c
= 0.3 m
=
f
1 10 9
0.3
3
4 p 0.5 10
= 10.8137 mW
Example 3.10.6
Solution : By Friss's formula, the power delivered to the receiver is given by,
A A
PR = PT et er
d 2 l2
But
d = 10 km = 10 10 3 m ,
l =
c
3 10 8
=
= 0.15 m
f
2 10 9
TM
3-6
A et = 2 m 2 ,
\
PR = (150)
A er = 1.5 m 2
(2)(1.5)
(10 10 3 ) 2 (0.15) 2
Antenna Fundamentals
= 200 mW
Example 3.10.7
Solution :
G T (in dB) = 25 dB
G R (in dB) = 20 dB
Let us first calculate gain of both the antennas
G
G T (in dB) = 10 log 10 T where G Ref = 1 for isotropic antenna
G Ref
G
25 = 10 log 10 T
1
\
G T = 316.2277
G
G R (in dB) = 10 log 10 R
G Ref
G
20 = 10 log 10 R
1
\
G R = 100
By Friis's transmission formula,
l 2
PR = PT (G T G R )
4pd
But l =
c
3 10 8
=
= 0.3 m
f
1 10 9
0.3
10.8 10 3 = PT [(316.2277) (100)]
3
4 p 0.5 10
PT = 149.81 W 150 W
qqq
TM
Wire Antennas
Solutions of Examples for Practice
Example 4.7.7
Solution : Given : f = 30 MHz
We know that the velocity of light is given by,
c = fl
c 3 10 8
= 10 m
=
f 30 10 6
Hence the length of half wave dipole at 30 MHz is given by
l
10
=
=5m
2
2
l =
Example 4.7.8
Solution : leff = Effective length = 113.3 m, l = Wavelength = 18.8 km = 18.8 10 3 m
Irms = 725 A, r = 175 km = 175 10 3 m
i) The electric field at a distance r is given by,
120 p l eff I r.m.s
120 p (113. 3) (725)
=
E =
lr
(18.8 10 3 ) (175 10 3 )
= 9.4124 mV/m
ii) The electric and magnetic field are related to each other as given below,
E
h0 =
H
\
H =
E 9.4124 10
=
120 p
h0
-3
= 24.9672 mA/m
dL
l
160 p 2
l eff
= 160 p 2
l
But
Rrad =
113. 3
= 0.055 W
18.8 10 3
4-2
Wire Antennas
Example 4.7.9
Solution : Given : Maximum current = I m = 20 A
Distance at which field strength is to be obtained = r = 2 km = 2 10 3 m
Angle at which axis is oriented = q = 30
The magnitude of the electric field is given by,
p
p
cos cos q
cos cos 30
2
2
60 I m
60 20
Eq =
r
sin q
sin 30
2 10 3
cos(90 0.866)
cos 77.94 = 0.2507 V/m
E q = 0.6
= 0.6
0.5
0.5
Example 4.9.11
Solution : For a circular loop, radiation resistance is given by,
C
R rad = 197
l
C = 2 p a = 2 p 0.3183 = 2 m
where
l =
c
3 10 8
= 300 m
=
f
1 10 6
2 4
-6W =
R rad = 197
0.3891 mW
= 0.3891 10
300
Hence
Example 4.9.12
d
0.04 l
Solution : Area of loop = A=p a 2 = p = p
2
2
But if A <
= 0.001256 l2
A
l2
i.e.
= 0.01, the loop is supposed to be a small loop.
100
l2
A
A
R rad = 31200 N 2
l2
2
\
\
0.001256 l2
2
36 = 31200
N
2
l
(0.001256) 2 N 2 =
36
31200
TM
4-3
(0.001256) 2 N 2 = 0.001154
N 2 = 731.5205
Wire Antennas
N = 27.04 27
\
Thus to have radiation resistance of 36 W , the number of turns required is 27 turns.
Example 4.9.13
d 1.5 l
= 0.75 l
=
2
2
Solution :
a = Radius =
Now
2p a
p d p (1.5 l)
C
1
=
=
= 1.5 p >
=
l
l
l
l
3
Hence for such large loop antenna, radiation resistance is given by,
a
0.75 l
Rrad = 3720 = 3720
= 2790 W
l
l
Similarly the directivity of such large loop antenna is given by,
C
D = 0.682 = 0.682 (1.5 p) = 3.21385
l
Example 4.9.14
Solution : Given : Er.m.s. = 20 mV/m = 20 10
V/m
Vr.m.s. =
2 10 6
Example 4.9.15
Solution :
c
3 10 8
=
= 333.3333 m
f
0.9 10 6
2 p 0. 5
C
C 2 pa
1
=
= 0.00942 <
=
Let us calculate value of . So
l
333.3333
l
l
3
Hence as
l =
C 1
< , the directivity of loop antenna is directly given by,
l
3
3
= 1.5
D =
2
TM
4-4
Wire Antennas
Example 4.9.16
Solution :
d = Diameter = 1.5 l
a = Radius =
d 1.5 l
= 0.75 l
=
2
2
2p a
p d p (1.5 l)
C
1
=
=
=
= 1.5 p >
l
l
l
l
3
Hence for such large loop antenna, radiation resistance is given by,
a
0.75 l
Rrad = 3720 = 3720
= 2790 W
l
l
Now
qqq
TM
Antenna Arrays
p cos f = 0, p
i.e.
cos f = 0
or
p
2
or
f =
cos f = 1
f= 0
or
... if p 0
f= p
p
p
, - , p
2
2
3p
d
p
cos f = ,
l
2
2
But d = l.
\
p cos f =
3p
p
,
2
2
1
3
or
2
2
Thus the positions of minima are,
\
f = 60 or 120
cos f =
Example 5.8.8
Solution : Given : n = Number of elements = 4, l = Wavelength = 0.1 m,
d = Spacing between any two elements = 50 cm = 0.5 m, I = Current = 0.25 A
(5 - 1)
TM
5-2
Antenna Arrays
where
7 = 10 log 10 [G Dmax ]
\
G Dmax = 5.0118
By formula, the directivity for the broadside array is given by,
L
nd
G Dmax = 2 = 2
l
l
\
10 d
5.0118 = 2
d = 0.25 l
\
Hence to achieve directivity of 7 dB with a broadside array of 10 isotropic radiator, the
minimum distance between the elements must be 0.25 l.
Example 5.8.10
Solution : Given : n = 4, d = l
2
As there is a progressive phase shift, the array given is end fire array
1) Major lobe :
Y = dr cos f d = 0
Hence with
d =
dr, f = 0 , 180
TM
5-3
Antenna Arrays
3) Nulls :
The direction of nulls are given by,
fmin
For m = 1, fmin 1
ml
= cos 1 1
where m = 1, 2, 3,
nd
(1) l
1
1
= cos 1 1 = cos 1 = 60
= cos 1 1
4( l / 2)
2
2
For m = 2, fmin 2
( 2) l
= cos 1 1
= cos 1 [1 1] = cos 1 ( 0) = 90
4( l / 2)
For m = 3, fmin 3
( 3) l
3
= cos 1 1 = cos 1 ( 0.5) = 120
= cos 1 1
4( l / 2)
2
(2m+ 1) l
(2m+ 1) l
(2m+ 1)
= cos 1 1
= cos 1 1
2nd
4
2(4)( l / 2)
For m = 1, f1 = cos 1 1
(2+ 1)
3
1
= cos 1 1 = cos 1
4
4
4
For m = 2, f2 = cos 1 1
(4+ 1)
5
1
= cos 1 1 = cos 1
4
4
4
= 104.47
For m = 3, f 3 = cos 1 1
(6+ 1)
7
3
= cos 1 1 = cos 1
4
4
4
= 138.59
f = 90 = fmin2
HPBW =
fmin1
fmin3 = 120
BWFN =
= 75.52
f2 = 104.47 f1 = 75.52
114.6
nd
l
114.6
= 57.3
4(l 2)
l
f = 180
f = 0
BWFN
2
104.47
57.3
=
= 28.65
2
75.52
fmin1 = 60
fmin3 = 120
f = 270 or 90 = fmin2
Fig. 5.1
TM
5-4
Antenna Arrays
Example 5.9.8
Solution : For the two element array with l / 4 separated radiators fed with currents of
equal magnitude but phase difference of 90, we can write,
ET
p
l/ 4
p/ 2
... a = 90 = rad
= 2 cos p
cos f l
2
2
E0
\
ET
E0
p
p
= 2 cos cos f -
4
4
... (1)
p cos f - p = 0, p, .....
4
4
cos f = 1 or cos f = 5
or
cos f = 3
p cos f - p = p , 3 p , ...
2
2
4
4
3p
p
p
, - , ...
cos f =
4
4
4
cos f = 3, 1, ....
cos f = 1
Now to plot the radiation pattern completely, additional points are required. Thus
E
calculate T for different values of f .
E0
TM
5-5
Antenna Arrays
The radiation pattern for the given antenna array is as shown in the Fig. 5.2.
f
ET
E0
30
1.9889
60
1.8447
90
1.4142
120
0.7653
180
f = 120
f = 90
f = 60
1.4142
f = 180
f = 0
1.4142
f = 270
Example 5.9.9
Solution : As the phase difference d = 90 is mentioned, the linear array of 10 isotropic
point sources is end fire type array.
n = Number of elements in array = 10
d = Spacing between adjacent elements = l 2
Then the total length of array is given by,
l 9l
L = (n - 1) d = (10 - 1) =
2
2
i) For end fire array, the half power beam width (HPBW) is given by,
HPBW = 57.3
Putting m = 1 and L =
(2 m)
degree
L
l
9
l, we get,
2
2(1)
4
= 38.2
= 57.3
9
9
2l
l
ii) The beam solid angle is given by,
4p
, where D = Directivity of an array
W =
D
Hence the directivity D of an end fire array is given by,
HPBW = 57.3
TM
5-6
Antenna Arrays
9 l
L
D = 4 = 4 2 = 18
l
l
Hence
nd
= 2
=
l
8 l
4= 4
2
l
G Dmax
(in dB)
8 l
nd
4
= 4
= 4 l = 8
l
Example 5.9.11
Solution :
Given : G Dmax = 15
L
15 = 2
l
L = 7.5 l meter.
114.6
114.6
= 15.28
degree =
L
7.5 l
l
l
TM
5-7
Antenna Arrays
L
G Dmax = 4
l
L
15 = 4
l
L = 3.75 l meter.
\
ii) By definition, BWFN is given by,
2
2
BWFN = 114.6
= 83.69
degree = 114.6
( L l)
3.75 l
l
Example 5.9.12
Solution : The field pattern for an
end fire array of 4 isotropic point
sources
with
spacing
between
adjacent elements as l / 2 is as shown
in the Fig. 5.3.
f = 90
2f
180
G D max = 4
=4 l
l
= 8
Hence by definition,
BWFM
2
HPBW =
= 57.3
= 57.3
2
n d
l
270
f = 0
l
d=
2
d d d
Fig. 5.3
2
= 57.3
l
4
2
l
Example 5.14.5
Solution : Step 1 : Side lobe level below main lobe (in dB) by 40 dB.
\
40 = 20 log r
Hence
r = 100
Step 2 : For array of 8 elements, we can write n = 8.
Hence Tchebyscheff polynomial of degree (n 1) = 8 1 = 7 is T7 (x).
T7 (x0) = r = 100 = 64 x70 112 x50 + 56 x 03 7x0
\
The value of x0 can be obtained as,
1
1
m
m
1
2
2
x0 =
r + r 1 + r r 1
where m = n 1 = 7
2
TM
5-8
Antenna Arrays
a2
l/2
a0
a0
a1
l/2
l/2
l/2
a1
a3
a2
l/2
l/2
l/2
Fig. 5.4
So 64x 112x + 56 x 7x = a 0
x
x0
x 3
x
x
3
+ a 1 4
x 0
x 0
x0
3
x 5
x
x
+ a 2 16
20
+5
x
x 0
x0
0
5
3
x 7
x
x
x
+ a 3 64
112
56
7
+
x
x 0
x0
x0
0
x
7
7
7
i) 64x = 64 a 3
a3 = (x0) = (1.3) = 6.274
x
0
5
5
+112 x50 + a 3
x
x
ii) 112 x = 16a 2
112a 3 x a 2 =
16
x0
0
5
) = 112[(1.3)5 + 6.274]
16
= 69.908
3
3
3
56x 03 56a 3 + 20a 2
x
x
x
iii) 56 x = 4 a 1
20 a 2 x + 56 a 3 x a 1 =
4
x0
0
0
3
a1 =
x
x
x
iv) 7x = a 0
3a x + 5a 2 x
x
0
0
0
x
7a 3 x
0
TM
5-9
Antenna Arrays
a3
6.274
1
l/2
a2
l/2
a1
l/2
a0
l/2
a0
l/2
a1
l/2
a2
89.682
89.682 46.615
11.142
a3
6.274
1
Current
amplitudes
Relative
amplitudes
Fig. 5.5
qqq
TM
S = 0.3 l,
f = 3 GHz.
52
C
l3
52
=
N S 10 10 -2
(0.1) 3
= 21.23
20 0.3 0.1
Example 6.10.5
Solution : Consider axial mode of radiation for helical antenna.
Given : N = Number of turns = 16, S = Spacing = l / 4, C = Circumference = l
i) Beamwidth between half power points is given by,
HPBW =
52
C
52
l3
=
l
NS
l3
52
=
16 ( l / 4)
l
l2
= 26
4
15NSC 2
l3
l
15 16 (l) 2
4
=
60
l3
(6 - 1)
TM
6-2
Example 6.11.4
Solution : Aperture given = 81 l2
Directivity,
D =
4p A e
l2
4p 81l2
l2
= 1017.8 = 30.07 dB
Example 6.11.5
Solution : i) The required horn length is given by,
a 2E
L =
8d
In E-plane,
d =
l
,
10
aE = 8l
(8 l) 2
= 80 lm
l
8
10
l
is given by,
Flare angle in E-plane, with d =
10
a
8l
q E = 2 tan - 1 E = 2 tan - 1
= 5.72
2L
2 (80 l)
L =
l
is given by,
4
L
80 l
1
1
- 1 80
q H = 2 cos
L+ d = 2 cos
80 l + 4
Hence H-plane aperture is given by,
q
9.047
2
a H = 2 L tan H = 2 80 l tan
= 12.65 l m
2
2
Thus half angles in E and H plane are given by,
56
56
HPBW (E-plane) =
= 7
=
a El
8
HPBW (H-plane) =
67
67
=
= 5.296
a Hl
12.65
6-3
1 ft = 0.3048 m
d = 6 (0.3048) = 1.8288 m
f = Frequency = 6 GHz = 6 10 9 Hz
The beamwidth between first nulls for a circular paraboloid reflector is given by,
3 10 8
c
140 140
9
6
10
140 l
f
=
= 3.8276 = 349'
BWFN =
=
d
d
1.8288
Let us assume that the paraboloid is feed using a dipole for which k = 0.65. Hence capture
area is related with actual mouth area (which is circular in this case) through a relation
given by,
p d2
A0 = kA = 0.65
4
Hence the power gain of paraboloid is given by,
p (1.8288) 2
p d 2
4
p
0
.
65
4 p 0.65
4
4
GP =
= 8582.336
=
2
2
l
3 10 8
6 10 9
Example 6.17.11
Solution : Given : GP (in dB) = 50 dB
f = Frequency = 10 GHz = 10 10 Hz
% h = Efficiency = 70 %
This h indicates that the capture area is 70 % of the actual mouth area (or 0.7 times actual
mouth area). That means it indicates the value of constant k.
i) Now, Gain
GP
( in dB )
= 10 log10 GP
50 = 10 log10 GP
\
GP = 100000
TM
6-4
GP =
\
\
\
100000 =
4 pA 0
l2
p d2
d2
4 p 0.7
(4 p) ( 0.7 ) p
4
4 p ( kA )
4
=
=
=
2
2
l2
3 10 8
c
f
10 10 9
p 2 ( 0.7 ) d 2
9 10 -4
d2 = 13.02701
d =
13.02701 = 3.6093 m
BWFN =
=
d
3.6093
= 1.1636
= 0.482
qqq
TM