Polar Code Solas and Marpol

SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATIONS OF
THE POLAR CODE
Jorma Kmrinen, Chief Adviser
Regulation and Development
Transport Operators and Technology
Finnish Transport Safety Agency (Trafi)
10th ARCTIC PASSION SEMINAR
Aker Arctic, Helsinki
12 March, 2015
Responsible traffic.
Bravely together.
CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION
CURRENT REGULATORY BASES FOR SHIPS SAILING IN POLAR WATERS
BACKGROUND OF THE POLAR CODE
STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLAR CODE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLAR CODE
SOURCES OF HAZARDS LEADING TO ELEVATED LEVELS OF RISK IN POLAR AREAS
CONTENTS OF THE POLAR CODE
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PART I-A OF THE POLAR CODE
CHAPTER 2 - POLAR WATER OPERATIONAL MANUAL
CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 12 MANNING AND TRAINING
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS TO SOLAS
POLAR SHIP CERTIFICATE
UNCOMPLETED ISSUES OF THE POLAR CODE
SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICE STRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN THE POLAR CODE
CONCLUSIONS
12.3.2015
Finnish Transport Safety Agency
CURRENT REGULATORY BASES FOR SHIPS

SAILING IN POLAR WATERS
International conventions apply to ships sailing in
international waters in Polar areas:
SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW, AFS, Load Line, COLREG
IMO has developed some guidelines for ships operating in

Polar Waters:
Guidelines for ships operating in Polar waters (Res. A.1024(26))

adopted in 2009, recommended to be used from 1 January,
2011)
Guidelines on voyage planning for passenger ships operating in

remote areas(Res.A.999(25))
Enhanced contingency planning guidance for passenger ships
operating in areas remote from SAR facilities (MSC.1/Circ.1184)
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Article 234 of UNCLOS allows coastal states to extend
environmental control measures in ice-covered waters.
12.3.2015
BACKGROUND OF THE POLAR CODE
STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLAR CODE
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has
developed the mandatory International Code of Safety for

Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code).
The Polar Code has been developed to supplement the
existing IMO instruments in order to improve the safety of

shipping and to mitigate harmful effects of shipping on the
environment in the remote, vulnerable and potentially harsh
polar waters.
The Code covers a full range of design, construction,
equipment, operational, training, search and rescue and

environmental protection matters relevant to ships
operating in the inhospitable waters surrounding the two
poles.
The code has not yet been adopted by the IMO. The MSC 94
Meeting adopted the safety regulations of the Polar Code in
November 2014. MEPC 68 will adopt environmental
regulations of the Polar Code in May 2015. The Polar Code
would then come into force in the beginning of 2017.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLAR CODE

The two main conventions of the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) related to safety and pollution
prevention from ships are:
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS

1974); and
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from

Ships (MARPOL 73/78)
The Polar Code will be adopted by adding a new Chapter
XIV, Safety Measures for Ships Operating in Polar Waters,

to the SOLAS Convention, and by adopting relevant
amendments to the MARPOL Convention.
12.3.2015
SOURCES OF HAZARDS LEADING TO ELEVATED

LEVELS OF RISK IN POLAR AREAS
The Polar Code considers hazards which may lead to elevated levels of
risk due to increased probability of occurrence, more severe
consequences, or both:
1. ice
2. topside icing
3. low temperature
4. extended periods of darkness or daylight
5. high latitude
6. remoteness and possible lack of accurate and complete hydrographic data and
information
7. potential lack of ship crew experience in polar operations
8. potential lack of suitable emergency response equipment
9. rapidly changing and severe weather conditions,
10. the environment with respect to sensitivity to harmful substances and other
environmental impacts and its need for longer restoration.
CONTENTS OF THE POLAR CODE

Preamble
General regulations (application, definitions, certification)
Part I contains safety regulations:
Part I-A: Mandatory provisions on safety measures in
accordance with the relevant SOLAS chapter
Part I-B: Recommendations on safety
Part II contains pollution prevention regulations:

Part II-A: Mandatory provisions on pollution prevention in
accordance with relevant MARPOL Annexes
Part II-B: Recommendations on pollution prevention
12.3.2015
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS THE ARCTIC POLAR AREA
IMPORATNT DEFINITIONS
THE ANTARCTIC POLAR AREA
10
SHIP CATEGORIES
Category A ship means a ship designed for operation in
polar waters in at least medium first-year ice, which may

include old ice inclusions (IACS ice classes PC1 PC5).
Category B ship means a ship not included in category A,

designed for operation in polar waters in at least thin
first-year ice, which may include old ice inclusions (IACS
ice classes PC6 and PC7).
Category C ship means a ship designed to operate in
open water or in ice conditions less severe than those

included in categories A and B (other ice classes than the
PC classes of IACS and ships without an ice class).
12.3.2015
11
RELATED TO ICE CONDITIONS
Ice free waters means no ice present. If ice of any kind is present
this term shall not be used
Open water mean a large area of freely navigable water in which
sea ice is present in concentrations less than 1/10. No ice of land

origin is present
Sea ice means any form of ice found at sea which has originated
from the freezing of sea water
Ice of land origin means Ice formed on land or in an ice shelf, found
floating in water
First-year ice means sea ice of not more than one winter growth
developing from young ice with thickness from 0.3-2.0 meter. Thin
First Year ice, the thickness is 30 to 70 cm.
Medium first-year ice means first-year ice of 70-120 cm thickness

Old ice means sea ice which has survived at least one summer's
melt; typical thickness up to 3 m or more. It is subdivided into
residual first-year ice, second-year ice and multi-year ice
12.3.2015
12
POLAR SERVICE TEMPERATURE
Polar Service Temperature (PST) means a temperature
specified for a ship which is intended to operate in low air

temperature, which shall be set at least 10oC below the lowest
MDLT for the intended area and season of operation in polar
waters.
Mean Daily Low Temperature (MDLT) means the mean value of

the daily low temperature over a minimum 10 year period.
12.3.2015
13
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PART I-A OF THE

POLAR CODE
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
CHAPTER 2 POLAR WATER OPERATIONAL MANUAL
CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 4 STABILITY AND SUBDIVISION
CHAPTER 5 WATERTIGHT AND WEATHERTIGHT INTEGRITY
CHAPTER 6 MACHINERY INSTALLATIONS
CHAPTER 7 FIRE SAFETY/PROTECTION
CHAPTER 8 LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES AND ARRANGEMENTS
CHAPTER 9 SAFETY OF NAVIGATION
CHAPTER 10 COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER 11 VOYAGE PLANNING
CHAPTER 12 MANNING AND TRAINING FAMILIARITY
12.3.2015
14
CHAPTER 2 - POLAR WATER OPERATIONAL

MANUAL
Each ship sailing in Polar areas shall have a Polar Water
Operational Manual (PWOM), which contains sufficient

information regarding the ships operational capabilities and
limitations, e.g. concerning ice-going capability of the ship,
in order to support the decision-making process of the
Master and the crew of the ship.
The Manual shall include or refer to specific risk based

procedures to be followed:
in normal operations and in order to avoid encountering

conditions that exceed the ships capabilities;
procedures to be followed in the event of incidents in polar

waters;
in the event that conditions are encountered which exceed the

ships' specific capabilities and limitations, and
when using icebreaker assistance, as applicable.

12.3.2015
15
CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE (1)

3.1 Goal
The goal of this chapter is to provide that the material and
scantling of the structures retain their structural integrity
based on global and local response due to environmental
loads and conditions.
3.2 Functional requirements
3.2.1 In order to achieve the goal set out in 3.1 above, the
following functional requirements are embodied in the
regulations of this chapter:
.1 for ships intended to operate in low air
temperature, materials used shall be suitable for
operation at the ships polar service temperature.
.2 in ice strengthened ships, the structure of the
ship shall be designed to resist both global and local
structural loads anticipated under the foreseen ice
conditions.
12.3.2015
16
CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE (2)

3.3 Regulations
3.3.1 In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 3.2.1.1
above, materials of exposed structures in ships shall be approved by the
Administration, or a recognized organization accepted by it, taking into account
standards acceptable to the Organization (IACS UR S6 or IACS URI) or other
standards offering an equivalent level of safety based on the polar service
temperature.
3.3.2 In order to comply with the functional requirements of paragraph 3.2.1.2
above, the following apply:
.1 Scantlings of category A ships shall be approved by the Administration, or a
recognized organization accepted by it, taking into account standards acceptable to the
Organization (Polar Class 1-5 of IACS) or other standards offering an equivalent level of
safety.
.2 Scantlings of category B ships shall be approved by the Administration, or a
recognized organization accepted by it, taking into account standards acceptable to the
Organization (Polar Class 6-7 of IACS) or other standards offering an equivalent level of
safety.
.3 Scantlings of ice strengthened category C ships shall be approved by the
Administration, or a recognized organization accepted by it, taking into account
acceptable standards adequate for the ice types and concentrations encountered in the
area of operation (e.g. Finnish-Swedish Ice Classes).
.4 Category C ships need not be Ice Strengthened if, in the opinion of the
Administration, the ships' structure is adequate for its intended operation.
12.3.2015
17
CHAPTER 12 MANNING AND TRAINING

The goal of this chapter is to ensure that ships operating in polar
waters are appropriately manned by adequately qualified, trained and

experienced personnel.
Masters, chief mates and officers in charge of a navigational watch

shall be qualified in accordance with chapter V of the STCW
Convention and the STCW Code, as amended, as follows:
Ice conditions
Tankers
Passenger ships
Other
Ice Free
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable
Open waters
Basic training for

master, chief mate
and officers in charge
of a navigational watch.
Basic training for

master, chief mate
and officers in charge
of a navigational
watch.
Not applicable
Other waters
Advanced training for

master and chief
mate.
Basic training for
officers in charge of a
navigational watch.

master and chief
mate.
Basic training for
officers in charge of a
navigational watch.

master and chief
mate.
Basic training for
officers in charge of
a navigational watch.
12.3.2015
18
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS TO SOLAS

(see www.imo.org)
12.3.2015
19
POLAR SHIP CERTIFICATE

Important issues in the Polar Ship Certificate are:
Ice class and ice strengthened draft range;
Ship type: tanker/passenger ship/other;
Ship restricted to operate in ice free waters/open
waters/other ice conditions;
Ship intended to operate in low air temperature: Yes/No;

Polar Service Temperature: ..C/Not Applicable
Maximum expected time of rescue .days; and

Operational limitations for operation in polar waters:
Ice conditions
Temperature
High latitudes
12.3.2015
20
UNCOMPLETED ISSUES IN PART I-A

POLARIS (1)
Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing
System (POLARIS)
POLARIS provides a standard approach for the evaluation

of risks to the ship and the ice conditions
encountered/expected (ice regime).
The terminology ice regime is used to describe an area

with a relatively consistent distribution of any mix of ice
types, including open water to which POLARIS may be
applied
POLARIS can be used for voyage planning purposes or in

real-time to aid in the decision making in support of
shipboard operations. POLARIS may be used by
Administrations as a means to set operational limitations
with respect to ships operating in ice.
12.3.2015
21

POLARIS (2)
POLARIS uses a Risk Index Outcome (RIO) value to assess
limitations for operation in ice. Risk Index Values (RIVs) are

assigned to the ship based on ice class.
For each ice regime encountered the Risk Index Values are
used to determine a RIO that forms the basis of the decision

to operate or limitation for operation.
The RIO is determined by a summation of the RIVs for each

ice type present in the ice regime multiplied by its
concentration (expressed in tenths):
RIO = (C1xRIV1)+(C2xRIV2)+(C3xRIV3)+(CnxRIVn)
Where C1Cn are the concentrations (in tenths) of ice
types within the ice regime
RIV1RIVn are the Risk Index values corresponding to
the ships ice class
12.3.2015
22

POLARIS (3)
Table 1.4 Risk Index Values Winter Conditions
Grey Ice
Grey White Ice
Thin First Year

Ice, 1st Stage
Thin First Year

ice, 2nd Stage
Medium First
Year Ice
Medium First
Year Ice 2nd
Thick First Year

Ice
Second Year
Ice
Light Multi Year

Ice
Heavy MultiYear Ice
12.3.2015
New Ice
Ice Free
Ice Class
Category
A
PC1
PC2
PC3
PC4
PC5
PC6
PC7
IA Super
IA
IB
IC
Not ice
strengthened
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
-1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
-1
-2
2
2
2
2
2
1
0
0
-1
-2
-2
2
2
2
2
1
0
-1
-1
-2
-3
-3
2
2
2
1
0
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
2
1
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
-4
1
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
-5
-5
1
0
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
-5
-6
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-5
-6
-6
23

POLARIS (4)
Figure 10 of MSC 94/INF.13. Typical Arctic ice regime:

4/10 thick FY ice, 1/10 SY ice, 1/10 MY ice
12.3.2015
24

POLARIS (5)
1.1 Evaluation of the Risk Index Outcome for independent operations
1.4.1
Operational limitations for ships operating independently are determined based on
the evaluation criteria in Table 1.1, using the calculated value of the RIO for the ice regime
encountered by the ship, given that due caution of the Mariner will be exercised, taking into
account such factors as changes in weather and visibility.
Table 1.1 Risk Index Outcome evaluation criteria
Category A & B
RIOSHIP
(PC1 PC7)
RIO 0
Operation Permitted
Limited Speed Operation
-10 RIO < 0
Permitted (See Table 1.3)
RIO < -10
Operation Not Permitted
12.3.2015
Category C
(below PC7)
Operation Permitted
25
SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS

ICE-STRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICRFIRST-YEAR ICE REGIME (MSC 94/INF.13)
Table 10. Safe operation of ships in first-year ice regime at open sea for the Finnish-Swedish ice
classes. Thickness of level ice floes for independent operation in first year ice may be lower than
given below due to the ships limited ice-going capability.
Ice class
WMO description of the ice regime
Thickness of ice floes, hi

Ice concentration, Ci
IA Super
Medium first-year ice
hi up to about 80 cm, Ci up to 100%
IA
Thin first-year ice
IB
Thin first-year ice
IC
Grey-white ice
12.3.2015
26
SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICESTRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR FIRST-YEAR ICE REGIME (MSC 94/INF.13)
Table 11. Safe operation of ships in first-year ice regime for the Finnish-Swedish ice classes, when
icebreaker assistance is provided or the ice concentration is less than 100 %.
Ice class
WMO description of the ice regime
Thickness of ice floes, hi
IA Super
hi up to about 100 cm
IA
IB
Thin first-year ice
IC
Thin first-year ice
12.3.2015
27
SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICESTRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR MORE DIFFICULT ICE CONDITIONS (MSC 94/INF.13)
Table 12. Estimated allowable winter ice conditions for ice class IA in higher than thin first-year ice
conditions. Contact speed with ice should be reduced to below 1 kn, if collision with ice thicker than
medium first year ice cannot be avoided. The beam of the assisting icebreaker should be wider
than the beam of the assisted ship. Two icebreakers may be used to meet this requirement.
Ice conditions
Medium first year ice
Medium first year ice, second
stage
Thick first year ice
Second year ice
Light multi-year ice
Heavy multi-year ice
12.3.2015
Allowable ice concentration

for independent operation
7
6
5
4
4
4
Allowable ice concentration for

operation when assisted
10
8
6
5
5
5
28
SAFE OPERATIONAL ICE CONDITIONS FOR SHIPS ICESTRENGTHENED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FSICR MORE DIFFICULT ICE CONDITIONS (MSC 94/INF.13)
Table 13. Estimated allowable winter ice conditions for ice class IA Super in higher than first-year
ice conditions. Speed restriction for the ship when operating independently is [1-2] kn, if collision
with multi-year ice cannot be avoided.The beam of the assisting icebreaker should be wider than
the beam of the assisted ship. Two icebreakers may be used to meet this requirement.
Ice conditions
Medium first year ice
Medium first year ice, second
stage
Thick first year ice
Second year ice
Light multi-year ice
Heavy multi-year ice
12.3.2015
Allowable ice concentration

for independent operation
10
7
6
5
4
4
Allowable ice concentration for

operation when assisted
10
10
8
6
5
5
29
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN THE

POLAR CODE (PART II-A)
CHAPTER 1 PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION
CHAPTER 2 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM
NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES
CHAPTER 3 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY HARMFUL

SUBSTANCES IN PACKAGED FORM
CHAPTER 4 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY SEWAGE

FROM SHIPS
CHAPTER 5 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY GARBAGE
12.3.2015
30
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN THE

POLAR CODE (PART II-A)
The Polar Code contains the following pollution prevention
measures beyond the existing regulations in the MARPOL
Convention:
Discharges of oily mixtures:

Zero discharges in Arctic waters
Structural requirements for oil fuel, sludge and bilge water holding tanks
as well as oil cargo tanks (separation from the outer shell by a distance of
not less than 0.76 m)
Discharges of noxious liquid substances: zero discharges in Arctic

waters
Sewage discharges: limitations for discharges near ice shelves and

land-fast ice
Garbage discharges: limitations for discharges near ice shelves and

land-fast ice
The PPR Sub-Committee is still working on possible regulations
with regard to Black Carbon emissions, i.e. such regulations are

not yet included in the Polar Code.
31
CONCLUSIONS
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed the
mandatory International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters

(Polar Code).
The Polar Code has been developed to supplement the existing IMO
instruments (SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW) in order to improve the safety of

shipping and to mitigate harmful effects of shipping on the environment in
the remote, vulnerable and potentially harsh polar waters.
The Polar Code will come into force in the beginning of 2017.
The Polar Water Operational Manual (PWOM) contains additional
information regarding the ships operational capabilities and limitations,

e.g. concerning ice-going capability of the ship, in order to support the
decision-making process of the Master and the crew of the ship.
Operational limitations for operation in polar waters are given in the Polar
Ship Certificate (ice conditions, temperature and high latitudes).
The Polar Code will improve understanding of masters, marines, shipping

companies and Administrations on elevated risks of hazards related to
navigation in Polar areas and will provide means to mitigate these risks.
12.3.2015
32
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Kumpulantie 9, 00520 Helsinki
PO Box 320, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
Telephone +358 29 534 5000
www.trafi.fi
Responsible traffic.
Bravely together.

Polar Code Solas and Marpol

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SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION

CURRENT REGULATORY BASES FOR SHIPS SAILING IN POLAR WATERS

BACKGROUND OF THE POLAR CODE

STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLAR CODE

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLAR CODE

SOURCES OF HAZARDS LEADING TO ELEVATED LEVELS OF RISK IN POLAR AREAS

CONTENTS OF THE POLAR CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PART I-A OF THE POLAR CODE

CHAPTER 2 - POLAR WATER OPERATIONAL MANUAL

CHAPTER 3 SHIP STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 12 MANNING AND TRAINING

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS TO SOLAS

POLAR SHIP CERTIFICATE

UNCOMPLETED ISSUES OF THE POLAR CODE

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN THE POLAR CODE

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

CURRENT REGULATORY BASES FOR SHIPS

SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW, AFS, Load Line, COLREG

IMO has developed some guidelines for ships operating in

Guidelines for ships operating in Polar waters (Res. A.1024(26))

Guidelines on voyage planning for passenger ships operating in

Enhanced contingency planning guidance for passenger ships

operating in areas remote from SAR facilities (MSC.1/Circ.1184)

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

environmental control measures in ice-covered waters.

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

BACKGROUND OF THE POLAR CODE

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLAR CODE

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has

developed the mandatory International Code of Safety for

The Polar Code has been developed to supplement the

existing IMO instruments in order to improve the safety of

The Code covers a full range of design, construction,

equipment, operational, training, search and rescue and

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLAR CODE

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from

The Polar Code will be adopted by adding a new Chapter

XIV, Safety Measures for Ships Operating in Polar Waters,

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

SOURCES OF HAZARDS LEADING TO ELEVATED

CONTENTS OF THE POLAR CODE

Part I-B: Recommendations on safety

Part II contains pollution prevention regulations:

Part II-B: Recommendations on pollution prevention

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS THE ARCTIC POLAR AREA

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

polar waters in at least medium first-year ice, which may

Category B ship means a ship not included in category A,

Category C ship means a ship designed to operate in

open water or in ice conditions less severe than those

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

Open water mean a large area of freely navigable water in which

sea ice is present in concentrations less than 1/10. No ice of land

Medium first-year ice means first-year ice of 70-120 cm thickness

Finnish Transport Safety Agency

specified for a ship which is intended to operate in low air

Mean Daily Low Temperature (MDLT) means the mean value of

Finnish Transport Safety Agency